Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1993252
Natalia Oleszko-Torbus
Abstract The homopolymer of 2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline (iPrOx) and iPrOx copolymers are extensively studied in recent years, and the interest on them is still growing. Poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPrOx), known as thermoresponsive pseudopeptide, exhibits a phase transition in aqueous solution at a temperature near human body temperature and is nontoxic to many cell lines. These facts make this polymer potentially attractive for many bioapplications. PiPrOx is similar in chemical structure to poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and is considered as the alternative to this so-called “gold standard” thermoresponsive polymer, however significant differences in properties of these two polymers are worth attention. To control the properties, that directly translate into application possibilities, iPrOx was copolymerized with a wide range of different monomers, and, optionally, the obtained copolymers have been variously modified. This review summarizes the few-years-back research accomplishments and progress in studies on PiPrOx and iPrOx-based copolymers. Considering the recent developments, the properties of iPrOx-based (co)polymers are shown, aiming at promoting their great potential in the biomedical field. Having gathered the information on modification possibilities, structure-property relationship and applications, especially in the biomedical field, a bit of speculation on the future prospects of iPrOx-based (co)polymers is given.
{"title":"Recent Advances in Modifications, Properties and Applications of 2-Isopropyl-2-Oxazoline (Co)Polymers","authors":"Natalia Oleszko-Torbus","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.1993252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.1993252","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The homopolymer of 2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline (iPrOx) and iPrOx copolymers are extensively studied in recent years, and the interest on them is still growing. Poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPrOx), known as thermoresponsive pseudopeptide, exhibits a phase transition in aqueous solution at a temperature near human body temperature and is nontoxic to many cell lines. These facts make this polymer potentially attractive for many bioapplications. PiPrOx is similar in chemical structure to poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and is considered as the alternative to this so-called “gold standard” thermoresponsive polymer, however significant differences in properties of these two polymers are worth attention. To control the properties, that directly translate into application possibilities, iPrOx was copolymerized with a wide range of different monomers, and, optionally, the obtained copolymers have been variously modified. This review summarizes the few-years-back research accomplishments and progress in studies on PiPrOx and iPrOx-based copolymers. Considering the recent developments, the properties of iPrOx-based (co)polymers are shown, aiming at promoting their great potential in the biomedical field. Having gathered the information on modification possibilities, structure-property relationship and applications, especially in the biomedical field, a bit of speculation on the future prospects of iPrOx-based (co)polymers is given.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"135 1","pages":"529 - 548"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80484235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-30DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1972006
Deepika Sharma, B. Satapathy
Abstract The ongoing demand for the development of intelligent devices has greatly inspired the development of metallic nanostructure incorporated composite electrospun mats. The astounding characteristics of the metallic nanoparticle-loaded hybrid assemblies, such as antimicrobial, charge transfer, energy storage, etc., have been known to precisely contribute to the target applications with enhanced functional efficacy. In this review, the recent advances in the development of multifunctional transition metal-based electrospun nanofibrous materials (ENMs) for designing high-performance sensors, biomedical and electrochemical devices are discussed. The influence of various transition metals and their oxides on the physico-mechanical performance of various ENMs has been critically dealt with. Further, the currently employed fabrication techniques for designing ENM-based advanced engineered nanomaterials have also been thoroughly summarized. Finally, prospects on the future challenges in the development of ENMs are discussed. This review may provide insightful inspiration for designing, utilization, and performance enhancement for designing novel ENM-based devices. Thus, the review not only highlights the modern design principles and recent breakthroughs in emerging applications but also brings forth a fresh perspective for upcoming research in the field of transition metal-based ENMs.
