Polar Science最新文献_第5页

Uncovering the economic impact of thawing arctic permafrost: Exploring GDP production in a changing landscape 揭示北极永久冻土融化的经济影响：在不断变化的景观中探索GDP生产

IF 1.5 4区地球科学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Polar Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2025.101203

Mateo Cordier , Anna Vasilevskaya , Leneisja Jungsberg , Jean-Paul Vanderlinden , Justine Ramage , Hugues Lantuit

Permafrost has undergone rapid warming since the 1980s. The resulting permafrost thaw has already led to economic consequences, for example coastal retreat requiring the relocation of several settlements, engineering costs necessary to repair or avoid collapses of buildings, airports, railways, roads, and pipelines, etc. Calculating Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at subnational scales, we estimate the total economic value and their potential loss in the Arctic Circumpolar Permafrost Region (ACPR) that is produced on permafrost cover, and as such which is likely to be exposed to hazards from permafrost thaw. Our results give a value of €83.9–189.3 billon in 2017. About 91–92 % of this total GDP is produced on the Russian territory. In the ACPR, natural resource extraction seems to be a key driver of GDP. This means many countries depending on Russian ACPR exports will be in troubles in case of reduced economic production due to permafrost thaw. To avoid international economic disruptions, public authorities in the ACPR countries should be willing to pay a certain percentage of the total permafrost GDP to adapt and reduce the economic impacts of permafrost thaw. We estimate the adaptation cost to be between 0.01 % and 14.6 % of the total permafrost GDP.

自20世纪80年代以来，永久冻土经历了快速变暖。由此导致的永久冻土融化已经导致了经济后果，例如，沿海撤退需要重新安置几个定居点，修复或避免建筑物、机场、铁路、公路和管道倒塌所需的工程成本等。通过计算次国家尺度的国内生产总值（GDP），我们估计了北极环极永久冻土区（ACPR）的总经济价值及其在永久冻土区（ACPR）上产生的潜在损失，并因此可能受到永久冻土区融化的危害。我们的结果显示，2017年的价值为839亿至1893亿欧元。其中约91 - 92%的GDP是在俄罗斯境内生产的。在ACPR中，自然资源开采似乎是GDP的关键驱动力。这意味着，如果永久冻土融化导致经济产量下降，许多依赖俄罗斯ACPR出口的国家将陷入困境。为了避免国际经济中断，ACPR国家的公共当局应该愿意支付永久冻土GDP总额的一定比例，以适应和减少永久冻土融化的经济影响。我们估计适应成本在永久冻土GDP总量的0.01%至14.6%之间。

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引用次数: 0

Pitfalls of the green transition: Towards a genuine understanding of the right to free, prior and informed consent of the Indigenous peoples 绿色转型的陷阱：实现对土著人民自由、事先和知情同意权的真正理解

IF 1.5 4区地球科学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Polar Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2024.101119

Yuko Osakada

This article examines the changes required to make the green transition more inclusive and sustainable from an international human rights perspective. Indigenous peoples have been challenging the ways in which this transition is taking place, using the phrase “green colonialism.” Although, in many countries, it has become common to consult affected Indigenous peoples to reach an agreement before licensing the establishment of green energy facilities, previous studies that dealt with the Sámi's struggle against the green transition have revealed that asymmetric power relationship between Indigenous peoples, sovereign states and business enterprises contributed to disguised dialogues and/or agreements among them. Therefore, this article concludes that a genuine shift from the obligation to consult Indigenous peoples to their right to free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) is crucial when establishing green energy facilities that might affect them. In doing so, this article emphasizes that the meaning of the right to FPIC for Indigenous peoples should be understood correctly from an international human rights perspective. In particular, it argues that their right to FPIC should be ensured not only before the project affecting Indigenous peoples is licensed, but also at all stages of implementing the project with participatory monitoring.

