Pub Date : 2024-06-18DOI: 10.1038/s41428-024-00929-2
Takuma Kureha, Takuto Hirayama, Taichi Nishi
In this study, gel-phase diagrams of temperature-responsive and biocompatible polymers were obtained, and the characteristic gelation behaviors of the polymers were examined. The polymers are based on three oligoethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA) monomers with different numbers of ethylene oxide (EO) units, i.e., with side chains that differ in length. The gelation thresholds depend on the OEGMA and crosslinker concentrations as well as the side chain length. Long EO side chains fill the polymerization system and reduce the concentration of polymer overlap, resulting in a high ability to occupy the system. Furthermore, the EO side chains may engage in self-crosslinking, i.e., polymers can branch and grow from the side chains depending on their length, resulting in a high bond probability. Based on these unique behavior patterns, gelation occurs more readily as the length of the side chains increases. We also synthesized ultralow crosslinked pOEGMA gels by tuning the gelation conditions; these gels exhibited improved swelling capacity and temperature responsiveness. These results should facilitate the development of a synthesis strategy to control the physical properties and structures of these materials for advanced applications, such as biofilms, actuators, and carriers.
本研究获得了具有温度响应性和生物相容性的聚合物的凝胶相图，并研究了这些聚合物的凝胶化特性。这些聚合物基于三种具有不同环氧乙烷（EO）单元数（即侧链长度不同）的低聚乙二醇甲醚甲基丙烯酸酯（OEGMA）单体。凝胶化阈值取决于 OEGMA 和交联剂的浓度以及侧链的长度。长的 EO 侧链可填充聚合体系，降低聚合物重叠的浓度，从而提高占据体系的能力。此外，环氧乙烷侧链可能会发生自交联，即聚合物会根据侧链的长度发生分支和生长，从而产生较高的键合概率。基于这些独特的行为模式，随着侧链长度的增加，凝胶化更容易发生。我们还通过调整凝胶化条件合成了超低交联 pOEGMA 凝胶；这些凝胶显示出更强的溶胀能力和温度响应性。这些结果将有助于开发一种合成策略，以控制这些材料的物理性质和结构，从而应用于生物膜、致动器和载体等先进领域。
{"title":"Phase diagram for the gelation of temperature-responsive and biocompatible poly(oligo ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) polymers in aqueous free-radical polymerization reactions","authors":"Takuma Kureha, Takuto Hirayama, Taichi Nishi","doi":"10.1038/s41428-024-00929-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41428-024-00929-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, gel-phase diagrams of temperature-responsive and biocompatible polymers were obtained, and the characteristic gelation behaviors of the polymers were examined. The polymers are based on three oligoethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA) monomers with different numbers of ethylene oxide (EO) units, i.e., with side chains that differ in length. The gelation thresholds depend on the OEGMA and crosslinker concentrations as well as the side chain length. Long EO side chains fill the polymerization system and reduce the concentration of polymer overlap, resulting in a high ability to occupy the system. Furthermore, the EO side chains may engage in self-crosslinking, i.e., polymers can branch and grow from the side chains depending on their length, resulting in a high bond probability. Based on these unique behavior patterns, gelation occurs more readily as the length of the side chains increases. We also synthesized ultralow crosslinked pOEGMA gels by tuning the gelation conditions; these gels exhibited improved swelling capacity and temperature responsiveness. These results should facilitate the development of a synthesis strategy to control the physical properties and structures of these materials for advanced applications, such as biofilms, actuators, and carriers.</p>","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.1038/s41428-024-00928-3
Yukio Kugo, Takuya Isono, Masashi Fujiwara, Toshifumi Sato, Hirofumi Tani, T. Erata, K. Tajima
{"title":"Optimizing crystal transitions in low-temperature, low-concentration NaOH solutions to prepare cellulose I and II composite materials","authors":"Yukio Kugo, Takuya Isono, Masashi Fujiwara, Toshifumi Sato, Hirofumi Tani, T. Erata, K. Tajima","doi":"10.1038/s41428-024-00928-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41428-024-00928-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141354671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.1038/s41428-024-00925-6
Hiroshi Yamagishi
{"title":"Supramolecular methodologies for the assembly of optical microresonators from functional organic materials","authors":"Hiroshi Yamagishi","doi":"10.1038/s41428-024-00925-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41428-024-00925-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141353862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, a Pd-polymeric porous immobilized catalyst is prepared for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions by employing a Bayesian optimization method to optimize the catalyst. This research represents the first endeavor to utilize machine learning for the optimization of polymer-immobilized catalysts and provides a novel perspective on utilizing machine learning for the optimization of complex materials. This study presented the workflow of machine learning-guided optimization of Pd-immobilized porous polymer catalysts. Two independent variables (DVB and 1-decanol content) were involved in polymerization to maximize TOF as target variable in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. Bayesian optimization was applied for predictive modeling, and the optimized conditions were experimentally validated in subsequent iterations. By applying this workflow, the catalytic activity of immobilized polymer porous catalysts was successfully optimized using machine learning.