{"title":"Polymer Substrate-Based Transition Metal Modified Electrospun Nanofibrous Materials: Current Trends in Functional Applications and Challenges","authors":"Deepika Sharma, B. Satapathy","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.1972006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.1972006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The ongoing demand for the development of intelligent devices has greatly inspired the development of metallic nanostructure incorporated composite electrospun mats. The astounding characteristics of the metallic nanoparticle-loaded hybrid assemblies, such as antimicrobial, charge transfer, energy storage, etc., have been known to precisely contribute to the target applications with enhanced functional efficacy. In this review, the recent advances in the development of multifunctional transition metal-based electrospun nanofibrous materials (ENMs) for designing high-performance sensors, biomedical and electrochemical devices are discussed. The influence of various transition metals and their oxides on the physico-mechanical performance of various ENMs has been critically dealt with. Further, the currently employed fabrication techniques for designing ENM-based advanced engineered nanomaterials have also been thoroughly summarized. Finally, prospects on the future challenges in the development of ENMs are discussed. This review may provide insightful inspiration for designing, utilization, and performance enhancement for designing novel ENM-based devices. Thus, the review not only highlights the modern design principles and recent breakthroughs in emerging applications but also brings forth a fresh perspective for upcoming research in the field of transition metal-based ENMs.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"50 1","pages":"439 - 484"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78617772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-15DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1964524
S. Neelakandan, Li Wang, Boping Zhang, Jiangpeng Ni, Meishao Hu, Chunmei Gao, Wai-Yeung Wong, Lei Wang
Abstract Recent progress on branched polymer membranes as electrolyte materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications has attracted interest due to the limitations of commercially available Nafion® membranes. Branched polymer membranes have shown improved chemical stability, proton conductivity, and good solubility. The branching degree and the structure of the branching agent have an essential correlation with the characteristics of the polymer membranes. This review presents the most recent and promising design strategies and characteristics of branched polymers as proton exchange membranes for both low- and high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Recent advances in branched polymers are summarized, including branched sulfonated poly(aryl ether)s, branched sulfonated polyimides, branched polybenzimidazoles, etc. The remaining challenges and prospects in proton exchange membranes are also discussed.
{"title":"Branched Polymer Materials as Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications","authors":"S. Neelakandan, Li Wang, Boping Zhang, Jiangpeng Ni, Meishao Hu, Chunmei Gao, Wai-Yeung Wong, Lei Wang","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.1964524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.1964524","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recent progress on branched polymer membranes as electrolyte materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications has attracted interest due to the limitations of commercially available Nafion® membranes. Branched polymer membranes have shown improved chemical stability, proton conductivity, and good solubility. The branching degree and the structure of the branching agent have an essential correlation with the characteristics of the polymer membranes. This review presents the most recent and promising design strategies and characteristics of branched polymers as proton exchange membranes for both low- and high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Recent advances in branched polymers are summarized, including branched sulfonated poly(aryl ether)s, branched sulfonated polyimides, branched polybenzimidazoles, etc. The remaining challenges and prospects in proton exchange membranes are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"272 1","pages":"261 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76425957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-21DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1939372
Jean Schoeller, Fabian Itel, K. Wuertz-Kozak, G. Fortunato, R. M. Rossi
Abstract Electrospun nanofibrous membranes offer superior properties over other polymeric membranes not only due to their high membrane porosity but also due to their high surface-to-volume ratio. A plethora of available polymers and post-modification methods allow the incorporation of "smart" responsiveness in fiber membranes. The pH-responsive property is achieved using polymers from the class of polyelectrolytes, which contain pH-dependent functional groups on their polymeric backbone. Electrospinning macroscopic membranes using polyelectrolytes earned considerable interest for biomedical and environmental applications due to the possibility to trigger chemical and physical changes of the membrane (swelling, wettability, degradation) in response to environmental pH-changes. Here, we review recent advancements in the field of electrospinning of pH-responsive nanofiber materials. Starting with the chemical background of pH-responsive polymers at the molecular level, we highlight the material-property transformation upon pH-change at the macroscopic membrane level and, finally, we provide an overview of recent applications of pH-responsive fiber membranes.
{"title":"pH-Responsive Electrospun Nanofibers and Their Applications","authors":"Jean Schoeller, Fabian Itel, K. Wuertz-Kozak, G. Fortunato, R. M. Rossi","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.1939372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.1939372","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Electrospun nanofibrous membranes offer superior properties over other polymeric membranes not only due to their high membrane porosity but also due to their high surface-to-volume ratio. A plethora of available polymers and post-modification methods allow the incorporation of \"smart\" responsiveness in fiber membranes. The pH-responsive property is achieved using polymers from the class of polyelectrolytes, which contain pH-dependent functional groups on their polymeric backbone. Electrospinning macroscopic membranes using polyelectrolytes earned considerable interest for biomedical and environmental applications due to the possibility to trigger chemical and physical changes of the membrane (swelling, wettability, degradation) in response to environmental pH-changes. Here, we review recent advancements in the field of electrospinning of pH-responsive nanofiber materials. Starting with the chemical background of pH-responsive polymers at the molecular level, we highlight the material-property transformation upon pH-change at the macroscopic membrane level and, finally, we provide an overview of recent applications of pH-responsive fiber membranes.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"31 1","pages":"351 - 399"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73572585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1933026
D. Alentiev, M. Bermeshev
Abstract The interest in porous organic materials derived from norbornenes is driven by versatile chemistry of norbornenes, fine-tunable structure of these polymers, high accessible surface area, and large free volume of polynorbornenes for technical applications in adsorption, membrane separation, gas storage, and heterogeneous catalysis. This comprehensive review surveys recent research trends in the development of porous polynorbornenes. A rational design was achieved in metathesis, addition, and CANAL polymers as an extension of the modular strategy using norbornene motifs as building blocks. Tuning the structure of norbornene-containing monomer units allowed obtaining high-free-volume polymers with apparent Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas up to 1000 m2/g that made these materials promising for various engineering applications such as membrane gas separation, gas sorbents, CO2 capture, scaffolds to support catalysts, or reagents for catalysis. The synthesis and porous characteristics of polynorbornenes are presented along with the discussion of correlations between the chemical structure of these materials and their porous structures. Possible important applications of porous polynorbornenes are also emphasized.
