Yong-Jik Lee, Hyun-Min Kim, Yoo-Na Jang, Yoon-Mi Han, Hong Seog Seo, Tae Woo Jung, Ji Hoon Jeong, Hyun Jung Lee, Kyung Oh Jung
Introduction: Buspirone, as a partial agonist for a 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1A (5-HT1A), has been prescribed as an anxiolytic drug for patients. In addition, the lowering effect of serotonin on blood pressure was reported in hypertensive animal model. We investigated the therapeutic mechanism of buspirone against lipid metabolism disturbed by hypertension of early stage via hypertensive and obese animal model.
Methods: The levels of various biomarkers related to lipid metabolism and hypertension were estimated through the measurement of body weight and fat weight, blood analysis, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and staining methods.
Results: The lipid accumulation was lowered in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells by buspirone treatments of 50 and 100 μM compared with untreated differentiated control. Body weight and abdominal fat weight were lowered in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) administered with buspirone of 10 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks than 8-week untreated group. Triglyceride (TG) level was decreased in SHRs administered with buspirone of 5 and 10 mg/kg/day compared to 8-week untreated group. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration was elevated by buspirone 10 mg/kg/day treatment compared to 8-week untreated group. Blood pressures in SHRs were lowered by buspirone treatments of 5 and 10 mg/kg/day compared with 8-week untreated group. Protein levels for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ), 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and PPARγ coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) were increased both in C2C12 cells treated by buspirone of 100 μM and in SHRs administered by buspirone of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day compared to untreated control cells and 8-week untreated group. Fat cell numbers decreased in 8-week untreated group were increased in SHRs administered by buspirone treats of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day. Protein expression levels for angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) were increased in 8-week untreated group compared to 4-week group, however, they were decreased by buspirone treatments of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day.
Conclusion: Buspirone may induce the losses of body weight and abdominal fat weight through the activation of PPARδ dependent catabolic metabolism producing energy, and eventually, the ameliorated lipid metabolism could normalize high blood pressure.
{"title":"Buspirone Induces Weight Loss and Normalization of Blood Pressure via the Stimulation of PPAR<i>δ</i> Dependent Energy Producing Pathway in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.","authors":"Yong-Jik Lee, Hyun-Min Kim, Yoo-Na Jang, Yoon-Mi Han, Hong Seog Seo, Tae Woo Jung, Ji Hoon Jeong, Hyun Jung Lee, Kyung Oh Jung","doi":"10.1155/2023/7550164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7550164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Buspirone, as a partial agonist for a 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1A (5-HT1A), has been prescribed as an anxiolytic drug for patients. In addition, the lowering effect of serotonin on blood pressure was reported in hypertensive animal model. We investigated the therapeutic mechanism of buspirone against lipid metabolism disturbed by hypertension of early stage via hypertensive and obese animal model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The levels of various biomarkers related to lipid metabolism and hypertension were estimated through the measurement of body weight and fat weight, blood analysis, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and staining methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The lipid accumulation was lowered in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells by buspirone treatments of 50 and 100 <i>μ</i>M compared with untreated differentiated control. Body weight and abdominal fat weight were lowered in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) administered with buspirone of 10 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks than 8-week untreated group. Triglyceride (TG) level was decreased in SHRs administered with buspirone of 5 and 10 mg/kg/day compared to 8-week untreated group. