Pub Date : 2022-01-31DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2033764
Haizheng Zhong, Jianping Deng
Abstract Chirality and chiral structures are ubiquitous in nature, and play vital and essential roles in organisms. Polymer particles have attracted substantial interest because of their wide and significant practical applications. Combining fascinating chirality and the advantages of polymer particles in one entity will open up a great number of advanced functional chiral particles. In spite of the great advancements made in this field, there are only a few review articles summarizing the studies dealing with the research subject. Thus, the present article summarizes the latest progress made in the field, especially the literature published from 2018 to 2021. This review first summarizes the preparation methods toward organic polymer chiral particles (OPCPs), including precipitation polymerization, emulsion polymerization, dispersion polymerization, suspension polymerization, post chiralization, self-assembly, and others. Typical applications of the chiral polymer particles in research fields associated with chirality are introduced, ranging from asymmetric catalysis, chromatographic separation, enantioselective crystallization, enantioselective adsorption to drug release. The existing challenges in OPCPs are presented; and future perspectives in the related research fields are also proposed.
{"title":"Organic Polymer-Constructed Chiral Particles: Preparation and Chiral Applications","authors":"Haizheng Zhong, Jianping Deng","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2022.2033764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2022.2033764","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Chirality and chiral structures are ubiquitous in nature, and play vital and essential roles in organisms. Polymer particles have attracted substantial interest because of their wide and significant practical applications. Combining fascinating chirality and the advantages of polymer particles in one entity will open up a great number of advanced functional chiral particles. In spite of the great advancements made in this field, there are only a few review articles summarizing the studies dealing with the research subject. Thus, the present article summarizes the latest progress made in the field, especially the literature published from 2018 to 2021. This review first summarizes the preparation methods toward organic polymer chiral particles (OPCPs), including precipitation polymerization, emulsion polymerization, dispersion polymerization, suspension polymerization, post chiralization, self-assembly, and others. Typical applications of the chiral polymer particles in research fields associated with chirality are introduced, ranging from asymmetric catalysis, chromatographic separation, enantioselective crystallization, enantioselective adsorption to drug release. The existing challenges in OPCPs are presented; and future perspectives in the related research fields are also proposed.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"13 1","pages":"826 - 859"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73852310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-31DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2033765
J. Jang, Kambiz Sadeghi, Jongchul Seo
Abstract The global environmental issues caused by plastic incineration are continuously increasing, along with the demand for polyethylene terephthalate (PET)—27 million metric tons of PET was demanded in 2020. Therefore, PET recycling has emerged as the core of the global circular economy. In particular, PET recycling methods are categorized into two pathways: mechanical and chemical recycling, wherein mechanical recycling is more efficient than chemical recycling. However, PET undergoes heat-induced degradations during mechanical recycling such as reduction in molecular weight (MW) and viscosity. Therefore, feasible methods are required to overcome such challenges. This article details the mechanical recycling process of PET using a chain-extending extrusion method. Accordingly, various chain extenders (CEs) were reviewed to identify their effects on recycled PET (rPET) properties and reactive extrusion processes. Moreover, we detailed the recent progress in the reactive extrusion method used for PET recycling based on the effects of various CEs on rPET properties.