{"title":"Design and Synthesis of Porous Organic Polymeric Materials from Norbornene Derivatives","authors":"D. Alentiev, M. Bermeshev","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.1933026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.1933026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The interest in porous organic materials derived from norbornenes is driven by versatile chemistry of norbornenes, fine-tunable structure of these polymers, high accessible surface area, and large free volume of polynorbornenes for technical applications in adsorption, membrane separation, gas storage, and heterogeneous catalysis. This comprehensive review surveys recent research trends in the development of porous polynorbornenes. A rational design was achieved in metathesis, addition, and CANAL polymers as an extension of the modular strategy using norbornene motifs as building blocks. Tuning the structure of norbornene-containing monomer units allowed obtaining high-free-volume polymers with apparent Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas up to 1000 m2/g that made these materials promising for various engineering applications such as membrane gas separation, gas sorbents, CO2 capture, scaffolds to support catalysts, or reagents for catalysis. The synthesis and porous characteristics of polynorbornenes are presented along with the discussion of correlations between the chemical structure of these materials and their porous structures. Possible important applications of porous polynorbornenes are also emphasized.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"132 1","pages":"400 - 437"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85609182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-10DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1917609
Maninderjeet Singh, Ikeoluwa E. Apata, Saumil Samant, Wenjie Wu, Bhausaheb V. Tawade, N. Pradhan, D. Raghavan, Asad Karim
Abstract This review provides a detailed overview of the latest developments using nanoscale strategies in the field of polymeric and polymer nanocomposite materials for emerging dielectric capacitor-based energy storage applications. Among the various energy storage devices, solid-state dielectric capacitors possess the advantage of high-power density which makes them highly attractive for pulsed power applications. Polymers are particularly suitable for dielectric energy storage applications because of their high breakdown strength, low dielectric loss, formability, self-healing capability, flexibility, solvent processability, and graceful breakdown failure. Strategies to enhance the dielectric breakdown strength of polymeric dielectric capacitors are emphasized in this review. General background on breakdown mechanism, breakdown characteristics, and factors influencing polymer dielectrics breakdown are introduced. Given that polymers have low permittivity, strategies to substantially enhance dipole mobility and hence the permittivity, are highlighted. We discuss strategies to address permittivity contrast between nanofillers and the polymer matrix including the potential for developing gradient permittivity structured nanofillers. To improve the compatibility of nanofiller with polymer and minimize nanofiller aggregation, different routes to surface functionalize nanoparticles are presented. An outlook and future perspectives section are provided for the design of high energy density polymer film capacitors.