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration was elevated by buspirone 10 mg/kg/day treatment compared to 8-week untreated group. Blood pressures in SHRs were lowered by buspirone treatments of 5 and 10 mg/kg/day compared with 8-week untreated group. Protein levels for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor <i>δ</i> (PPAR<i>δ</i>), 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and PPAR<i>γ</i> coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1<i>α</i>) were increased both in C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>12</sub> cells treated by buspirone of 100 <i>μ</i>M and in SHRs administered by buspirone of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day compared to untreated control cells and 8-week untreated group. Fat cell numbers decreased in 8-week untreated group were increased in SHRs administered by buspirone treats of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day. Protein expression levels for angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) were increased in 8-week untreated group compared to 4-week group, however, they were decreased by buspirone treatments of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Buspirone may induce the losses of body weight and abdominal fat weight through the activation of PPAR<i>δ</i> dependent catabolic metabolism producing energy, and eventually, the ameliorated lipid metabolism could normalize high blood pressure.</p>","PeriodicalId":20439,"journal":{"name":"PPAR Research","volume":"2023 ","pages":"7550164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10164918/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9452810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J Hernández-Valdez, A Velázquez-Zepeda, J C Sánchez-Meza
Obesity and diabetes mellitus are considered the most important diseases of the XXI century. Recently, many epidemiological studies have linked exposure to pesticides to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The role of pesticides and their possible influence on the development of these diseases was investigated by examining the relationship between these compounds and one of the major nuclear receptor families controlling lipid and carbohydrate metabolism: the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ; this was possible through in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assays. The present review aims to show the effect of pesticides on PPARs and their contribution to the changes in energy metabolism that enable the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
{"title":"Effect of Pesticides on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and Their Association with Obesity and Diabetes.","authors":"J Hernández-Valdez, A Velázquez-Zepeda, J C Sánchez-Meza","doi":"10.1155/2023/1743289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1743289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity and diabetes mellitus are considered the most important diseases of the XXI century. Recently, many epidemiological studies have linked exposure to pesticides to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The role of pesticides and their possible influence on the development of these diseases was investigated by examining the relationship between these compounds and one of the major nuclear receptor families controlling lipid and carbohydrate metabolism: the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPAR<i>α</i>, PPAR<i>β</i>/<i>δ</i>, and PPAR<i>γ</i>; this was possible through <i>in silico</i>, <i>in vitro</i>, and <i>in vivo</i> assays. The present review aims to show the effect of pesticides on PPARs and their contribution to the changes in energy metabolism that enable the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.</p>","PeriodicalId":20439,"journal":{"name":"PPAR Research","volume":"2023 ","pages":"1743289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9984265/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10854740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer among females. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) can regulate the production of adipocyte-related genes and has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. Our aim was to investigate PPARG expression, its possible prognostic value, and its effect on immune cell infiltration in BC, and explore the regulatory effects of natural drugs on PPARG to find new ways to treat BC. Using different bioinformatics tools, we extracted and comprehensively analyzed the data from the Cancer Genome Atlas, Genotype-Tissue Expression, and BenCaoZuJian databases to study the potential anti-BC mechanism of PPARG and potential natural drugs targeting it. First, we found that PPARG was downregulated in BC and its expression level correlates with pathological tumor stage (pT-stage) and pathological tumor-node-metastasis stage (pTNM-stage) in BC. PPARG expression was higher in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) BC than in estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) BC, which tends to indicate a better prognosis. Meanwhile, PPARG exhibited a significant positive correlation with the infiltration of immune cells and correlated with better cumulative survival in BC patients. In addition, PPARG levels were shown to be positively associated with the expression of immune-related genes and immune checkpoints, and ER+ patients had better responses to immune checkpoint blocking. Correlation pathway research revealed that PPARG is strongly associated with pathways, such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and degradation in ER+ BC. We also found that quercetin is the most promising natural anti-BC drug among natural medicines that upregulate PPARG. Our research showed that PPARG may reduce BC development by regulating the immune microenvironment. Quercetin as PPARG ligands/agonists is a potential natural drug for BC treatment.
