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Improving the electro-optical properties of cholesteric liquid crystal devices via cellulose nanoparticle dopants 通过纤维素纳米粒子掺杂剂改善胆甾型液晶器件的电光特性
IF 2.8 4区 化学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00879-1
Chung-Yu Kuo, A. V. Emelyanenko, Sheng-Chi Hung, Wei-Chuan Chen, Chun-Yen Liu
In the presence of a strong electric field, helices in a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) phase might be unwound, leaving liquid crystal (LC) molecules parallel to the electric field, thereby realizing transparency. Previously, we developed a novel particle-doped CLC cell without alignment layers that exhibited liquid crystal display (LCD) capabilities via electro-optical properties. This ability represents a novel advancement in LCD fabrication, resulting in enhanced electro-optical characteristics. To explore the impact of chirality on LCDs, we synthesized and radially constructed cellulose particles. These were then employed as chiral dopants in the production of LCD cells. The fabricated chiral nanoparticle (CNP)-doped PC05 CLC cell showed a high transparency of 97.4% and a fast response time of 7.6 ms. For the prepared radially constructed PDAT-doped PD2T PSCLC cell, a high transmittance of 93.6% and a fast response time of 13 ms were achieved. Fabrication of LCD cells without an alignment layer on substrates was achieved by indicate adding polymeric chiral nanoparticles into CLC mixtures. Adding 2 wt% chiral CNPs promoted the transmittance of the CLCs from 3.4 to 97%. This novel chiral dopant technique enables the use of a new easy method for the fabrication of LCDs. Fabrication of LCD cell without alignment layer on substrates was achieved via simply adding the chiral polymer nanoparticles into CLC mixtures. The fabricated chiral nanoparticle (CNP) doped CLC cell shows a high contrast 97.4% and a fast response time 7.6 ms.
在强电场的作用下,胆甾液晶(CLC)相中的螺旋可能会松开,使液晶(LC)分子与电场平行,从而实现透明。此前,我们开发了一种新型无配位层的颗粒掺杂 CLC 电池,通过电光特性显示出液晶显示(LCD)功能。这种能力代表了液晶制造领域的新进展,从而增强了电光特性。为了探索手性对液晶显示器的影响,我们合成并径向构建了纤维素颗粒。然后将这些颗粒作为手性掺杂剂用于液晶电池的生产。制作的手性纳米粒子(CNP)掺杂 PC05 CLC 电池显示出 97.4% 的高透明度和 7.6 ms 的快速响应时间。在制备的径向构造 PDAT 掺杂 PD2T PSCLC 电池中,实现了 93.6% 的高透光率和 13 ms 的快速响应时间。通过在 CLC 混合物中添加聚合物手性纳米粒子,可以在基底上制作出无配向层的 LCD 电池。添加 2 wt% 的手性 CNPs 使 CLC 的透光率从 3.4% 提高到 97%。这种新颖的手性掺杂剂技术为制造液晶显示器提供了一种新的简便方法。
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引用次数: 0
Selective synthesis of α-vinyl-ω-vinylidene-oligoisoprene as a macromonomer via ethenolysis of polyisoprene 通过聚异戊二烯的乙烯裂解选择性合成作为大单体的 α-乙烯基-ω-亚乙烯基-醇基异戊二烯
IF 2.8 4区 化学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00858-6
Ryo Tanaka, Akane Shimmei, Riki Otsuka, Yuushou Nakayama, Takeshi Shiono
Oligoisoprene macromonomer, which bears a terminal vinyl group, was prepared by the metathesis degradation of high-molecular-weight polyisoprene with ethylene for coordination polymerization. The ethenolysis of polyisoprene using the 2nd-generation Grubbs catalyst (G2) at ambient pressure gave heterotelechelic (α-vinyl-ω-vinylidene) oligoisoprene, keeping the stereoregularity in high yield, whereas the 1st generation Grubbs catalyst was immediately deactivated. In such metathesis degradation, an intramolecular side reaction giving cyclic oligomers may be competitive, but ethenolysis proceeded with high selectivity, probably because of the least steric effect of ethylene. The ethenolysis is also applicable for the degradation of natural rubber-derived polyisoprene, although the catalytic activity decreased. The prepared oligoisoprene macromonomer was successfully copolymerized with ethylene using a phenoxyimine-ligated titanium catalyst, and the reactivity of the macromonomer was almost the same as that of 1-hexadecene. The oligoisoprene-grafted polyethylene showed a typical stress‒strain curve, of which the tensile modulus and yielding stress are comparable to those of linear low-density polyethylene. Oligoisoprene macromonomer, which bears a terminal vinyl group and cis-1,4 regularity, was prepared by the metathesis degradation of high-molecular-weight polyisoprene with ethylene in a high selectivity and yield. The ethenolysis is also applicable for the degradation of natural rubber-derived polyisoprene, although the catalytic activity decreased. The prepared oligoisoprene macromonomer was successfully copolymerized with ethylene similarly with 1-hexadecene using a phenoxyimine-ligated titanium catalyst. The oligoisoprene-grafted polyethylene showed a typical stress‒strain curve, of which the tensile modulus and yielding stress are comparable to those of linear low-density polyethylene.