{"title":"Nanoscale Strategies to Enhance the Energy Storage Capacity of Polymeric Dielectric Capacitors: Review of Recent Advances","authors":"Maninderjeet Singh, Ikeoluwa E. Apata, Saumil Samant, Wenjie Wu, Bhausaheb V. Tawade, N. Pradhan, D. Raghavan, Asad Karim","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.1917609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.1917609","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review provides a detailed overview of the latest developments using nanoscale strategies in the field of polymeric and polymer nanocomposite materials for emerging dielectric capacitor-based energy storage applications. Among the various energy storage devices, solid-state dielectric capacitors possess the advantage of high-power density which makes them highly attractive for pulsed power applications. Polymers are particularly suitable for dielectric energy storage applications because of their high breakdown strength, low dielectric loss, formability, self-healing capability, flexibility, solvent processability, and graceful breakdown failure. Strategies to enhance the dielectric breakdown strength of polymeric dielectric capacitors are emphasized in this review. General background on breakdown mechanism, breakdown characteristics, and factors influencing polymer dielectrics breakdown are introduced. Given that polymers have low permittivity, strategies to substantially enhance dipole mobility and hence the permittivity, are highlighted. We discuss strategies to address permittivity contrast between nanofillers and the polymer matrix including the potential for developing gradient permittivity structured nanofillers. To improve the compatibility of nanofiller with polymer and minimize nanofiller aggregation, different routes to surface functionalize nanoparticles are presented. An outlook and future perspectives section are provided for the design of high energy density polymer film capacitors.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"149 1","pages":"211 - 260"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79442795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-05DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1918710
T. Standau, M. Nofar, D. Dörr, H. Ruckdäschel, V. Altstädt
Abstract Reactive additives allow to adapt the properties of thermoplastic polymers during processing and for their later use. The chemical modification using multifunctional epoxide styrene-acrylic chain extenders (CE) in reactive processes is by now an established method to prevent degradation and to improve the process ability as well as the final properties of thermoplastics. One of the most common representatives of these CE is better known under its trade name Joncryl®. Since several years ago, Joncryl® ADR owes an ever-growing importance in industry and academia. It can be applied as reactive melt modifier for numerous polymers, mainly polyesters, where it largely affects the rheological properties and the thermal behavior. This review focuses on the reactive behavior of Joncryl® ADR as well as the induced changes in the rheological behavior of the polymers caused by this modification. The Joncryl® ADR incorporation leads to an increased shear viscosity, a higher melt strength and induces strain hardening due to the formation of branched chains and/or even crosslinking. The crystallization is also directly influenced by the changed chain topology. Eventually, this review article extensively addresses the benefits of using Joncryl® for processing such as stabilization, recycling, foaming, and polymer blending. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"A Review on Multifunctional Epoxy-Based Joncryl® ADR Chain Extended Thermoplastics","authors":"T. Standau, M. Nofar, D. Dörr, H. Ruckdäschel, V. Altstädt","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.1918710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.1918710","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Reactive additives allow to adapt the properties of thermoplastic polymers during processing and for their later use. The chemical modification using multifunctional epoxide styrene-acrylic chain extenders (CE) in reactive processes is by now an established method to prevent degradation and to improve the process ability as well as the final properties of thermoplastics. One of the most common representatives of these CE is better known under its trade name Joncryl®. Since several years ago, Joncryl® ADR owes an ever-growing importance in industry and academia. It can be applied as reactive melt modifier for numerous polymers, mainly polyesters, where it largely affects the rheological properties and the thermal behavior. This review focuses on the reactive behavior of Joncryl® ADR as well as the induced changes in the rheological behavior of the polymers caused by this modification. The Joncryl® ADR incorporation leads to an increased shear viscosity, a higher melt strength and induces strain hardening due to the formation of branched chains and/or even crosslinking. The crystallization is also directly influenced by the changed chain topology. Eventually, this review article extensively addresses the benefits of using Joncryl® for processing such as stabilization, recycling, foaming, and polymer blending. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"222 1","pages":"296 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73158164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1896542
Maciej Kasprów, Daria Lipowska-Kur, Łukasz Otulakowski, A. Dworak, B. Trzebicka
Abstract This review presents the current state-of-knowledge concerning thermoresponsive copolymers containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The thermoresponsive copolymers based on HEMA, HEMA derivatives, and copolymers with modified HEMA units in the chain studied so far are presented. Information about their transition temperature in dilute water or buffer solution and the influence of various factors on their thermoresponsive properties described so far in the literature are reported. The research of the aggregation of HEMA containing thermoresponsive chains concern the morphology and size of nanoparticles formed upon heating. Using the available data, we tried to expose the impact of HEMA content in thermoresponsive chains on thermal properties of the copolymers. Modifications of the HEMA hydroxyl groups led to of thermoresponsive macromolecules with various structures and topologies. New functionality introduced by modification improves properties (stability, biocompatibility, and others) of the polymers and their aggregates. Thermal aggregation of HEMA-based copolymers allowing for the creation of carriers of biologically active substances, we presented in a separate part of the review. The works discussed in the review show significant possibilities for using HEMA in obtaining thermoresponsive polymer materials for medical applications.