{"title":"PPARG: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Breast Cancer and Regulation by Natural Drugs.","authors":"De-Hui Li, Xu-Kuo Liu, Xiao-Tong Tian, Fei Liu, Xu-Jiong Yao, Jing-Fei Dong","doi":"10.1155/2023/4481354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4481354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer among females. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) can regulate the production of adipocyte-related genes and has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. Our aim was to investigate PPARG expression, its possible prognostic value, and its effect on immune cell infiltration in BC, and explore the regulatory effects of natural drugs on PPARG to find new ways to treat BC. Using different bioinformatics tools, we extracted and comprehensively analyzed the data from the Cancer Genome Atlas, Genotype-Tissue Expression, and BenCaoZuJian databases to study the potential anti-BC mechanism of PPARG and potential natural drugs targeting it. First, we found that PPARG was downregulated in BC and its expression level correlates with pathological tumor stage (pT-stage) and pathological tumor-node-metastasis stage (pTNM-stage) in BC. PPARG expression was higher in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) BC than in estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) BC, which tends to indicate a better prognosis. Meanwhile, PPARG exhibited a significant positive correlation with the infiltration of immune cells and correlated with better cumulative survival in BC patients. In addition, PPARG levels were shown to be positively associated with the expression of immune-related genes and immune checkpoints, and ER+ patients had better responses to immune checkpoint blocking. Correlation pathway research revealed that PPARG is strongly associated with pathways, such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and degradation in ER+ BC. We also found that quercetin is the most promising natural anti-BC drug among natural medicines that upregulate PPARG. Our research showed that PPARG may reduce BC development by regulating the immune microenvironment. Quercetin as PPARG ligands/agonists is a potential natural drug for BC treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20439,"journal":{"name":"PPAR Research","volume":"2023 ","pages":"4481354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10270765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10037006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The role of MIR31 in the wound healing process, specifically in vocal fold wound healing (VFWH), remains uncertain despite its potential to facilitate the process. In this study, we first constructed a literature-based pathway to examine both the positive and negative effects of MIR31 on wound healing. We then conducted animal experiments on 20 rats to investigate MIR31 expression at different time points (1, 4, and 8 weeks) after vocal fold injury. Co-expression analysis and pathway analysis were performed to explore the potential function of MIR31 in VFWH. The literature-based pathway suggested that MIR31 could both impede and promote the wound healing process by regulating 14 and 47 wound healing upstream regulators, respectively. However, the rat experiment indicated that MIR31 expression significantly increased after vocal fold injury (p < 5.65 × 10-5) but decreased in the late stage of VFWH compared with the early and middle stages (p < 5.40 × 10-3. Strong co-expression was observed between MIR31 and 17 VFWH-significant genes (Pearson correlation coefficient ∈ (0.63, 0.83)), primarily involved in collagen production. Overall, our findings suggest that MIR31 plays a critical role in VFWH, particularly in collagen synthesis and other biological processes, which warrant further investigation.
{"title":"A Promotion Role of MIR31 in the Process of Vocal Fold Wound Healing.","authors":"Haizhou Wang, Wen Xu","doi":"10.1155/2023/4672827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4672827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of MIR31 in the wound healing process, specifically in vocal fold wound healing (VFWH), remains uncertain despite its potential to facilitate the process. In this study, we first constructed a literature-based pathway to examine both the positive and negative effects of MIR31 on wound healing. We then conducted animal experiments on 20 rats to investigate MIR31 expression at different time points (1, 4, and 8 weeks) after vocal fold injury. Co-expression analysis and pathway analysis were performed to explore the potential function of MIR31 in VFWH. The literature-based pathway suggested that MIR31 could both impede and promote the wound healing process by regulating 14 and 47 wound healing upstream regulators, respectively. However, the rat experiment indicated that MIR31 expression significantly increased after vocal fold injury (<i>p</i> < 5.65 × 10<sup>-5</sup>) but decreased in the late stage of VFWH compared with the early and middle stages (<i>p</i> < 5.40 × 10<sup>-3</sup>. Strong co-expression was observed between MIR31 and 17 VFWH-significant genes (Pearson correlation coefficient ∈ (0.63, 0.83)), primarily involved in collagen production. Overall, our findings suggest that MIR31 plays a critical role in VFWH, particularly in collagen synthesis and other biological processes, which warrant further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20439,"journal":{"name":"PPAR Research","volume":"2023 ","pages":"4672827"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427237/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10017654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Zhang, Xing Li, Jun Zhang, Lin Mao, Zou Wen, Mingliang Cao, Xuefeng Mu
A ligand-activated transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) regulates fatty acid uptake and transport. In several studies, upregulation of PPAR expression/activity by cancer cells has been associated with cancer progression. Worldwide, cancer of the cervix ranks fourth among women's cancers. Angiogenesis inhibitors have improved treatment for recurrent and advanced cervical cancer since their introduction 5 years ago. In spite of that, the median overall survival rate for advanced cervical cancer is 16.8 months, indicating that treatment effectiveness is still lacking. Thus, it is imperative that new therapeutic methods be developed. In this work, we first downloaded the PPAR signaling pathway-related genes from the previous study. In addition, the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm was applied to calculate the PPAR score of patients with cervical cancer. Furthermore, cervical cancer patients with different PPAR scores show different sensitivity to immune checkpoint therapy. In order to screen the genes to serve as the best biomarker for cervical cancer patients, we then construct the PPAR-based prognostic prediction model. The results revealed that PCK1, MT1A, AL096855.1, AC096711.2, FAR2P2, and AC099568.2 not only play a key role in the PPAR signaling pathway but also show good predictive value in cervical cancer patients. The gene set variation analysis (GSVA) enrichment analysis also proved that the PPAR signaling pathway is one of the most enriched pathways in the prognostic prediction model. Finally, further analysis revealed that AC099568.2 may be the most promising biomarker for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in cervical cancer patients. Both the survival analysis and Receiver Operating Characteristic curve demonstrated that AC099568.2 plays a key role in cervical cancer patients. However, to our knowledge, this is the first time a study focused on the role of AC099568.2 in cervical cancer patients. Our work successfully revealed a new biomarker for cervical cancer patients, which also provides a new direction for future research.