通过乙烯对高分子量聚异戊二烯的偏聚降解,制备了带有末端乙烯基的寡异戊二烯大单体,并进行了配位聚合。在常压下使用第二代格拉布斯催化剂(G2)对聚异戊二烯进行乙烯裂解,可得到异链烷基(α-乙烯基-ω-亚乙烯基)低聚异戊二烯,并保持高产率的立体规整性,而第一代格拉布斯催化剂则立即失活。在这种偏合成降解过程中,产生环状低聚物的分子内副反应可能是竞争性的,但乙烯裂解却具有很高的选择性,这可能是因为乙烯的立体效应最小。尽管催化活性降低,但乙烯醇解也适用于天然橡胶衍生的聚异戊二烯的降解。使用苯氧亚氨基配位钛催化剂成功地将制备的低聚异戊二烯大单体与乙烯共聚,大单体的反应活性与 1-十六碳烯几乎相同。低聚异戊二烯接枝聚乙烯呈现出典型的应力-应变曲线,其拉伸模量和屈服应力与线性低密度聚乙烯相当。
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引用次数: 0
Study on the deformation and fracture of epoxy monoliths through mechanical tensile and compressive tests and X-ray CT imaging 通过机械拉伸和压缩试验以及 X 射线 CT 成像研究环氧树脂单体的变形和断裂情况
IF 2.8 4区 化学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00872-8
Kazuma Aragishi, Yoshihiro Takeda, Yasuhito Suzuki, Akikazu Matsumoto
As porous polymer materials with continuous epoxy skeletons and pores, epoxy monoliths are used as column fillers in HPLC, separators in lithium-ion batteries, and precursor polymers for monolith adhesion and co-continuous network polymer fabrication. Due to their unique mechanical properties and fracture behavior, epoxy monoliths can incur large deformation and are different from the bulk thermoset of epoxy resins that exhibit hard and brittle features. In this study, we prepared an epoxy monolith using 2,2’-bis(4’-glycidyloxaphenyl)propane (BADGE) and tripropylene glycol diglycidyl ether (TPGD) as epoxy resins, 4,4’-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) (BACM) as a crosslinker, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a porogen, and TPGD-induced effects on the pore structure and properties of the obtained monoliths were investigated. To clarify the relationship between the pore structure and the mechanical properties of the monolith, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and tensile and compression tests were performed. In addition, X-ray CT imaging nondestructively revealed a change in the inner porous structure of the monolith after a large deformation occurred under various compression conditions. We clarified the effects of the TPGD addition on the monolith structure and the mechanical properties with tensile and compressive deformation. As porous polymer materials with continuous epoxy skeletons and pores, epoxy monoliths exhibit unique mechanical properties and fracture behavior different from the bulk thermoset of epoxy resins. In this article, we describe the thermal properties, pore structures, and mechanical properties of epoxy resins with tensile and compressive deformation of the monoliths. In addition, a change in the inner porous structure after large deformation was nondestructively observed by X-ray CT imaging.