{"title":"Development of Pd-immobilized porous polymer catalysts via Bayesian optimization","authors":"Xincheng Zhou, Hikaru Matsumoto, Masanori Nagao, Shuji Hironaka, Yoshiko Miura","doi":"10.1038/s41428-024-00923-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-024-00923-8","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a Pd-polymeric porous immobilized catalyst is prepared for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions by employing a Bayesian optimization method to optimize the catalyst. This research represents the first endeavor to utilize machine learning for the optimization of polymer-immobilized catalysts and provides a novel perspective on utilizing machine learning for the optimization of complex materials. This study presented the workflow of machine learning-guided optimization of Pd-immobilized porous polymer catalysts. Two independent variables (DVB and 1-decanol content) were involved in polymerization to maximize TOF as target variable in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. Bayesian optimization was applied for predictive modeling, and the optimized conditions were experimentally validated in subsequent iterations. By applying this workflow, the catalytic activity of immobilized polymer porous catalysts was successfully optimized using machine learning.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-024-00923-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141375975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Termite wings are covered with hair shafts and micrasters, which provide it with dual wettability. Although the surface is superhydrophobic for bulk water and large droplets, it is adhesive for microdroplets of water. We mimicked this rough surface by applying a photoinduced crystal growth phenomenon on a photoreactive crystalline surface consisting of two photochromic diarylethene derivatives. This crystalline surface showed dual wettability, but the photoreactive crystalline system was not applicable under daylight. This lack of applicability was apparent because the rough crystalline structures on the surface melted under visible light irradiation. We used soft lithography and transcribed the rough structure of the crystalline film to a stable polycycloolefin polymer (ZEONEX 480) surface. In this case, ultrasonic treatment was indispensable for molding complex structured surfaces. The transcribed surface showed the same characteristics of dual wettability as the crystalline surface. The crystalline surface using two photochromic diarylethenes was prepared to mimic a termite wing showing dual wettability. The surface is useful to correct small water droplets in the air. However, the crystalline system was not applicable for the use because crystalline structures on the surface melt under daylight. We copied the rough structure of crystalline film to a stable polycycloolefin polymer (Zeonex 480) surface. The copied surface showed the dual wettability as same as that of the crystalline surface.
{"title":"Polymer replica of microcrystalline surface with dual wettability, mimicking a termite wing","authors":"Yuki Hashimoto, Amane Hase, Ayumu Tani, Ryo Nishimura, Yohei Hattori, Hiroyuki Mayama, Satoshi Yokojima, Shinichiro Nakamura, Kingo Uchida","doi":"10.1038/s41428-024-00926-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-024-00926-5","url":null,"abstract":"Termite wings are covered with hair shafts and micrasters, which provide it with dual wettability. Although the surface is superhydrophobic for bulk water and large droplets, it is adhesive for microdroplets of water. We mimicked this rough surface by applying a photoinduced crystal growth phenomenon on a photoreactive crystalline surface consisting of two photochromic diarylethene derivatives. This crystalline surface showed dual wettability, but the photoreactive crystalline system was not applicable under daylight. This lack of applicability was apparent because the rough crystalline structures on the surface melted under visible light irradiation. We used soft lithography and transcribed the rough structure of the crystalline film to a stable polycycloolefin polymer (ZEONEX 480) surface. In this case, ultrasonic treatment was indispensable for molding complex structured surfaces. The transcribed surface showed the same characteristics of dual wettability as the crystalline surface. The crystalline surface using two photochromic diarylethenes was prepared to mimic a termite wing showing dual wettability. The surface is useful to correct small water droplets in the air. However, the crystalline system was not applicable for the use because crystalline structures on the surface melt under daylight. We copied the rough structure of crystalline film to a stable polycycloolefin polymer (Zeonex 480) surface. The copied surface showed the dual wettability as same as that of the crystalline surface.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141377085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1038/s41428-024-00905-w
Keiji Tanaka
{"title":"PJ ZEON Award for outstanding papers in Polymer Journal 2023","authors":"Keiji Tanaka","doi":"10.1038/s41428-024-00905-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-024-00905-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-024-00905-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141251527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The macroscopic mechanical properties of polyamides depend on their microscopic structural properties, such as the crystalline phase, lamellar thickness, and long period, which change depending on the heat treatment conditions. In this study, the relationships between the macroscopic mechanical properties and lamellar structures of polyamide 11 obtained from different heat treatments were investigated. Heat treatments include quench, isothermal, and quench–annealing conditions. Wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements indicated that different crystalline phases formed depending on the heat treatment conditions. Polarized optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry revealed spherulite and crystal morphologies that were not spherulite. Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that the lamellar thickness and long period increased with the heat treatment temperature. With increasing the long period of lamellae, the number of stress transmitters, which are stress transfer factors (entanglements, loop chains, etc.) between lamellae, increases. The lamellar thickness and long period of polyamide 11 were ~1.5 times greater than that of polyamide 6 under similar heat treatment. In uniaxial tensile tests, polyamide 6 specimens heat-treated at high temperatures fractured and did not elongate. Polyamide 11 elongated without fracture. The thick lamellar and long-period structure of polyamide 11 obtained from heat treatments in this study might explain its excellent elongation until the late stage of deformation. The relationships between the macroscopic mechanical properties and lamellar structures of polyamide 11 obtained from different heat treatments were investigated. From the tensile tests, the maximum stress and strain at necking increase with the heat treatment temperature. WAXS measurements indicated that different crystalline phases formed depending on the heat treatment conditions. SAXS revealed that the lamellar thickness and long period increased with the heat treatment temperature. Based on these results, we elucidated that the macroscopic mechanical properties correlate with the lamellar thickness and long period.