本文从国际人权的角度探讨了使绿色转型更具包容性和可持续性所需的变化。土著人民一直在用“绿色殖民主义”来挑战这种转变的方式。尽管在许多国家，在许可建立绿色能源设施之前，与受影响的土著人民协商达成协议已经成为一种普遍现象，但之前关于Sámi反对绿色转型的研究表明，土著人民、主权国家和商业企业之间不对称的权力关系导致了他们之间变相的对话和/或协议。因此，本文的结论是，在建立可能影响土著人民的绿色能源设施时，从与土著人民协商的义务真正转向他们的自由、事先和知情同意权（FPIC）至关重要。在此过程中，本文强调应从国际人权的角度正确理解土著人民FPIC权利的含义。它特别指出，不仅在影响土著人民的项目获得许可之前，而且在项目实施的所有阶段都应确保土著人民的知情权利，并进行参与性监测。

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引用次数: 0

Who addresses pollution? Relationships among actors and grant money for waste management efforts in remote Alaskan communities 谁来解决污染问题？行动者之间的关系和阿拉斯加偏远社区废物管理工作的赠款

IF 1.5 4区地球科学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Polar Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2024.101121

Kaori Ishii

This study discusses waste-related issues in remote Alaskan villages, focusing on the relationships between the support providers, such as government officials and nonprofits, and the indigenous people, from the perspective of self-determination. With the increasing volume and variety of waste generated by recent lifestyle changes, health and environmental issues have become growing concerns. Each village is responsible for waste management and operating a disposal site. However, challenges exist regarding the current waste management regime, highlighting the importance of grant-funded initiatives and support from non-profit organizations. Based on interviews with supporters and observations of the negotiation process between supporters and indigenous people, this study analyzes the grants and collaborative efforts in Alaska. Through grants and collaborative initiatives, the assimilation of indigenous people into mainstream society is inevitable, although efforts to respect indigenous self-determination and communication are ongoing and serve as a framework for bridging the gap between the waste regime and status quo. However, two unsolved issues remain: the “support-in-waiting” dilemma, and the issues arising from the social, economic, and geographical diversity among settlements. The balance between respect for self-determination in environmental governance and provision of support extending beyond equality of opportunity will be the key to future relationships.

本研究讨论了阿拉斯加偏远村庄的垃圾相关问题，重点关注政府官员和非营利组织等支持提供者与土著人民之间的关系，从自决的角度出发。随着最近生活方式的改变所产生的废物数量和种类不断增加，健康和环境问题日益受到关注。每个村庄负责废物管理，并经营一个废物处理场。然而，目前的废物管理制度存在挑战，突出了赠款资助的倡议和非营利组织支持的重要性。基于对支持者的访谈和对支持者与原住民之间谈判过程的观察，本研究分析了阿拉斯加的拨款和合作努力。通过赠款和合作倡议，土著人民融入主流社会是不可避免的，尽管尊重土著自决和交流的努力正在进行中，并作为缩小废物制度与现状之间差距的框架。然而，仍有两个未解决的问题：“等待援助”的困境，以及各定居点之间的社会、经济和地理多样性所引起的问题。尊重环境治理方面的自决与提供超越机会平等的支持之间的平衡将是未来关系的关键。

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引用次数: 0

A model for ice sheets and glaciers in fractal dimensions 一个分形维数的冰盖和冰川模型

IF 1.5 4区地球科学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Polar Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2025.101171

Rami Ahmad El-Nabulsi

Several studies have confirmed the fractal geometry of various glacial fields on Earth and the presence of self-organizing glacial environments. These have been confirmed using satellite geodesy such as Landsat data and SPOT Panchromatic satellite data. In this manuscript, we study ice sheet dynamics and glacier in fractal dimensions based on the notion of “product-like fractal measure” recently introduced in Literature. This approach is practical to model continuum processes characterized by anisotropies. We discuss two main problems based on the shallow-ice approximation: the ice-sheet profile and the parallel-sided slab problems in fractal dimensions. In the first problem, a deformation in the Vialov profile has been observed. In particular, for fractal dimensions much less than unity, the surface profile is peakish at the end of the horizontal extent. This observation holds for various Glen’s flow parameter. When cap is expanding sideways, we have revealed the emergence of accumulation and ablation mainly for low fractal dimensions. In the second problem, both the temperature profile and the horizontal velocity are affected by fractal dimensions. The surface temperature decreases to a temperature higher than the one obtained in the basic approach, i.e. integer dimensions. This may have some impacts on climate change.