{"title":"Chain-Extending Modification for Value-Added Recycled PET: A Review","authors":"J. Jang, Kambiz Sadeghi, Jongchul Seo","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2022.2033765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2022.2033765","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The global environmental issues caused by plastic incineration are continuously increasing, along with the demand for polyethylene terephthalate (PET)—27 million metric tons of PET was demanded in 2020. Therefore, PET recycling has emerged as the core of the global circular economy. In particular, PET recycling methods are categorized into two pathways: mechanical and chemical recycling, wherein mechanical recycling is more efficient than chemical recycling. However, PET undergoes heat-induced degradations during mechanical recycling such as reduction in molecular weight (MW) and viscosity. Therefore, feasible methods are required to overcome such challenges. This article details the mechanical recycling process of PET using a chain-extending extrusion method. Accordingly, various chain extenders (CEs) were reviewed to identify their effects on recycled PET (rPET) properties and reactive extrusion processes. Moreover, we detailed the recent progress in the reactive extrusion method used for PET recycling based on the effects of various CEs on rPET properties.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"280 1","pages":"860 - 889"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75191864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-10DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2025601
Carolin Gleissner, Justus Landsiedel, T. Bechtold, T. Pham
Abstract High performance polymer fibers, such as polyester, aliphatic and aromatic polyamides, are well established in several technical applications, including personal protection equipment, sport, automotive or aerospace. This is due to their excellent thermal, mechanical and chemical properties. In the emerging field of textile based high performance composites and intelligent textiles, polymer fibers are often utilized in hybrids, i.e., in combination with other materials such as polymer matrices or metal coatings. In such cases, the step of activating or functionalizing the fibers is essential to enhance interface strength in the hybrid systems. This review provides a broad overview on recently applied activation and functionalization techniques on high performance polymer fibers including wet chemical and physicochemical treatments (e.g., hydrolysis, oxidation, complexation, deposition, flame, plasma treatment). The main objective is to review possible modification mechanisms, elaborate the effect of the modification on the fiber properties, and address possible applications of these techniques. The review also includes a comparison of the different techniques, thereby providing a better understanding of their potentials and restrictions. While the techniques differ in terms of versatility, handling, and environmental impact they all can, given the right choice of process parameters, provide well-defined fiber surface properties for the intended application.
{"title":"Surface Activation of High Performance Polymer Fibers: A Review","authors":"Carolin Gleissner, Justus Landsiedel, T. Bechtold, T. Pham","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2022.2025601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2022.2025601","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract High performance polymer fibers, such as polyester, aliphatic and aromatic polyamides, are well established in several technical applications, including personal protection equipment, sport, automotive or aerospace. This is due to their excellent thermal, mechanical and chemical properties. In the emerging field of textile based high performance composites and intelligent textiles, polymer fibers are often utilized in hybrids, i.e., in combination with other materials such as polymer matrices or metal coatings. In such cases, the step of activating or functionalizing the fibers is essential to enhance interface strength in the hybrid systems. This review provides a broad overview on recently applied activation and functionalization techniques on high performance polymer fibers including wet chemical and physicochemical treatments (e.g., hydrolysis, oxidation, complexation, deposition, flame, plasma treatment). The main objective is to review possible modification mechanisms, elaborate the effect of the modification on the fiber properties, and address possible applications of these techniques. The review also includes a comparison of the different techniques, thereby providing a better understanding of their potentials and restrictions. While the techniques differ in terms of versatility, handling, and environmental impact they all can, given the right choice of process parameters, provide well-defined fiber surface properties for the intended application.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"86 1","pages":"757 - 788"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80825919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-10DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2025602
Jiyoon Jung, Jinsuk Ku, Young Sang Park, C. Ahn, Jung-Hyun Lee, S. Hwang, Albert S. Lee
Abstract This review article provides an overview of the latest developments in polymer electrolytes, the ion conducting membrane and ionomeric binder, specially tailored for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells that operate at temperatures exceeding 100 °C without the assistance of humidification. This particular type of fuel cell have the added advantages of high CO tolerance, enhanced catalytic activity, and system simplification. While high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells utilizing phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole membranes have been extensively investigated and commercialized over the past half century, recent developments in alternative polymeric materials and their synergistic integration with newly applied ionomeric materials have been introduced, warranting a closer look at the chemistry and properties of such materials in conjunction with those developed previously. General background in high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, and as well as developments in various classification of membranes, ionomers, concluding with future challenges and outlook on high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane and ionomer technology is addressed from the vantage point of the membrane electrode assembly.