聚酰胺的宏观机械特性取决于其微观结构特性，例如结晶相、薄片厚度和长周期，而这些特性会随着热处理条件的不同而发生变化。本研究探讨了不同热处理条件下聚酰胺 11 的宏观机械性能与薄片结构之间的关系。热处理包括淬火、等温和淬火-退火条件。广角 X 射线散射测量结果表明，不同的热处理条件会形成不同的结晶相。偏光光学显微镜和差示扫描量热法显示了球晶和非球晶的晶体形态。小角 X 射线散射显示，片层厚度和长周期随着热处理温度的升高而增加。随着薄片长周期的增加，薄片之间的应力传递因子（缠结、环链等）数量也随之增加。在类似的热处理条件下，聚酰胺 11 的薄片厚度和长周期是聚酰胺 6 的 1.5 倍。在单轴拉伸试验中，高温热处理的聚酰胺 6 试样会断裂，但不会拉长。聚酰胺 11 则拉长而没有断裂。本研究中通过热处理获得的聚酰胺 11 厚层和长周期结构可能是其直到变形后期都具有出色伸长率的原因。
{"title":"Structure and mechanical properties of biobased polyamide 11 specimens subjected to different heat treatments","authors":"Toyoshi Yoshida, Mei Touji, Hideaki Takagi, Nobutaka Shimizu, Noriyuki Igarashi, Shinichi Sakurai, Makoto Uchida, Yoshihisa Kaneko","doi":"10.1038/s41428-024-00924-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-024-00924-7","url":null,"abstract":"The macroscopic mechanical properties of polyamides depend on their microscopic structural properties, such as the crystalline phase, lamellar thickness, and long period, which change depending on the heat treatment conditions. In this study, the relationships between the macroscopic mechanical properties and lamellar structures of polyamide 11 obtained from different heat treatments were investigated. Heat treatments include quench, isothermal, and quench–annealing conditions. Wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements indicated that different crystalline phases formed depending on the heat treatment conditions. Polarized optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry revealed spherulite and crystal morphologies that were not spherulite. Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that the lamellar thickness and long period increased with the heat treatment temperature. With increasing the long period of lamellae, the number of stress transmitters, which are stress transfer factors (entanglements, loop chains, etc.) between lamellae, increases. The lamellar thickness and long period of polyamide 11 were ~1.5 times greater than that of polyamide 6 under similar heat treatment. In uniaxial tensile tests, polyamide 6 specimens heat-treated at high temperatures fractured and did not elongate. Polyamide 11 elongated without fracture. The thick lamellar and long-period structure of polyamide 11 obtained from heat treatments in this study might explain its excellent elongation until the late stage of deformation. The relationships between the macroscopic mechanical properties and lamellar structures of polyamide 11 obtained from different heat treatments were investigated. From the tensile tests, the maximum stress and strain at necking increase with the heat treatment temperature. WAXS measurements indicated that different crystalline phases formed depending on the heat treatment conditions. SAXS revealed that the lamellar thickness and long period increased with the heat treatment temperature. Based on these results, we elucidated that the macroscopic mechanical properties correlate with the lamellar thickness and long period.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141251824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have investigated the self-assembly kinetics of silica nanoparticles (SNPs) into the polymer-like structure by time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The analysis of the SAXS data with a kinetic model revealed that the SNPs undergo self-assembly in a process akin to the step-growth polymerization of bifunctional monomers. This study offers a facile strategy to construct polymer-like structures from isotropic spherical nanoparticles.