一些研究已经证实了地球上各种冰原的分形几何和自组织冰川环境的存在。这些已经通过诸如陆地卫星数据和SPOT全色卫星数据等卫星大地测量学得到证实。在本文中，我们基于最近在文献中提出的“类产品分形测度”的概念，在分形维数上研究冰盖动力学和冰川。这种方法对于模拟具有各向异性特征的连续过程是实用的。我们讨论了基于浅冰近似的两个主要问题：分形维数下的冰盖剖面和平行边板问题。在第一个问题中，观察到维亚洛夫剖面的变形。特别是，当分形维数远小于单位时，表面轮廓在水平范围的末端呈峰状。这一观察结果适用于各种格伦流参数。盖层横向扩张时，主要以低分形维数出现堆积和烧蚀。在第二个问题中，温度分布和水平速度都受到分形维数的影响。表面温度降低到比基本方法（即整数维）得到的温度更高。这可能会对气候变化产生一些影响。

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引用次数: 0

Collaboration between Arctic and northern subnational governments disrupted by the Russian invasion of Ukraine 北极和北方地方政府之间的合作因俄罗斯入侵乌克兰而中断

IF 1.5 4区地球科学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Polar Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2025.101172

Juha Saunavaara , Aileen A. Espiritu , Marina Lomaeva

Subnational governments have gradually been integrated into Arctic governance structures, and new cross-border collaboration emerged during the late 2010s despite the annexation of Crimea. However, the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and the ensuing war greatly disrupted multilateral collaboration between subnational authorities. In addition to war-related challenges, long-term problems, such as a weak shared identity, vague objectives, and difficulties in establishing suitable working mechanisms continue to exist. The international turbulence has severely affected the activities of the Northern Forum and led to the end of Barents regional collaboration and suspension of the Bering/Pacific-Arctic Council initiative (BPAC). Meanwhile, the Arctic Mayors’ Forum has strengthened its position as a key regional stakeholder, and a new Arctic Urban–Regional Cooperation Program has been launched. While this suggests that municipalities may be replacing regions as the most prominent subnational drivers of cross-border collaboration, their policy areas remain unclear. The institutional frameworks supporting collaboration among Arctic and northern subnational governments have not proved more flexible than those established by states. Moreover, subnational authorities have not challenged their respective central governments by deviating from national policies.

地方政府已逐渐融入北极治理结构，尽管克里米亚被吞并，但2010年代末出现了新的跨境合作。然而，俄罗斯在2022年2月入侵乌克兰以及随后的战争极大地破坏了地方当局之间的多边合作。除了与战争有关的挑战外，诸如共同身份薄弱、目标模糊以及难以建立适当的工作机制等长期问题仍然存在。国际局势动荡严重影响了北方论坛的各项活动，导致巴伦支地区合作终止，白令海/太平洋-北极理事会倡议暂停。与此同时，北极市长论坛加强了其作为关键区域利益攸关方的地位，并启动了新的北极城市-区域合作计划。虽然这表明，市政当局可能正在取代地区，成为推动跨境合作的最重要的地方政府，但它们的政策领域仍不明朗。事实证明，支持北极和北方地方政府之间合作的体制框架并不比国家建立的体制框架更灵活。此外，地方政府并没有通过偏离国家政策来挑战各自的中央政府。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-level legal protection of traditional knowledge of Arctic indigenous peoples: Decolonizing knowledge production for sustainable development 北极土著人民传统知识的多层次法律保护：促进可持续发展的非殖民化知识生产