{"title":"Development and Validation of the Promising PPAR Signaling Pathway-Based Prognostic Prediction Model in Uterine Cervical Cancer.","authors":"Yan Zhang, Xing Li, Jun Zhang, Lin Mao, Zou Wen, Mingliang Cao, Xuefeng Mu","doi":"10.1155/2023/4962460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4962460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A ligand-activated transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) regulates fatty acid uptake and transport. In several studies, upregulation of PPAR expression/activity by cancer cells has been associated with cancer progression. Worldwide, cancer of the cervix ranks fourth among women's cancers. Angiogenesis inhibitors have improved treatment for recurrent and advanced cervical cancer since their introduction 5 years ago. In spite of that, the median overall survival rate for advanced cervical cancer is 16.8 months, indicating that treatment effectiveness is still lacking. Thus, it is imperative that new therapeutic methods be developed. In this work, we first downloaded the PPAR signaling pathway-related genes from the previous study. In addition, the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm was applied to calculate the PPAR score of patients with cervical cancer. Furthermore, cervical cancer patients with different PPAR scores show different sensitivity to immune checkpoint therapy. In order to screen the genes to serve as the best biomarker for cervical cancer patients, we then construct the PPAR-based prognostic prediction model. The results revealed that PCK1, MT1A, AL096855.1, AC096711.2, FAR2P2, and AC099568.2 not only play a key role in the PPAR signaling pathway but also show good predictive value in cervical cancer patients. The gene set variation analysis (GSVA) enrichment analysis also proved that the PPAR signaling pathway is one of the most enriched pathways in the prognostic prediction model. Finally, further analysis revealed that AC099568.2 may be the most promising biomarker for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in cervical cancer patients. Both the survival analysis and Receiver Operating Characteristic curve demonstrated that AC099568.2 plays a key role in cervical cancer patients. However, to our knowledge, this is the first time a study focused on the role of AC099568.2 in cervical cancer patients. Our work successfully revealed a new biomarker for cervical cancer patients, which also provides a new direction for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":20439,"journal":{"name":"PPAR Research","volume":"2023 ","pages":"4962460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10247326/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9608643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caroline N Rivera, Jason S Hinkle, Rachel M Watne, Trent C Macgowan, Andrew J Wommack, Roger A Vaughan
Background: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by reduced insulin sensitivity, elevated blood metabolites, and reduced mitochondrial metabolism with reduced expression of genes governing metabolism such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). PGC-1α regulates the expression of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism, and thus, increased circulating BCAA in diabetics may be partially explained by reduced PGC-1α expression. PGC-1α functions in-part through interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ). The present report examined the effects of the PPARβ/δ agonism on cell metabolism and related gene/protein expression of cultured myotubes, with a primary emphasis on determining the effects of GW on BCAA disposal and catabolic enzyme expression.
Methods: C2C12 myotubes were treated with GW501516 (GW) for up to 24 hours. Mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism were measured via oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rate, respectively. Metabolic gene and protein expression were assessed via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot, respectively. Media BCAA content was assessed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS).