作为具有连续环氧骨架和孔隙的多孔聚合物材料,环氧单体可用作高效液相色谱中的柱填料、锂离子电池中的分离剂,以及用于单体粘合和共连续网络聚合物制造的前体聚合物。环氧单体具有独特的机械性能和断裂行为,可产生较大的变形,不同于表现出硬脆特征的环氧树脂块体热固性。在这项研究中,我们使用 2,2'-双(4'-缩水甘油氧苯基)丙烷(BADGE)和三丙二醇二缩水甘油醚(TPGD)作为环氧树脂,4、以 4,4'-亚甲基双(环己基胺)(BACM)为交联剂,聚乙二醇(PEG)为成孔剂,研究了 TPGD 诱导对所得单片孔结构和性能的影响。为明确孔隙结构与单片石机械性能之间的关系,进行了扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察以及拉伸和压缩试验。此外,X 射线 CT 成像非破坏性地揭示了在各种压缩条件下发生大变形后整体石材内部多孔结构的变化。我们明确了添加 TPGD 对整体结构的影响,以及拉伸和压缩变形对机械性能的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Synthesis, characterization, degradation and applications of vinyl polyperoxides 乙烯基聚过氧化物的合成、表征、降解和应用
IF 2.8 4区 化学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00860-y
Pousali Samanta, Sourav Mete, Sunirmal Pal, Md Ezaz Hasan Khan, Priyadarsi De
Polymeric peroxide is an equimolar alternating copolymer formed by the reaction of a monomer with molecular oxygen (O2). Various polyperoxides have been successfully synthesized using different techniques, such as free radical polymerization, condensation polymerization, and insertion polymerization in the solid state. A wide variety of physical and chemical characteristics are displayed by these polyperoxides, making them attractive candidates for various applications. Due to their high exothermal degrading behavior and autocombustibility, polyperoxides are a viable alternative to fuels derived from petroleum. Additionally, polyperoxides have a wide range of applications, such as free radical initiators, curatives, biocompatible drug carriers, coating materials, dismantlable adhesives, and molding precursors. In this focused review, we report on recent efforts in developing vinyl homo- and copolyperoxides, their physicochemical behaviors, and various applications. Finally, the existing opportunities, possible challenges, and some viewpoints on future directions in vinyl polyperoxide research are highlighted. Our recent studies on the synthesis, characterization, degradation and applications of vinyl polyperoxides are reviewed. Primarily, the recent achievements in the design, biocompatibility, thermal and enzymatic degradation of water-soluble vinyl polyperoxides and copolyperoxides are described. Finally, future development possibilities and challenges of vinyl polyperoxides for various potential applications are summarised.
聚合过氧化物是单体与分子氧(O2)反应形成的等摩尔交替共聚物。目前已利用自由基聚合、缩合聚合和固态插入聚合等不同技术成功合成了各种聚过氧化物。这些聚过氧化物具有多种物理和化学特性,因此在各种应用中都很有吸引力。由于具有较高的放热降解性能和自燃性,聚过氧化物是石油燃料的可行替代品。此外,聚过氧化物还具有广泛的用途,如自由基引发剂、固化剂、生物相容性药物载体、涂层材料、可拆卸粘合剂和成型前体。在这篇重点综述中,我们报告了最近在开发乙烯基均过氧化物和共过氧化物方面所做的努力、它们的物理化学行为以及各种应用。最后,我们将重点介绍乙烯基过氧化物研究的现有机遇、可能面临的挑战以及对未来发展方向的一些看法。
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引用次数: 0
Hydrolytic degradation and biomineralization of amine-cured epoxy resin based on glycidate 基于甘氨酸的胺固化环氧树脂的水解降解和生物矿化
IF 2.8 4区 化学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00880-8
Bungo Ochiai, Yutaka Nakazawa, Yoshimasa Matsumura, Takahiro Kawai
Amine-cured epoxy resins bearing ester moieties were synthesized, and their properties, hydrolytic degradation behavior, and biomineralization were investigated. Neopentyl glycol diglycidate (NPG) was used as the epoxide and was cured with diethylenetriamine (DETA) and isophoronediamine (IPD) at different ratios. The glass transition temperatures were controlled using the composition of DETA and IPD. The cured materials containing IPD units were tolerant to neutral water but were degraded under acidic and basic conditions. Degradation in the presence of lipase also proceeded in phosphate buffer, while degradation proceeded gradually in the absence of lipase. To demonstrate their potential application as degradable biomedical materials for bone and dental repair, composites containing hydroxyapatite (HA) were prepared by curing NPG and the amines in the presence of HA. Biological bone-like apatite was grown on an NPG-IPD-HA composite by immersion in synthetic biofluid, and the amount of bone-like apatite was greater than that on the glycidyl ether analog. Amine-cured epoxy resins bearing ester moieties were synthesized, and their properties, hydrolytic degradation behavior, and biomineralization were investigated. Neopentyl glycol diglycidate (NPG) was used as the epoxide and was cured with diethylenetriamine and isophoronediamine at different ratios. The Tgs and degradability were controlled using the composition of amines. To demonstrate their potential application as degradable materials for bone and dental repair, composites containing hydroxyapatite were prepared by curing NPG and the amines in the presence of HA. Bone-like apatite was grown on a composite by immersion in synthetic biofluid.