IF 1.5 4区地球科学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Polar Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2024.101135

Yota Negishi

The article provides a comprehensive exploration of the legal protection of traditional knowledge of Arctic Indigenous Peoples, emphasizing the vital role this knowledge plays in their cultural and spiritual identity. It begins by highlighting the unique and symbiotic relationship between Arctic Indigenous Peoples and their environment, underscoring how climate change threatens this delicate balance and the very essence of their existence. Traditional knowledge, accumulated over generations, is presented as a crucial complement to scientific understanding in combating climate change. The article examines multi-level legal protections of Arctic traditional knowledge. First, at the international level, it discusses instruments like the ILO Convention No. 169 and the UNDRIP, which emphasize cultural dimensions and self-determination, respectively. The integration of traditional knowledge into human rights, environmental, and economic laws is explored. Second, regional legal frameworks are also analyzed, which are corroborated by soft law documents, in the Arctic. Third, the article further delves into national legal protections across Canada, Norway, Finland, and Sweden, detailing how each country incorporates traditional knowledge into legislation and judicial decisions.

本文全面探讨了对北极土著人民传统知识的法律保护，强调了这些知识在他们的文化和精神认同中所起的重要作用。它首先强调了北极土著人民与其环境之间独特的共生关系，强调了气候变化如何威胁到这种微妙的平衡和他们生存的本质。经过几代人积累的传统知识被认为是对应对气候变化的科学认识的重要补充。本文考察了北极传统知识的多层次法律保护。首先，在国际一级，它讨论了诸如劳工组织第169号公约和开发方案等文书，它们分别强调文化层面和自决。将传统知识整合到人权、环境和经济法律中进行了探索。其次，还分析了北极地区的区域法律框架，并以软法律文件为佐证。第三，本文进一步探讨了加拿大、挪威、芬兰和瑞典的国家法律保护，详细介绍了每个国家如何将传统知识纳入立法和司法裁决。

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引用次数: 0

The one who takes your breath away in the polar region: A systematic review 在极地地区让你屏息的人：系统回顾

IF 1.5 4区地球科学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Polar Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2025.101202

Norhidayah Rosman , Nur Adilla Zaini

The Antarctic was unexplored by humans until the adoption of the Antarctic Treaty in 1961, which then was permanently designated for peaceful purposes and scientific exploration. As the Antarctic national programs and tourism operations expand, there is an increase in the chance of direct human-wildlife conflicts and adverse impacts on endemic fauna and flora, as well as the hazards of infectious disease introduction. Along with this growth, little is known about the chances of infectious disease in the polar region compared to other parts of the world. This review aims to provide a conceptual systematic review of infectious diseases and their effects on Antarctica ecosystems. We hypothesised that infectious diseases in or from Antarctica can be transmitted to researchers or visitors back to their home countries. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023400732). A literature search is done using the online databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus limited to February 2023, open access. Articles from PubMed (n = 40), Web of Science (n = 48), and Scopus (n = 89) were identified. For full-text extraction, articles from PubMed (n = 4), Web of Science (n = 5), Scopus (n = 6), and hand searching (n = 1) were assessed for eligibility, resulting in the exclusion of two duplicates. Finally, 4 out of 14 articles were found to be associated with zoonosis. Thus, this review provides details on possible zoonosis in Antarctica that may affect the ecosystem.