Results: GW significantly increased PGC-1α protein expression, mitochondrial content, and mitochondrial function. GW also significantly reduced BCAA content within culture media following 24-hour treatment; however, expression of BCAA catabolic enzymes/transporter was unchanged.
Conclusion: These data confirm the ability of GW to increase muscle PGC-1α content and decrease BCAA media content without affecting BCAA catabolic enzymes/transporter. These findings suggest heightened BCAA uptake (and possibly metabolism) may occur without substantial changes in the protein levels of related cell machinery.
{"title":"PPAR<i>β</i>/<i>δ</i> Agonism with GW501516 Increases Myotube PGC-1<i>α</i> Content and Reduces BCAA Media Content Independent of Changes in BCAA Catabolic Enzyme Expression.","authors":"Caroline N Rivera, Jason S Hinkle, Rachel M Watne, Trent C Macgowan, Andrew J Wommack, Roger A Vaughan","doi":"10.1155/2023/4779199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4779199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Type 2 diabetes is characterized by reduced insulin sensitivity, elevated blood metabolites, and reduced mitochondrial metabolism with reduced expression of genes governing metabolism such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1<i>α</i>). PGC-1<i>α</i> regulates the expression of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism, and thus, increased circulating BCAA in diabetics may be partially explained by reduced PGC-1<i>α</i> expression. PGC-1<i>α</i> functions in-part through interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor <i>β</i>/<i>δ</i> (PPAR<i>β</i>/<i>δ</i>). The present report examined the effects of the PPAR<i>β</i>/<i>δ</i> agonism on cell metabolism and related gene/protein expression of cultured myotubes, with a primary emphasis on determining the effects of GW on BCAA disposal and catabolic enzyme expression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>C2C12 myotubes were treated with GW501516 (GW) for up to 24 hours. Mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism were measured via oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rate, respectively. Metabolic gene and protein expression were assessed via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot, respectively. Media BCAA content was assessed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GW significantly increased PGC-1<i>α</i> protein expression, mitochondrial content, and mitochondrial function. GW also significantly reduced BCAA content within culture media following 24-hour treatment; however, expression of BCAA catabolic enzymes/transporter was unchanged.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These data confirm the ability of GW to increase muscle PGC-1<i>α</i> content and decrease BCAA media content without affecting BCAA catabolic enzymes/transporter. These findings suggest heightened BCAA uptake (and possibly metabolism) may occur without substantial changes in the protein levels of related cell machinery.</p>","PeriodicalId":20439,"journal":{"name":"PPAR Research","volume":"2023 ","pages":"4779199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10264138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9654508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chao Lu, Shenglin Gao, Li Zhang, Xiaokai Shi, Yin Chen, Shuzhang Wei, Li Zuo, Lifeng Zhang
Background: The Nuclear protein 1 gene was first discovered in acute pancreatitis and functions as an oncogene in cancer progression and drug resistance. However, the role of Nuclear protein 1 in bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC) is still unclear.
Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas database and immunohistochemical analysis were adopted to evaluate Nuclear protein 1 expression in BTCC. We applied lentivirus-mediated small-interfering RNA to down-regulate the expression of Nuclear protein 1 in BTCC cell lines. We further performed an Affymetrix microarray and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to assess the genes and signaling pathways related to Nuclear protein 1.
Results: We found that Nuclear protein 1 expression was up-regulated in BTCC and positively related to the degree of BTCC malignancy. Compared with Caucasian patients with BTCC, Nuclear protein 1 expression was attenuated in Asian patients. The Affymetrix microarray showed that lipopolysaccharide was the upstream regulatory factor of Nuclear protein 1 in BTCC. The GSEA indicated that Nuclear protein 1 expression was associated with signaling pathways in cancer, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathways, and RNA degradation. The expression of Nuclear protein 1 was negatively correlated with PPARG (R = -0.290, P < 0.001), but not with PPARA (R = 0.047, P = 0.344) and PPARD (R = -0.055, P = 0.260).
Conclusions: The study findings indicate that Nuclear protein 1 is positively associated with the malignancy degree of BTCC and that Nuclear protein 1 expression is negatively correlated with PPARG.