合成了含有酯分子的胺固化环氧树脂,并对其性能、水解降解行为和生物矿化进行了研究。新戊二醇二甘氨酸酯(NPG)用作环氧化物,并以不同比例与二乙烯三胺(DETA)和异佛尔酮二胺(IPD)固化。玻璃化转变温度由 DETA 和 IPD 的成分控制。含有 IPD 单元的固化材料对中性水具有耐受性,但在酸性和碱性条件下会发生降解。在磷酸盐缓冲液中,有脂肪酶存在时也会发生降解,而没有脂肪酶时降解会逐渐进行。为了证明它们作为可降解生物医学材料在骨骼和牙齿修复方面的潜在应用,我们通过在有羟基磷灰石(HA)存在的情况下固化 NPG 和胺来制备含有羟基磷灰石(HA)的复合材料。将 NPG-IPD-HA 复合材料浸泡在合成生物流体中,生物类骨磷灰石在其上生长,类骨磷灰石的数量大于缩水甘油醚类似物。
{"title":"Hydrolytic degradation and biomineralization of amine-cured epoxy resin based on glycidate","authors":"Bungo Ochiai, Yutaka Nakazawa, Yoshimasa Matsumura, Takahiro Kawai","doi":"10.1038/s41428-023-00880-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-023-00880-8","url":null,"abstract":"Amine-cured epoxy resins bearing ester moieties were synthesized, and their properties, hydrolytic degradation behavior, and biomineralization were investigated. Neopentyl glycol diglycidate (NPG) was used as the epoxide and was cured with diethylenetriamine (DETA) and isophoronediamine (IPD) at different ratios. The glass transition temperatures were controlled using the composition of DETA and IPD. The cured materials containing IPD units were tolerant to neutral water but were degraded under acidic and basic conditions. Degradation in the presence of lipase also proceeded in phosphate buffer, while degradation proceeded gradually in the absence of lipase. To demonstrate their potential application as degradable biomedical materials for bone and dental repair, composites containing hydroxyapatite (HA) were prepared by curing NPG and the amines in the presence of HA. Biological bone-like apatite was grown on an NPG-IPD-HA composite by immersion in synthetic biofluid, and the amount of bone-like apatite was greater than that on the glycidyl ether analog. Amine-cured epoxy resins bearing ester moieties were synthesized, and their properties, hydrolytic degradation behavior, and biomineralization were investigated. Neopentyl glycol diglycidate (NPG) was used as the epoxide and was cured with diethylenetriamine and isophoronediamine at different ratios. The Tgs and degradability were controlled using the composition of amines. To demonstrate their potential application as degradable materials for bone and dental repair, composites containing hydroxyapatite were prepared by curing NPG and the amines in the presence of HA. Bone-like apatite was grown on a composite by immersion in synthetic biofluid.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-023-00880-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139411550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
B(C6F5)3-based Lewis pair-catalyzed acrylate polymerization: Lewis base effects on pairing interactions 基于 B(C6F5)3 的路易斯配对催化丙烯酸酯聚合:路易斯碱对配对相互作用的影响
IF 2.8 4区 化学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00868-4
Yuka Naganawa, Kazumasa Mori, Shin-ichi Matsuoka, Masato Suzuki
Acrylate polymerizations catalyzed by Lewis pairs (LP) composed of B(C6F5)3 and various Lewis bases (phosphines, amines, and an N-heterocyclic carbene) in dichloromethane were investigated using two procedures based on different monomer/catalyst addition sequences. In procedure 1, Lewis bases were added to B(C6F5)3-activated n-butyl acrylate (nBA), and the polymerization proceeded quantitatively using all Lewis bases at a wide temperature range (−60 °C to 30 °C). A low nucleophilic Lewis base Et3N also initiated the polymerization even at −60 °C. However, t-butyl acrylate was not polymerized, as LP promoted its conversion into acrylic acid and isobutene. In procedure 2, nBA was added to interacting LPs; the type of Lewis base significantly affected the polymerization results. Specifically, polymerization was not observed when 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and PnBu3 were applied; however, similar