{"title":"Advances in Ion Conducting Membranes and Binders for High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells","authors":"Jiyoon Jung, Jinsuk Ku, Young Sang Park, C. Ahn, Jung-Hyun Lee, S. Hwang, Albert S. Lee","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2022.2025602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2022.2025602","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review article provides an overview of the latest developments in polymer electrolytes, the ion conducting membrane and ionomeric binder, specially tailored for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells that operate at temperatures exceeding 100 °C without the assistance of humidification. This particular type of fuel cell have the added advantages of high CO tolerance, enhanced catalytic activity, and system simplification. While high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells utilizing phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole membranes have been extensively investigated and commercialized over the past half century, recent developments in alternative polymeric materials and their synergistic integration with newly applied ionomeric materials have been introduced, warranting a closer look at the chemistry and properties of such materials in conjunction with those developed previously. General background in high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, and as well as developments in various classification of membranes, ionomers, concluding with future challenges and outlook on high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane and ionomer technology is addressed from the vantage point of the membrane electrode assembly.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"62 1","pages":"789 - 825"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91351869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-28DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.2014519
S. Leguizamon, T. F. Scott
Abstract Advances in synthetic chemistry have enabled abiotic, sequence defined polymers to imitate the structures and functions once exclusive to DNA. Indeed, the vast library of accessible backbones and pendant-group functionalities afford synthetic polymers an advantage over DNA in emerging applications as they can be tailored for stability or performance. Moreover, novel methodologies for sequencing and conjugation have been leveraged to elevate the versatility of discrete macromolecules. This review highlights abiotic, sequence-defined polymers in their capacity to mimic the primary functions of DNA – data storage and retrieval, sequence-specific self-assembly of duplexes, and replication and synthetic templating of new macromolecules.
{"title":"Mimicking DNA Functions with Abiotic, Sequence-Defined Polymers","authors":"S. Leguizamon, T. F. Scott","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.2014519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.2014519","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Advances in synthetic chemistry have enabled abiotic, sequence defined polymers to imitate the structures and functions once exclusive to DNA. Indeed, the vast library of accessible backbones and pendant-group functionalities afford synthetic polymers an advantage over DNA in emerging applications as they can be tailored for stability or performance. Moreover, novel methodologies for sequencing and conjugation have been leveraged to elevate the versatility of discrete macromolecules. This review highlights abiotic, sequence-defined polymers in their capacity to mimic the primary functions of DNA – data storage and retrieval, sequence-specific self-assembly of duplexes, and replication and synthetic templating of new macromolecules.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"626 - 651"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88683899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-17DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.2014520
E. Wibowo, Byung‐Dae Park, V. Causin
Abstract Since their first synthesis in 1884, thermosetting and amorphous urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins have mainly been used as wood adhesives yet are known to be responsible for the release of formaldehyde, which contaminates indoor air and causes sick building syndrome. An easy and efficient way of reducing formaldehyde emissions is to synthesize UF resins with a low formaldehyde-to-urea (F/U) molar ratio (∼1.0). However, low molar ratio UF resins become crystalline polymers, as they form hydrogen bonds between linear molecules in the cured state, which inhibits the formation of a proper cross-linked structure and results in poor adhesion strength. Herein, recent advances in converting crystalline UF resins back to amorphous polymers through the blocking of hydrogen bonds are described, which consequently increases their cohesion, leading to a simultaneous improvement in their adhesion properties and formaldehyde emissions. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Recent Advances in Urea–Formaldehyde Resins: Converting Crystalline Thermosetting Polymers Back to Amorphous Ones","authors":"E. Wibowo, Byung‐Dae Park, V. Causin","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.2014520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.2014520","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since their first synthesis in 1884, thermosetting and amorphous urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins have mainly been used as wood adhesives yet are known to be responsible for the release of formaldehyde, which contaminates indoor air and causes sick building syndrome. An easy and efficient way of reducing formaldehyde emissions is to synthesize UF resins with a low formaldehyde-to-urea (F/U) molar ratio (∼1.0). However, low molar ratio UF resins become crystalline polymers, as they form hydrogen bonds between linear molecules in the cured state, which inhibits the formation of a proper cross-linked structure and results in poor adhesion strength. Herein, recent advances in converting crystalline UF resins back to amorphous polymers through the blocking of hydrogen bonds are described, which consequently increases their cohesion, leading to a simultaneous improvement in their adhesion properties and formaldehyde emissions. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"45 1","pages":"722 - 756"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79034538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-09DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.2012802
Alexis Morinval, L. Avérous
Abstract During the last decades, thermoplastic packaging market has rapidly grown thanks to the rapid increase of global consumption, globalization and the unbeatable compromise between properties and large availability of relatively cheap commodity polymers. Recent awareness of the urgency of dealing with environmental concerns has stimulated the R&D on green materials such as biobased and biodegradable polymers, in this case mainly for short-term packaging applications. Main advantages are a lower environmental impact and a controlled end of life by enzymatic degradation till mineralization to resolve the complex equation linked to the waste management. Thus, the aim of this review is to highlight the variety of existing biobased and biodegradable polymers and their corresponding multiphasic systems, in connection with their production, relative properties and applications for packaging.