背景:核蛋白1基因首次在急性胰腺炎中被发现,并在肿瘤进展和耐药过程中作为致癌基因发挥作用。然而,核蛋白1在膀胱移行细胞癌(BTCC)中的作用尚不清楚。方法:采用肿瘤基因组图谱数据库和免疫组化分析方法检测BTCC中核蛋白1的表达。应用慢病毒介导的小干扰RNA下调BTCC细胞株核蛋白1的表达。我们进一步使用Affymetrix微阵列和基因集富集分析(GSEA)来评估与核蛋白1相关的基因和信号通路。结果:我们发现核蛋白1在BTCC中表达上调,且与BTCC恶性程度呈正相关。与白种人BTCC患者相比,亚洲患者的核蛋白1表达减弱。Affymetrix微阵列检测结果显示,脂多糖是BTCC中核蛋白1的上游调控因子。GSEA表明,核蛋白1的表达与肿瘤信号通路、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPAR)通路和RNA降解有关。核蛋白1的表达与PPARG呈负相关(R = -0.290, P < 0.001),与PPARA (R = 0.047, P = 0.344)、PPARD (R = -0.055, P = 0.260)无显著相关性。结论:研究结果表明,核蛋白1与BTCC恶性程度呈正相关,而核蛋白1的表达与PPARG呈负相关。
{"title":"<i>Nuclear Protein 1</i> Expression Is Associated with PPARG in Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma.","authors":"Chao Lu, Shenglin Gao, Li Zhang, Xiaokai Shi, Yin Chen, Shuzhang Wei, Li Zuo, Lifeng Zhang","doi":"10.1155/2023/6797694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6797694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The <i>Nuclear protein 1</i> gene was first discovered in acute pancreatitis and functions as an oncogene in cancer progression and drug resistance. However, the role of <i>Nuclear protein 1</i> in bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC) is still unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Cancer Genome Atlas database and immunohistochemical analysis were adopted to evaluate <i>Nuclear protein 1</i> expression in BTCC. We applied lentivirus-mediated small-interfering RNA to down-regulate the expression of <i>Nuclear protein 1</i> in BTCC cell lines. We further performed an Affymetrix microarray and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to assess the genes and signaling pathways related to <i>Nuclear protein 1</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that <i>Nuclear protein 1</i> expression was up-regulated in BTCC and positively related to the degree of BTCC malignancy. Compared with Caucasian patients with BTCC, <i>Nuclear protein 1</i> expression was attenuated in Asian patients. The Affymetrix microarray showed that lipopolysaccharide was the upstream regulatory factor of <i>Nuclear protein 1</i> in BTCC. The GSEA indicated that <i>Nuclear protein 1</i> expression was associated with signaling pathways in cancer, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathways, and RNA degradation. The expression of <i>Nuclear protein 1</i> was negatively correlated with PPARG (<i>R</i> = -0.290, <i>P</i> < 0.001), but not with PPARA (<i>R</i> = 0.047, <i>P</i> = 0.344) and PPARD (<i>R</i> = -0.055, <i>P</i> = 0.260).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study findings indicate that <i>Nuclear protein 1</i> is positively associated with the malignancy degree of BTCC and that <i>Nuclear protein 1</i> expression is negatively correlated with PPARG.</p>","PeriodicalId":20439,"journal":{"name":"PPAR Research","volume":"2023 ","pages":"6797694"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10185424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9487460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inhibiting adipocyte differentiation, the conversion of preadipocytes to mature functional adipocytes, might represent a new approach to treating obesity and related metabolic disorders. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α are two master coregulators controlling adipogenesis both in culture and in vivo. Many recent studies have confirmed the relationship between retinoic acid (RA) and the conversion of embryonic stem cells into adipocytes; however, these studies have shown that RA potently blocks the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. Nevertheless, the functional role of RA in early tissue development and stem cell differentiation, including in adipose tissue, remains unclear. This study highlights transcription factors that block adipocyte differentiation and maintain preadipocyte status, focusing on those controlled by RA. However, some of these novel adipogenesis inhibitors have not been validated in vivo, and their mechanisms of action require further clarification.