to the reaction in procedure 1, PPh3, PtBu3, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) initiated nBA polymerization. The pairing interactions between LBs/B(C6F5)3 (PPh3, Et3N, DBU, and DABCO) were investigated using the shift of 19F nuclear magnetic resonance signals, demonstrating that weak interacting LPs efficiently initiated the polymerizations in procedure 2. Acrylate polymerizations catalyzed by Lewis pairs (LP) composed of B(C6F5)3 and various Lewis bases were investigated using two procedures based on different monomer/catalyst addition sequences. When Lewis bases were added to B(C6F5)3-activated n-butyl acrylate (nBA) (procedure 1), the polymerization proceeded quantitatively using all Lewis bases. In contrast, the type of Lewis base significantly affected the polymerization results when nBA was added to interacting LPs (procedure 2). 19F nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the LPs indicated that weakly interacting LPs efficiently initiated the polymerizations in procedure 2.
研究人员根据不同的单体/催化剂添加顺序,采用两种程序研究了由 B(C6F5)3 和各种路易斯碱(膦、胺和 N-杂环碳烯)组成的路易斯对(LP)在二氯甲烷中催化的丙烯酸酯聚合反应。在程序 1 中,路易斯碱被添加到 B(C6F5)3 活化的丙烯酸正丁酯(nBA)中,在较宽的温度范围(-60 °C 至 30 °C)内使用所有路易斯碱进行定量聚合。低亲核路易斯碱 Et3N 甚至在 -60 °C 时也能引发聚合反应。但是,丙烯酸叔丁酯没有聚合,因为 LP 会促进其转化为丙烯酸和异丁烯。在步骤 2 中,nBA 被添加到相互作用的 LP 中;路易斯碱的类型对聚合结果有显著影响。具体来说,当使用 1,8-二氮杂双环[5.4.0]十一-7-烯(DBU)和 PnBu3 时,没有观察到聚合反应;然而,与步骤 1 中的反应类似,PPh3、PtBu3 和 1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷(DABCO)可引发 nBA 聚合反应。利用 19F 核磁共振信号的移动研究了 LBs/B(C6F5)3(PPh3、Et3N、DBU 和 DABCO)之间的配对相互作用,结果表明弱相互作用的 LPs 能有效地引发程序 2 中的聚合反应。
{"title":"B(C6F5)3-based Lewis pair-catalyzed acrylate polymerization: Lewis base effects on pairing interactions","authors":"Yuka Naganawa, Kazumasa Mori, Shin-ichi Matsuoka, Masato Suzuki","doi":"10.1038/s41428-023-00868-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-023-00868-4","url":null,"abstract":"Acrylate polymerizations catalyzed by Lewis pairs (LP) composed of B(C6F5)3 and various Lewis bases (phosphines, amines, and an N-heterocyclic carbene) in dichloromethane were investigated using two procedures based on different monomer/catalyst addition sequences. In procedure 1, Lewis bases were added to B(C6F5)3-activated n-butyl acrylate (nBA), and the polymerization proceeded quantitatively using all Lewis bases at a wide temperature range (−60 °C to 30 °C). A low nucleophilic Lewis base Et3N also initiated the polymerization even at −60 °C. However, t-butyl acrylate was not polymerized, as LP promoted its conversion into acrylic acid and isobutene. In procedure 2, nBA was added to interacting LPs; the type of Lewis base significantly affected the polymerization results. Specifically, polymerization was not observed when 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and PnBu3 were applied; however, similar to the reaction in procedure 1, PPh3, PtBu3, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) initiated nBA polymerization. The pairing interactions between LBs/B(C6F5)3 (PPh3, Et3N, DBU, and DABCO) were investigated using the shift of 19F nuclear magnetic resonance signals, demonstrating that weak interacting LPs efficiently initiated the polymerizations in procedure 2. Acrylate polymerizations catalyzed by Lewis pairs (LP) composed of B(C6F5)3 and various Lewis bases were investigated using two procedures based on different monomer/catalyst addition sequences. When Lewis bases were added to B(C6F5)3-activated n-butyl acrylate (nBA) (procedure 1), the polymerization proceeded quantitatively using all Lewis bases. In contrast, the type of Lewis base significantly affected the polymerization results when nBA was added to interacting LPs (procedure 2). 19F nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the LPs indicated that weakly interacting LPs efficiently initiated the polymerizations in procedure 2.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-023-00868-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139094023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hydrogenative degradation of PEG-functionalized lignin PEG 功能化木质素的氢化降解