{"title":"Systems Based on Biobased Thermoplastics: From Bioresources to Biodegradable Packaging Applications","authors":"Alexis Morinval, L. Avérous","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.2012802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.2012802","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the last decades, thermoplastic packaging market has rapidly grown thanks to the rapid increase of global consumption, globalization and the unbeatable compromise between properties and large availability of relatively cheap commodity polymers. Recent awareness of the urgency of dealing with environmental concerns has stimulated the R&D on green materials such as biobased and biodegradable polymers, in this case mainly for short-term packaging applications. Main advantages are a lower environmental impact and a controlled end of life by enzymatic degradation till mineralization to resolve the complex equation linked to the waste management. Thus, the aim of this review is to highlight the variety of existing biobased and biodegradable polymers and their corresponding multiphasic systems, in connection with their production, relative properties and applications for packaging.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"81 1","pages":"653 - 721"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81501163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-02DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.2007121
Kun Liu, Haishun Du, Wei Liu, Huayu Liu, Meng Zhang, Ting Xu, C. Si
Abstract A variety of chemicals are used in various stages of oil exploitation to ensure the normal progress of exploitation and improve the efficiency of oil recovery. However, most of the conventional petroleum-based chemicals are non-biodegradable, which will remain as wastes after applying, leading to serious environmental menace. In recent years, cellulose nanomaterials have attracted extensive interest due to their renewable and biodegradable features, as well as excellent chemical, mechanical, and rheological properties. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in exploring cellulose nanomaterials for oil exploration applications. Firstly, the preparation and properties of cellulose nanomaterials are briefly introduced. Then, the applications of cellulose nanomaterials in different petroleum exploitation processes, including drilling, cementing, and enhancing oil recovery are systematically discussed. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of cellulose nanomaterials for oil exploration applications are provided. It is expected that cellulose nanomaterials will be developed as promising oilfield chemicals for large scale application. Graphical Abstract The review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in exploring cellulose nanomaterials for oil exploration applications, specifically focuses on their applications in different petroleum exploitation processes, including drilling, cementing, and enhancing oil recovery.
{"title":"Cellulose Nanomaterials for Oil Exploration Applications","authors":"Kun Liu, Haishun Du, Wei Liu, Huayu Liu, Meng Zhang, Ting Xu, C. Si","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.2007121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.2007121","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A variety of chemicals are used in various stages of oil exploitation to ensure the normal progress of exploitation and improve the efficiency of oil recovery. However, most of the conventional petroleum-based chemicals are non-biodegradable, which will remain as wastes after applying, leading to serious environmental menace. In recent years, cellulose nanomaterials have attracted extensive interest due to their renewable and biodegradable features, as well as excellent chemical, mechanical, and rheological properties. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in exploring cellulose nanomaterials for oil exploration applications. Firstly, the preparation and properties of cellulose nanomaterials are briefly introduced. Then, the applications of cellulose nanomaterials in different petroleum exploitation processes, including drilling, cementing, and enhancing oil recovery are systematically discussed. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of cellulose nanomaterials for oil exploration applications are provided. It is expected that cellulose nanomaterials will be developed as promising oilfield chemicals for large scale application. Graphical Abstract The review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in exploring cellulose nanomaterials for oil exploration applications, specifically focuses on their applications in different petroleum exploitation processes, including drilling, cementing, and enhancing oil recovery.