在1961年《南极条约》通过之前，人类从未对南极进行过探索。此后，南极条约被永久指定用于和平目的和科学探索。随着南极国家计划和旅游业务的扩大，人类与野生动物直接冲突的可能性增加，对当地动植物的不利影响也增加，传染病传入的危险也增加。随着这种增长，与世界其他地区相比，人们对极地地区传染病的可能性知之甚少。本综述旨在对传染病及其对南极洲生态系统的影响进行概念性系统综述。我们假设，在南极洲或来自南极洲的传染病可以传播给研究人员或返回本国的游客。该协议已在PROSPERO注册（CRD42023400732）。文献检索是使用在线数据库完成的：PubMed， Web of Science和Scopus限于2023年2月，开放获取。文章来自PubMed （n = 40）、Web of Science （n = 48）和Scopus （n = 89）。对于全文提取，我们评估了PubMed （n = 4）、Web of Science （n = 5）、Scopus （n = 6）和手工检索（n = 1）的文章是否符合条件，排除了两个重复的文章。最后，发现14篇文章中有4篇与人畜共患病有关。因此，本综述提供了南极洲可能影响生态系统的人畜共患病的详细情况。

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引用次数: 0

Community perspectives inform coastal marine ecosystem research in northwestern Greenland 格陵兰西北部沿海海洋生态系统研究中的社区观点

IF 1.5 4区地球科学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Polar Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2024.101112

Mayuko Otsuki , Shin Sugiyama

The Arctic is warming faster than the rest of the world, affecting the natural environment ecosystem and society. Because human society utilizes coastal areas and relies on marine resources for living, research is needed to study human impacts on the coastal marine ecosystem as well as the influence of the changing ecosystem on society. To better understand the changing coastal environments and the impact on society, we performed multidisciplinary research in Qaanaaq, northwestern Greenland. To share and discuss our research results, we organized workshops with residents in Qaanaaq from 2016 to 2019, and in 2022 and 2023. One workshop topic of intense discussion was the summer distribution of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), because of its socio-economic importance in the region. Another point of interest for the residents was the potential presence of pollution on the beach, as a result of the nearby village. Residents voiced concern about the accumulation of heavy metals in Mytilus spp. (blue mussel) because residents catch mussels near the dump site. Close collaboration with residents as well as co-design and direction of the research is increasingly important for researchers to contribute to a sustainable future for populations living in the Arctic.

北极变暖的速度快于世界其他地区，影响了自然环境生态系统和社会。由于人类社会利用沿海地区并依赖海洋资源为生，因此需要研究人类对沿海海洋生态系统的影响以及生态系统变化对社会的影响。为了更好地了解不断变化的沿海环境及其对社会的影响，我们在格陵兰岛西北部的 Qaanaaq 开展了多学科研究。为了分享和讨论我们的研究成果，我们于 2016 年至 2019 年以及 2022 年和 2023 年在 Qaanaaq 举办了居民研讨会。研讨会热烈讨论的一个话题是格陵兰大比目鱼（）的夏季分布，因为它在该地区具有重要的社会经济意义。居民们感兴趣的另一个问题是附近村庄可能对海滩造成的污染。由于居民们在垃圾场附近捕捉贻贝，居民们对蓝贻贝中重金属的积累表示担忧。与居民密切合作，共同设计和指导研究工作，对于研究人员为北极地区居民的可持续未来做出贡献越来越重要。

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引用次数: 0

Differentiating Indigenous Peoples from local communities under climate regimes in just energy transition: Implications for the Inuit and Sami Peoples 在能源转型的气候制度下区分土著人民与当地社区：对因纽特人和萨米人的影响

IF 1.5 4区地球科学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Polar Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2024.101123

Hitomi Kimura

The distinction between Indigenous peoples and local communities under climate regimes was initially addressed under the UNFCCC and has recently garnered renewed attention owing to energy policy changes to cope with rapid climate change such as in Alaska. The Montana climate litigation demonstrates the possibility of harmonizing Indigenous peoples and local communities by clearly identifying the unique climate-related indigenous culture and avoiding unintentional confrontation, given the difficulty of making clear distinctions in modern society and garnering sympathy from the local community against litigations that solely seek indigenous rights, but Indigenous peoples themselves may not see the need for harmony. Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCAs) is one approach to achieve a 30 by 30 target under the CBD by designating Indigenous peoples' original land but may not be beneficial to assert inherent rights or the best way to achieve harmony if they work with local communities. The local community of Finnish non-Sami reindeer herders will not receive protection under the ICCPR unlike Sami herders in Norway, if a case similar to Norway's Fosen case occurs. As just energy transition alone does not automatically reflect the perspectives of Indigenous peoples, green colonialism could easily occur when their rights are not considered.