{"title":"Vitamin A: A Key Inhibitor of Adipocyte Differentiation.","authors":"Manal A Malibary","doi":"10.1155/2023/7405954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7405954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inhibiting adipocyte differentiation, the conversion of preadipocytes to mature functional adipocytes, might represent a new approach to treating obesity and related metabolic disorders. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor <i>γ</i> and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein <i>α</i> are two master coregulators controlling adipogenesis both in culture and in vivo. Many recent studies have confirmed the relationship between retinoic acid (RA) and the conversion of embryonic stem cells into adipocytes; however, these studies have shown that RA potently blocks the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. Nevertheless, the functional role of RA in early tissue development and stem cell differentiation, including in adipose tissue, remains unclear. This study highlights transcription factors that block adipocyte differentiation and maintain preadipocyte status, focusing on those controlled by RA. However, some of these novel adipogenesis inhibitors have not been validated in vivo, and their mechanisms of action require further clarification.</p>","PeriodicalId":20439,"journal":{"name":"PPAR Research","volume":"2023 ","pages":"7405954"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9908342/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10707322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The prevalence of colon cancer (CC) is increasing at the endemic scale, which is accompanied by subsequent morbidity and mortality. Although there have been noteworthy achievements in the therapeutic strategies in recent years, the treatment of patients with CC remains a formidable task. The current study focused on to study role of biohydrogenation-derived conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) of probiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus GS4 (CLAGS4) against CC, which induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression in human CC HCT-116 cells. Pre-treatment with PPARγ antagonist bisphenol A diglycidyl ether has significantly reduced the inhibitory efficacy of enhanced cell viability of HCT-116 cells, suggesting the PPARγ-dependent cell death. The cancer cells treated with CLA/CLAGS4 demonstrated the reduced level of Prostaglandin E2 PGE2 in association with reduced COX-2 and 5-LOX expressions. Moreover, these consequences were found to be associated with PPARγ-dependent. Furthermore, delineation of mitochondrial dependent apoptosis with the help of molecular docking LigPlot analysis showed that CLA can bind with hexokinase-II (hHK-II) (highly expressed in cancer cells) and that this association underlies voltage dependent anionic channel to open, thereby causing mitochondrial membrane depolarization, a condition that initiates intrinsic apoptotic events. Apoptosis was further confirmed by annexin V staining and elevation of caspase 1p10 expression. Taken all together, it is deduced that, mechanistically, the upregulation of PPARγ by CLAGS4 of P. pentosaceus GS4 can alter cancer cell metabolism in association with triggering apoptosis in CC.
{"title":"Appraisal of the Possible Role of PPAR<i>γ</i> Upregulation by CLA of Probiotic <i>Pediococcus pentosaceus</i> GS4 in Colon Cancer Mitigation.","authors":"Vinay Dubey, Alok Kumar Mishra, Asit Ranjan Ghosh","doi":"10.1155/2023/9458308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9458308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prevalence of colon cancer (CC) is increasing at the endemic scale, which is accompanied by subsequent morbidity and mortality. Although there have been noteworthy achievements in the therapeutic strategies in recent years, the treatment of patients with CC remains a formidable task. The current study focused on to study role of biohydrogenation-derived conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) of probiotic <i>Pediococcus pentosaceus</i> GS4 (CLA<sub>GS4</sub>) against CC, which induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR<i>γ</i>) expression in human CC HCT-116 cells. Pre-treatment with PPAR<i>γ</i> antagonist bisphenol A diglycidyl ether has significantly reduced the inhibitory efficacy of enhanced cell viability of HCT-116 cells, suggesting the PPAR<i>γ</i>-dependent cell death. The cancer cells treated with CLA/CLA<sub>GS4</sub> demonstrated the reduced level of Prostaglandin E2 PGE<sub>2</sub> in association with reduced COX-2 and 5-LOX expressions. Moreover, these consequences were found to be associated with PPAR<i>γ</i>-dependent. Furthermore, delineation of mitochondrial dependent apoptosis with the help of molecular docking LigPlot analysis showed that CLA can bind with hexokinase-II (hHK-II) (highly expressed in cancer cells) and that this association underlies voltage dependent anionic channel to open, thereby causing mitochondrial membrane depolarization, a condition that initiates intrinsic apoptotic events. Apoptosis was further confirmed by annexin V staining and elevation of caspase 1p10 expression. Taken all together, it is deduced that, mechanistically, the upregulation of PPAR<i>γ</i> by CLA<sub>GS4</sub> of <i>P</i>. <i>pentosaceus</i> GS4 can alter cancer cell metabolism in association with triggering apoptosis in CC.</p>","PeriodicalId":20439,"journal":{"name":"PPAR Research","volume":"2023 ","pages":"9458308"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9984262/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10854739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: Obesity-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a role in increased susceptibility to acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is associated with lung protection and is effective in ameliorating ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of PPARγ in the lung tissues of obese mice and explore whether the PPARγ-dependent pathway could mediate decreased ALI/ARDS by regulating ER stress and mitochondrial biogenesis.