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"49 1","pages":"585 - 625"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72880991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract With increasing ecological and environmental concerns, the development of materials and products from renewable and sustainable resources is of great public value. Due to the renewability, abundance, and biodegradability, etc., nanocellulose have proven to be one of the most attractive and promising sustainable alternatives of modern and future times. Many exciting applications of nanocellulose have been explored, especially in the fabrication of polymer nanocomposites. As a particular class of polymer, here, we present a comprehensive overview of the current development of nanocellulose in rubber nanocomposites. In particular, this review assembles the use of nanocellulose as reinforcing phase in improving the mechanical and other properties of rubbers, as well as the efforts to improve the dispersion of nanocellulose in the matrix and enhance the interfacial interactions between them. The unique features of nanocellulose used in functional/stimuli-responsive rubbers, such as sensors, self-healing materials, and shape memory materials, as well as its utilization as bio-template agents by taking full advantage of its active surface and high aspect ratio are also discussed in this review. Finally, we evaluate the challenges encountered in current research and highlight future opportunities for the high-performance and tunable performances of nanocomposites composed of elastomers and nanocellulose. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Nanocellulose-A Sustainable and Efficient Nanofiller for Rubber Nanocomposites: From Reinforcement to Smart Soft Materials","authors":"Liming Cao, Jiarong Huang, Jianfeng Fan, Zhou Gong, Chuanhui Xu, Yukun Chen","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.2001004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.2001004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With increasing ecological and environmental concerns, the development of materials and products from renewable and sustainable resources is of great public value. Due to the renewability, abundance, and biodegradability, etc., nanocellulose have proven to be one of the most attractive and promising sustainable alternatives of modern and future times. Many exciting applications of nanocellulose have been explored, especially in the fabrication of polymer nanocomposites. As a particular class of polymer, here, we present a comprehensive overview of the current development of nanocellulose in rubber nanocomposites. In particular, this review assembles the use of nanocellulose as reinforcing phase in improving the mechanical and other properties of rubbers, as well as the efforts to improve the dispersion of nanocellulose in the matrix and enhance the interfacial interactions between them. The unique features of nanocellulose used in functional/stimuli-responsive rubbers, such as sensors, self-healing materials, and shape memory materials, as well as its utilization as bio-template agents by taking full advantage of its active surface and high aspect ratio are also discussed in this review. Finally, we evaluate the challenges encountered in current research and highlight future opportunities for the high-performance and tunable performances of nanocomposites composed of elastomers and nanocellulose. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"13 1","pages":"549 - 584"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81984389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-22DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1986066
P. Skelly, Longbo Li, R. Braslau
Abstract Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is among the most abundant plastics worldwide. Phthalates and other plasticizers—small molecules added to PVC to impart flexibility—have raised numerous health concerns due to their tendency to migrate out of PVC, where they can be ingested or contaminate the environment. Internal plasticization, in which a plasticizer is covalently bound to the PVC backbone, offers a solution to the problem of plasticizer migration. This comprehensive review covers the preparation of internally plasticized PVC in the literature. Strategies fall into three main categories: nucleophilic substitution of chlorine atoms on PVC; graft polymerization using plasticizing monomers, usually from defect sites in the PVC backbone; and copolymerization of vinyl chloride with monomers bearing plasticizing species. Minimizing cost and number of synthetic steps are important considerations when designing plasticizers for this large-scale commodity plastic.
{"title":"Internal plasticization of PVC","authors":"P. Skelly, Longbo Li, R. Braslau","doi":"10.1080/15583724.2021.1986066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.1986066","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is among the most abundant plastics worldwide. Phthalates and other plasticizers—small molecules added to PVC to impart flexibility—have raised numerous health concerns due to their tendency to migrate out of PVC, where they can be ingested or contaminate the environment. Internal plasticization, in which a plasticizer is covalently bound to the PVC backbone, offers a solution to the problem of plasticizer migration. This comprehensive review covers the preparation of internally plasticized PVC in the literature. Strategies fall into three main categories: nucleophilic substitution of chlorine atoms on PVC; graft polymerization using plasticizing monomers, usually from defect sites in the PVC backbone; and copolymerization of vinyl chloride with monomers bearing plasticizing species. Minimizing cost and number of synthetic steps are important considerations when designing plasticizers for this large-scale commodity plastic.","PeriodicalId":20326,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Reviews","volume":"126 1","pages":"485 - 528"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79525026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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