IF 2.8 4区 化学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00867-5
Shuhei Kusumoto, Takuya Higashi, Yusuke Matsumoto, Tatsuhiko Yamada, Kyoko Nozaki
The valorization of lignin to value-added basic chemicals is one of the most important technologies for efficient carbon recycling. While many catalytic systems have been developed for cleavage of monolignol linkages, especially for β-O-4 structures, the low solubility of lignin, which originates from its complicated polymeric structure, often makes it difficult to apply these catalytic process to degradation of real lignin-derived materials. Here, we investigated the degradation of poly(ethylene glycol)-modified lignin with transition metal complexes. Monolignols (4-methyl, 4-ethyl- and 4-propyl-guaiacol) were obtained as the degradation products. Although low solubility after detachment of the PEG moiety hampered efficient degradation, the addition of PEG for in situ protection of the hydroxy group was effective in maintaining the lignin solubility and improving the monolignol yields. The hydrogenolysis of PEG-modified soluble lignin was investigated with series of transition metal complexes to afford alkyl guaiacols. Although the introduced PEG moiety was also susceptible against the hydrogenolysis, in situ modification in PEG solvent was found effective for maintaining the lignin soluble and improved degradation efficiency.
将木质素转化为高附加值的基础化学品是实现高效碳循环的最重要技术之一。虽然已开发出许多用于裂解单木酚链节的催化体系,尤其是针对 β-O-4 结构的催化体系,但由于木质素的聚合物结构复杂,溶解度低,因此通常很难将这些催化过程应用于实际木质素衍生材料的降解。在此,我们用过渡金属复合物研究了聚乙二醇改性木质素的降解。降解产物为单木酚(4-甲基、4-乙基和 4-丙基愈创木酚)。虽然 PEG 分子脱离后的低溶解度阻碍了降解的高效进行,但添加 PEG 原位保护羟基可有效保持木质素的溶解度并提高单木酚的产量。
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引用次数: 0
Alcoholysis of oxyphenylene-based super engineering plastics mediated by readily available bases 在易得碱介导下氧苯基超级工程塑料的烷氧基化作用
IF 2.8 4区 化学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00870-w
Yasunori Minami, Rena Honobe, Yuuki Inagaki, Kazuhiko Sato, Masaru Yoshida
Herein we describe the alcoholysis of super engineering plastics under mild conditions. Treatment of polysulfone (PSU) with methanol mediated by sodium hydroxide in 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) at 80 °C resulted in facile depolymerization to form bis(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfone and 4,4’-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol (bisphenol A) in high yields. These products were readily isolated by simple filtration. The DMI solvent effectively promoted depolymerization and allowed insoluble resins such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK) to undergo the reaction. This method was applicable to other alcohols, such as ethanol and isopropyl alcohol. The depolymerization of super engineering plastics such as polysulfone (PSU) smoothly proceeded in the presence of methanol mediated by sodium hydroxide in 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) at 80 °C to form bis(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfone and 4,4’-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol (bisphenol A) in high yields. These products were readily isolated by simple filtration. The DMI solvent effectively promoted depolymerization and allowed insoluble resins such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK) to undergo the reaction. This method was applicable to other alcohols, such as ethanol and isopropyl alcohol.