Methods: We determined PPARγ expression in the lung tissues of normal and obese mice. ALI models of alveolar epithelial cells and of obese mice were used and treated with either PPARγ activator rosiglitazone (RSG) or PPARγ inhibitor GW9662. Lung tissue and cell samples were collected to assess lung inflammation and apoptosis, and ER stress and mitochondrial biogenesis were detected.
Results: PPARγ expression was significantly decreased in the lung tissue of obese mice compared with that in normal mice. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that activation of PPARγ leads to reduced expression of the ER stress marker proteins 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and Caspase12. Conversely, expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) increased. Furthermore, activation of PPARγ is associated with decreased levels of lung inflammation and epithelial apoptosis and increased expression of adiponectin (APN) and mitofusin2 (MFN2). GW9662 bound to PPARγ and blocked its transcriptional activity and then diminished the protective effect of PPARγ on lung tissues.
Conclusions: PPARγ activation exerts anti-inflammation effects in alveolar epithelia by alleviating ER stress and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, lower levels of PPARγ in the lung tissues of obese mice may lead to an increased susceptibility to ALI.
{"title":"Activation of PPAR<i>γ</i> Protects Obese Mice from Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis.","authors":"Yin Tang, Ke Wei, Ling Liu, Jingyue Ma, Siqi Wu, Wenjing Tang","doi":"10.1155/2022/7888937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7888937","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Obesity-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a role in increased susceptibility to acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-<i>γ</i> (PPAR<i>γ</i>) is associated with lung protection and is effective in ameliorating ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of PPAR<i>γ</i> in the lung tissues of obese mice and explore whether the PPAR<i>γ</i>-dependent pathway could mediate decreased ALI/ARDS by regulating ER stress and mitochondrial biogenesis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We determined PPAR<i>γ</i> expression in the lung tissues of normal and obese mice. ALI models of alveolar epithelial cells and of obese mice were used and treated with either PPAR<i>γ</i> activator rosiglitazone (RSG) or PPAR<i>γ</i> inhibitor GW9662. Lung tissue and cell samples were collected to assess lung inflammation and apoptosis, and ER stress and mitochondrial biogenesis were detected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PPAR<i>γ</i> expression was significantly decreased in the lung tissue of obese mice compared with that in normal mice. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that activation of PPAR<i>γ</i> leads to reduced expression of the ER stress marker proteins 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and Caspase12. Conversely, expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor <i>γ</i> coactivator 1 (PGC-1<i>α</i>), nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) increased. Furthermore, activation of PPAR<i>γ</i> is associated with decreased levels of lung inflammation and epithelial apoptosis and increased expression of adiponectin (APN) and mitofusin2 (MFN2). GW9662 bound to PPAR<i>γ</i> and blocked its transcriptional activity and then diminished the protective effect of PPAR<i>γ</i> on lung tissues.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PPAR<i>γ</i> activation exerts anti-inflammation effects in alveolar epithelia by alleviating ER stress and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, lower levels of PPAR<i>γ</i> in the lung tissues of obese mice may lead to an increased susceptibility to ALI.</p>","PeriodicalId":20439,"journal":{"name":"PPAR Research","volume":"2022 ","pages":"7888937"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9534695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33497358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}