气候制度下土著人民和当地社区之间的区别最初是在《联合国气候变化框架公约》下解决的，最近由于能源政策的变化而重新引起人们的关注，以应对迅速的气候变化，例如在阿拉斯加。蒙大拿州的气候诉讼表明，由于在现代社会中很难明确区分与气候相关的独特土著文化，并且很难获得当地社区的同情，反对仅仅寻求土著权利的诉讼，但土著人民自己可能并不认为需要和谐，因此，通过明确识别独特的与气候相关的土著文化，避免无意的冲突，可以实现土著人民和当地社区的和谐。土著和社区保护区（ICCAs）是通过指定土著人民的原始土地来实现《生物多样性公约》下30乘30目标的一种方法，但可能不利于维护固有权利，如果他们与当地社区合作，也可能是实现和谐的最佳方式。如果发生与挪威福森案类似的案件，芬兰当地的非萨米驯鹿牧民将不像挪威的萨米牧民那样受到《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的保护。由于能源转型本身并不能自动反映土著人民的观点，当他们的权利不被考虑时，绿色殖民主义很容易发生。

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引用次数: 0

Role of the indigenous exceptions in international economic law for effective protection of indigenous peoples’ rights and interests: A case study of Mexico – GE corn dispute under the USMCA 国际经济法中土著例外在有效保护土著人民权益中的作用：以美墨加协定下墨西哥-转基因玉米争端为例

IF 1.5 4区地球科学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Polar Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2024.101163

Tomohiko Kobayashi

This paper examines an ongoing trade dispute initiated by the US in 2023 over Mexico's nationwide prohibition on using GE corn for human consumption, focusing on the volume of the legal arguments related to the indigenous exception clause under Article 32.5 USMCA that allows state parties to deviate from all other treaty obligations, if they deem it necessary to fulfill legal obligations to indigenous peoples. By analyzing this case, the paper aims to illuminate the legal impacts and limitations of indigenous exception clauses in trade agreements. Our research found that, throughout the adversarial panel proceedings, both the Mexican and US sides devoted minimal attention to the indigenous exception, constituting no more than 4% of their legal arguments. As arguments related to SPS compatibility decreased, emphasis on exception clauses increased, primarily focusing on general exceptions despite their recognized difficulty. Mexico did not increase its reliance on the indigenous exception, which, though offering broader discretion, was ostensibly not considered a major defense for justifying the measures under the USMCA. We discuss that while balancing values and interests is crucial to mitigate trade disputes, indigenous exception clauses should not be used for protectionist purpose and hinder indigenous participation in world trade.

本文研究了美国于2023年就墨西哥在全国范围内禁止使用转基因玉米供人类食用而发起的一场持续的贸易争端，重点关注了与USMCA第32.5条土著例外条款相关的法律争论量，该条款允许缔约国在认为有必要履行对土著人民的法律义务时偏离所有其他条约义务。本文旨在通过对这一案例的分析，阐明贸易协定中本土例外条款的法律影响和局限性。我们的研究发现，在整个对抗性小组诉讼程序中，墨西哥和美国双方对土著例外的关注都很少，占其法律论据的比例不超过4%。随着有关SPS兼容性的争论减少，对例外条款的强调增加，主要侧重于一般例外，尽管它们的困难是公认的。墨西哥没有增加对本土例外的依赖，尽管这提供了更广泛的自由裁量权，但表面上并不被认为是USMCA下措施的主要辩护理由。我们讨论，虽然平衡价值观和利益对缓解贸易争端至关重要，但土著例外条款不应用于保护主义目的，阻碍土著参与世界贸易。

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引用次数: 0