在此,我们介绍了超级工程塑料在温和条件下的醇解过程。在 1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮(DMI)中以氢氧化钠为介质,在 80 °C 下用甲醇处理聚砜(PSU),可轻松解聚形成高产率的双(4-甲氧基苯基)砜和 4,4'-(丙烷-2,2-二基)二苯酚(双酚 A)。这些产物很容易通过简单的过滤分离出来。DMI 溶剂可有效促进解聚,并使聚醚醚酮(PEEK)等不溶性树脂发生反应。这种方法也适用于其他醇类,如乙醇和异丙醇。
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引用次数: 0
Design of dual stimuli-responsive gels with physical and chemical properties that vary in response to light and temperature and cell behavior on their surfaces 设计具有物理和化学特性的双刺激响应凝胶,使其对光线和温度以及表面的细胞行为产生不同的响应
IF 2.8 4区 化学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-12-26 DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00865-7
Masaaki Okihara, Akana Matsuda, Akifumi Kawamura, Takashi Miyata
Cell behaviors are highly sensitive to the surrounding environment. Therefore, in regulating cells, biomaterial substrates should be designed so their properties are similar to the surrounding environments of the cells. For cell regulation, we designed dual stimuli-responsive gels whose physical (elastic modulus) and chemical (hydrophilicity) properties can be changed by varying the UV exposure time and temperature, respectively. A dual stimuli-responsive polymer with photodimerizable groups and temperature-responsive moieties was prepared by copolymerizing 7-methacryloyloxycoumarin (MAC) and methoxyoligoethylene glycol methacrylate (OEGMA). The resulting polymers (P(MAC-co-OEGMA)) had lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs), which depended on the compositions. A buffer solution containing P(MAC-co-OEGMA) was exposed to ultraviolet light (UV) for gelation, and the elastic modulus increased with increasing exposure time. The cell behavior, including adhesion and spreading, on the surfaces of these gels was investigated. Most of the cells adhered to P(MAC-co-OEGMA) gels with higher elastic moduli, and the cells were spread more effectively at temperatures above the LCST. This was because cell adhesion and spreading were strongly influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the P(MAC-co-OEGMA) gels, which were regulated by varying the UV exposure time and temperature. A buffer solution of dual stimuli-responsive polymer with photodimerizable groups and temperature-responsive moieties undergoes a phase transition from a sol state to a gel state by exposure to ultraviolet light. The resulting gels changed the physical (elastic modulus) and chemical (hydrophilicity) properties by varying UV exposure time and temperature, respectively. Cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation were strongly influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the polymer gels, which were regulated by varying UV exposure time and temperature.