{"title":"HEMA in Polymers with Thermoresponsive Properties","authors":"Maciej Kasprów, Daria Lipowska-Kur, Łukasz Otulakowski, A. Dworak, B. Trzebicka","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.1896542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.1896542","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review presents the current state-of-knowledge concerning thermoresponsive copolymers containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The thermoresponsive copolymers based on HEMA, HEMA derivatives, and copolymers with modified HEMA units in the chain studied so far are presented. Information about their transition temperature in dilute water or buffer solution and the influence of various factors on their thermoresponsive properties described so far in the literature are reported. The research of the aggregation of HEMA containing thermoresponsive chains concern the morphology and size of nanoparticles formed upon heating. Using the available data, we tried to expose the impact of HEMA content in thermoresponsive chains on thermal properties of the copolymers. Modifications of the HEMA hydroxyl groups led to of thermoresponsive macromolecules with various structures and topologies. New functionality introduced by modification improves properties (stability, biocompatibility, and others) of the polymers and their aggregates. Thermal aggregation of HEMA-based copolymers allowing for the creation of carriers of biologically active substances, we presented in a separate part of the review. The works discussed in the review show significant possibilities for using HEMA in obtaining thermoresponsive polymer materials for medical applications.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"28 1","pages":"714 - 735"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79151542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-28DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1897998
L. Strohmeier, B. Schrittesser, S. Schlögl
Abstract Organic rubbers, comprising carbon–carbon links in their polymer backbone, are an essential part of modern everyday life. Tough, their unique properties are mainly governed by reinforcing fillers such as carbon black and silica. However, the reinforcing power is not only driven by the chemical nature of fillers but also by their particle size, shape, distribution and dispersion. In order to minimize agglomeration and processing difficulties, the idea of in situ generated fillers has been approached. In situ means “locally” and refers to the generation of fillers during the vulcanization process. This versatile technique provides individual tailoring of rubber compounds due to numerous possible reaction pathways. In situ reinforcement has been reported for all relevant rubber matrixes and is already employed commercially. In this review, a comprehensive overview of possible in situ reinforcing strategies for organic rubbers and their impact on mechanical properties is provided. It covers the reinforcing power of sol–gel derived in situ fillers, metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids as well as the formation of interpenetrating networks with resins in detail. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Approaches Toward In Situ Reinforcement of Organic Rubbers: Strategy and Recent Progress","authors":"L. Strohmeier, B. Schrittesser, S. Schlögl","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.1897998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.1897998","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Organic rubbers, comprising carbon–carbon links in their polymer backbone, are an essential part of modern everyday life. Tough, their unique properties are mainly governed by reinforcing fillers such as carbon black and silica. However, the reinforcing power is not only driven by the chemical nature of fillers but also by their particle size, shape, distribution and dispersion. In order to minimize agglomeration and processing difficulties, the idea of in situ generated fillers has been approached. In situ means “locally” and refers to the generation of fillers during the vulcanization process. This versatile technique provides individual tailoring of rubber compounds due to numerous possible reaction pathways. In situ reinforcement has been reported for all relevant rubber matrixes and is already employed commercially. In this review, a comprehensive overview of possible in situ reinforcing strategies for organic rubbers and their impact on mechanical properties is provided. It covers the reinforcing power of sol–gel derived in situ fillers, metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids as well as the formation of interpenetrating networks with resins in detail. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"78 1","pages":"142 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74466832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-26DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1897995
Zhi Yang, S. Chaieb, Y. Hemar
Abstract This manuscript summarizes the extensive research and new advancements on gelatin and gelatin-based nanocomposites. In the first part, various modifications including physical, chemical, and enzymatic modifications of gelatin were summarized, with an emphasis on the effect of these modifications on their structures and properties. Recently, many gelatin-based nanocomposites have been prepared and characterized. They found many important applications in various scientific fields namely drug controlled release, biosensor, food packaging, water treatment, cell imaging, cell proliferation, tissue engineering, and in disease and cancer diagnosis and treatment. Gelatin based nanocomposites have superior physico-chemical properties including tensile strength, conductivity, anti-microbial properties, anti-water permeation properties, barrier properties compared to gelatin alone. In the second part, we focus on the recent researches dealing with different aspects of gelatin-based nanocomposites, including their preparation, characterization, small and large deformation mechanical properties, and application.
{"title":"Gelatin-Based Nanocomposites: A Review","authors":"Zhi Yang, S. Chaieb, Y. Hemar","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.1897995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.1897995","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This manuscript summarizes the extensive research and new advancements on gelatin and gelatin-based nanocomposites. In the first part, various modifications including physical, chemical, and enzymatic modifications of gelatin were summarized, with an emphasis on the effect of these modifications on their structures and properties. Recently, many gelatin-based nanocomposites have been prepared and characterized. They found many important applications in various scientific fields namely drug controlled release, biosensor, food packaging, water treatment, cell imaging, cell proliferation, tissue engineering, and in disease and cancer diagnosis and treatment. Gelatin based nanocomposites have superior physico-chemical properties including tensile strength, conductivity, anti-microbial properties, anti-water permeation properties, barrier properties compared to gelatin alone. In the second part, we focus on the recent researches dealing with different aspects of gelatin-based nanocomposites, including their preparation, characterization, small and large deformation mechanical properties, and application.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"76 1","pages":"765 - 813"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80751975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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