我们通过时间分辨小角 X 射线散射（SAXS）研究了二氧化硅纳米颗粒（SNPs）自组装成聚合物状结构的动力学。利用动力学模型对 SAXS 数据进行分析后发现，SNP 的自组装过程类似于双功能单体的阶跃生长聚合过程。这项研究为利用各向同性球形纳米粒子构建类聚合物结构提供了一种简便的策略。
{"title":"Supracolloidal step-growth polymerization of isotropic silica nanoparticles: a time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering study","authors":"Tatsuki Oishi, Ayae Sugawara-Narutaki, Rintaro Takahashi","doi":"10.1038/s41428-024-00922-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41428-024-00922-9","url":null,"abstract":"We have investigated the self-assembly kinetics of silica nanoparticles (SNPs) into the polymer-like structure by time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The analysis of the SAXS data with a kinetic model revealed that the SNPs undergo self-assembly in a process akin to the step-growth polymerization of bifunctional monomers. This study offers a facile strategy to construct polymer-like structures from isotropic spherical nanoparticles.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141251819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) benefits patients in the early stages of cancer, but it poses various risks of complication. Strategies involving the application of clinically approved products to cover ulcers caused by ESD can reduce these complications, but the fixed nature of their properties limit the understanding of their effects on ulcer healing. This study was focused on Tetra–PEG gel, an innovative hydrogel with controllable physical properties made from a sulfhydryl–maleimide pair. The use of biocompatible polyethylene glycol (PEG) in Tetra–PEG gel may allow for its application as a biomaterial. The aims of our study were to identify the characteristics of a self-solidifying hydrogel for endoscopic application and to develop a new ulcer coating agent for post-ESD treatment. We developed a specialized double-lumen catheter and determined the optimal application conditions of the hydrogel. We examined the hydrodynamic properties of the gelling solutions and elucidated the pressure drop that occurred during device operation. Finally, by considering previous experimental results, we successfully applied the hydrogel to post-ESD ulcers in porcine stomachs. We believed that by further optimizing hydrogels with effectively controlled properties and by continuing to investigate them through animal experiments, we could expand our understanding of the relationships among material and ulcer healing properties and apply this knowledge to clinical applications. We explored the feasibility of Tetra-PEG gel, a controllable hydrogel, as a new biomaterial to develop a coating agent for post-ESD ulcers. We examined the optimal conditions for hydrogel application and developed a specialized catheter, then investigated its properties. Ultimately, we successfully used the optimized hydrogel and device to cover post-ESD ulcers in the porcine stomach. Further optimization of the hydrogel and ongoing research through animal experiments are expected to deepen our understanding of the material’s effects on ulcer healing and contribute to its clinical applications.
{"title":"Optimizing a self-solidifying hydrogel as an endoscopically deliverable hydrogel coating system: a proof-of-concept study on porcine endoscopic submucosal dissection-induced ulcers","authors":"Rina Cho, Hiroyuki Kamata, Yosuke Tsuji, Ayano Fujisawa, Yuko Miura, Shohei Ishikawa, Ren Sato, Takuya Katashima, Takamasa Sakai, Mitsuhiro Fujishiro","doi":"10.1038/s41428-024-00921-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-024-00921-w","url":null,"abstract":"Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) benefits patients in the early stages of cancer, but it poses various risks of complication. Strategies involving the application of clinically approved products to cover ulcers caused by ESD can reduce these complications, but the fixed nature of their properties limit the understanding of their effects on ulcer healing. This study was focused on Tetra–PEG gel, an innovative hydrogel with controllable physical properties made from a sulfhydryl–maleimide pair. The use of biocompatible polyethylene glycol (PEG) in Tetra–PEG gel may allow for its application as a biomaterial. The aims of our study were to identify the characteristics of a self-solidifying hydrogel for endoscopic application and to develop a new ulcer coating agent for post-ESD treatment. We developed a specialized double-lumen catheter and determined the optimal application conditions of the hydrogel. We examined the hydrodynamic properties of the gelling solutions and elucidated the pressure drop that occurred during device operation. Finally, by considering previous experimental results, we successfully applied the hydrogel to post-ESD ulcers in porcine stomachs. We believed that by further optimizing hydrogels with effectively controlled properties and by continuing to investigate them through animal experiments, we could expand our understanding of the relationships among material and ulcer healing properties and apply this knowledge to clinical applications. We explored the feasibility of Tetra-PEG gel, a controllable hydrogel, as a new biomaterial to develop a coating agent for post-ESD ulcers. We examined the optimal conditions for hydrogel application and developed a specialized catheter, then investigated its properties. Ultimately, we successfully used the optimized hydrogel and device to cover post-ESD ulcers in the porcine stomach. Further optimization of the hydrogel and ongoing research through animal experiments are expected to deepen our understanding of the material’s effects on ulcer healing and contribute to its clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-024-00921-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141189037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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