细胞行为对周围环境高度敏感。因此,在调控细胞时,生物材料基底的设计应使其特性与细胞周围环境相似。为了调节细胞,我们设计了双重刺激响应凝胶,通过改变紫外线照射时间和温度,可分别改变其物理(弹性模量)和化学(亲水性)特性。通过共聚 7-甲基丙烯酰氧基香豆素(MAC)和甲氧基环氧乙烷甲基丙烯酸酯(OEGMA),制备了一种具有光二聚化基团和温度响应分子的双重刺激响应聚合物。所制备的聚合物(P(MAC-co-OEGMA))具有较低的临界溶液温度(LCST),这取决于其成分。将含有 P(MAC-co-OEGMA)的缓冲溶液暴露在紫外线(UV)下进行凝胶化,弹性模量随着暴露时间的延长而增加。研究了细胞在这些凝胶表面的行为,包括粘附和扩散。大多数细胞都粘附在弹性模量较高的 P(MAC-co-OEGMA)凝胶上,而且细胞在 LCST 以上的温度下扩散得更有效。这是因为细胞的粘附和扩散受到 P(MAC-co-OEGMA)凝胶物理和化学特性的强烈影响,而这些特性可通过改变紫外线照射时间和温度来调节。
{"title":"Design of dual stimuli-responsive gels with physical and chemical properties that vary in response to light and temperature and cell behavior on their surfaces","authors":"Masaaki Okihara, Akana Matsuda, Akifumi Kawamura, Takashi Miyata","doi":"10.1038/s41428-023-00865-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-023-00865-7","url":null,"abstract":"Cell behaviors are highly sensitive to the surrounding environment. Therefore, in regulating cells, biomaterial substrates should be designed so their properties are similar to the surrounding environments of the cells. For cell regulation, we designed dual stimuli-responsive gels whose physical (elastic modulus) and chemical (hydrophilicity) properties can be changed by varying the UV exposure time and temperature, respectively. A dual stimuli-responsive polymer with photodimerizable groups and temperature-responsive moieties was prepared by copolymerizing 7-methacryloyloxycoumarin (MAC) and methoxyoligoethylene glycol methacrylate (OEGMA). The resulting polymers (P(MAC-co-OEGMA)) had lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs), which depended on the compositions. A buffer solution containing P(MAC-co-OEGMA) was exposed to ultraviolet light (UV) for gelation, and the elastic modulus increased with increasing exposure time. The cell behavior, including adhesion and spreading, on the surfaces of these gels was investigated. Most of the cells adhered to P(MAC-co-OEGMA) gels with higher elastic moduli, and the cells were spread more effectively at temperatures above the LCST. This was because cell adhesion and spreading were strongly influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the P(MAC-co-OEGMA) gels, which were regulated by varying the UV exposure time and temperature. A buffer solution of dual stimuli-responsive polymer with photodimerizable groups and temperature-responsive moieties undergoes a phase transition from a sol state to a gel state by exposure to ultraviolet light. The resulting gels changed the physical (elastic modulus) and chemical (hydrophilicity) properties by varying UV exposure time and temperature, respectively. Cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation were strongly influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the polymer gels, which were regulated by varying UV exposure time and temperature.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-023-00865-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139051596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reversible and high-density energy storage with polymers populated with bistable redox sites 利用含有双稳态氧化还原位点的聚合物进行可逆和高密度储能
IF 2.8 4区 化学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00857-7
Kenichi Oyaizu
Redox-active polymers with charging/discharging reversibility are employed to develop electrode-active materials in organic batteries, which are characterized by high power rates, flexibility/bendability, and environmentally benign properties. Reversible charge storage with polymers is achieved by redox “bistability” and exchange reactions. Redox bistability is a feature of electrochemical reversibility, which refers to the properties of redox pairs in which both the reduced and oxidized states are chemically robust and do not fade during substantial storage periods. The electron self-exchange reactions of the redox-active sites populated in the polymer layer give rise to charge propagation in support of exhaustive charging and discharging. The concept of charge storage reversibility is extended to hydrogen storage reversibility based on the bistability of the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation pair and the electron/proton exchange reaction, creating hydrogen carrier polymers as a new class of energy-related functional polymers. In this review, we show that reversibility of charge storage occurs in polymers with bistable redox-active groups populated in the repeat units of a nonconjugated backbone, especially when an electron self-exchange reaction spreads throughout the polymer. We will also show that extending the idea of electron exchange to electron/proton exchange leads to reversible hydrogen storage based on the bistability of hydrogenated and dehydrogenated states and the equilibrium for hydrogenation.
具有充电/放电可逆性的氧化还原活性聚合物被用于开发有机电池中的电活性材料,这种材料具有高功率率、柔韧性/可弯曲性和对环境无害的特性。聚合物的可逆电荷存储是通过氧化还原 "双稳态 "和交换反应实现的。氧化还原双稳态性是电化学可逆性的一个特征,是指氧化还原对的特性,其中还原态和氧化态的化学性质都很稳定,在大量储存期间不会褪色。聚合物层中氧化还原活性位点的电子自交换反应会产生电荷传播,从而支持耗尽式充电和放电。基于氢化/脱氢对和电子/质子交换反应的双稳态性,电荷存储可逆性的概念被扩展到氢存储可逆性,从而创造出氢载体聚合物这一类与能源相关的新型功能聚合物。
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