Pub Date : 1994-12-05DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.1994.520534
T. Saitoh, K. Mori
Microroughness at SiO/sub 2//Si interfaces has been characterized using noncontact spectroscopic ellipsometry. From simulation, the peak height at E/sub 2/ photon energy in imaginary dielectric functions was very sensitive for the microroughness measurement. The ellipsometric method was confirmed by an atomic force microscope. Using HF etching to remove an SiO/sub 2/ overlayer on the Si surface, microroughness tended to decrease with the decrease of HF concentration. Using a diluted 5% HF solution, SiO/sub 2//Si interfaces were denuded and evaluated by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The microroughness seems to affect carrier recombination at the SiO/sub 2//Si interfaces.
{"title":"Evaluation of microroughness at SiO/sub 2//Si interfaces for high-efficiency crystalline Si solar cells","authors":"T. Saitoh, K. Mori","doi":"10.1109/WCPEC.1994.520534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WCPEC.1994.520534","url":null,"abstract":"Microroughness at SiO/sub 2//Si interfaces has been characterized using noncontact spectroscopic ellipsometry. From simulation, the peak height at E/sub 2/ photon energy in imaginary dielectric functions was very sensitive for the microroughness measurement. The ellipsometric method was confirmed by an atomic force microscope. Using HF etching to remove an SiO/sub 2/ overlayer on the Si surface, microroughness tended to decrease with the decrease of HF concentration. Using a diluted 5% HF solution, SiO/sub 2//Si interfaces were denuded and evaluated by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The microroughness seems to affect carrier recombination at the SiO/sub 2//Si interfaces.","PeriodicalId":20517,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1994 IEEE 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion - WCPEC (A Joint Conference of PVSC, PVSEC and PSEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84451904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-12-05DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.1994.519968
P. Paulson, V. Dutta, C. Singh
The structural and compositional properties of CdTe films, deposited from an aqueous solution of CdSO/sub 4/ and TeO by pulsed electrodeposition, potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrodeposition, have been studied. Polycrystalline films with a preferred <111> orientation are obtained in all techniques. However, films deposited by pulsed techniques show the higher intensity for <111> peak. An EDAX study shows that, for lower concentrations of CdSO/sub 4/ in the electrolyte, pulsed films are more stoichiometric compared to films deposited by other two techniques.
{"title":"A comparative study of compositional and structural properties of CdTe thin films prepared by different electroplating techniques","authors":"P. Paulson, V. Dutta, C. Singh","doi":"10.1109/WCPEC.1994.519968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WCPEC.1994.519968","url":null,"abstract":"The structural and compositional properties of CdTe films, deposited from an aqueous solution of CdSO/sub 4/ and TeO by pulsed electrodeposition, potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrodeposition, have been studied. Polycrystalline films with a preferred <111> orientation are obtained in all techniques. However, films deposited by pulsed techniques show the higher intensity for <111> peak. An EDAX study shows that, for lower concentrations of CdSO/sub 4/ in the electrolyte, pulsed films are more stoichiometric compared to films deposited by other two techniques.","PeriodicalId":20517,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1994 IEEE 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion - WCPEC (A Joint Conference of PVSC, PVSEC and PSEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84801019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-12-05DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.1994.520090
D. W. Sandwisch
Solar Cells, Inc. has produced a 60.3 W module with total area efficiency of 8.4% (NREL confirmed). The average total area efficiency of 60 cm/spl times/120 cm modules manufactured on a developmental pilot line has increased to greater than 6.5% while the relative standard deviation has decreased to less than 10%. Modules routinely pass extensive stress testing. This paper summarizes the development of CdS/CdTe module manufacturing including product definition, process definition, and support programs. In addition the paper discusses the authors' main conclusions to date and their future projections.
Solar Cells, Inc.已经生产出60.3 W的组件，总面积效率为8.4% (NREL确认)。在开发中试线上生产的60 cm/spl次/120 cm模块的平均总面积效率提高到6.5%以上，而相对标准偏差降低到10%以下。模块通常会通过广泛的压力测试。本文综述了CdS/CdTe模块制造的发展，包括产品定义、工艺定义和支持方案。此外，本文还讨论了作者迄今为止的主要结论和他们对未来的预测。
{"title":"Development of CdTe module manufacturing","authors":"D. W. Sandwisch","doi":"10.1109/WCPEC.1994.520090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WCPEC.1994.520090","url":null,"abstract":"Solar Cells, Inc. has produced a 60.3 W module with total area efficiency of 8.4% (NREL confirmed). The average total area efficiency of 60 cm/spl times/120 cm modules manufactured on a developmental pilot line has increased to greater than 6.5% while the relative standard deviation has decreased to less than 10%. Modules routinely pass extensive stress testing. This paper summarizes the development of CdS/CdTe module manufacturing including product definition, process definition, and support programs. In addition the paper discusses the authors' main conclusions to date and their future projections.","PeriodicalId":20517,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1994 IEEE 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion - WCPEC (A Joint Conference of PVSC, PVSEC and PSEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81958408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-12-05DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.1994.519953
S. Goda, T. Moritani, Y. Hatanaka, H. Shimizu, I. Hide
The continuous casting method (CCM) has been designed to obtain low cost silicon wafers. This method has the objective of wafer cost reduction production effect through the installation of a pre-heating zone and a crystal growth and cooling zone separately on both sides of a silicon melting and injecting zone. We have developed the drip-controlled method (DCM) as a casting method for CCM. In DCM, the injection of molten silicon and the crystal growth are carried out simultaneously and the heat of molten silicon is utilized actively as a heat source to control the crystal growth. DCM is the most effective casting method for continuous casting. Batch-type ingots with a size of 320 mm square, height 260-300 mm, were produced by DCM. An oxygen content of 5-15 ppma and a carbon content of less than 5 ppma were obtained throughout the ingots. The cell efficiency yield of more than 13.5% was 80% against the growth direction, with a wafer size of 100 mm/spl times/100 mm using our standard cell process. A maximum value was found of 14.3% measured in JQA. The solar cell efficiency, the carrier lifetime and the diffusion length measured in this study showed DCM had an advantage for obtaining one-directional growth and columnar structure.
{"title":"Production of low cost silicon wafers by continuous casting method-development of drip-controlled method","authors":"S. Goda, T. Moritani, Y. Hatanaka, H. Shimizu, I. Hide","doi":"10.1109/WCPEC.1994.519953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WCPEC.1994.519953","url":null,"abstract":"The continuous casting method (CCM) has been designed to obtain low cost silicon wafers. This method has the objective of wafer cost reduction production effect through the installation of a pre-heating zone and a crystal growth and cooling zone separately on both sides of a silicon melting and injecting zone. We have developed the drip-controlled method (DCM) as a casting method for CCM. In DCM, the injection of molten silicon and the crystal growth are carried out simultaneously and the heat of molten silicon is utilized actively as a heat source to control the crystal growth. DCM is the most effective casting method for continuous casting. Batch-type ingots with a size of 320 mm square, height 260-300 mm, were produced by DCM. An oxygen content of 5-15 ppma and a carbon content of less than 5 ppma were obtained throughout the ingots. The cell efficiency yield of more than 13.5% was 80% against the growth direction, with a wafer size of 100 mm/spl times/100 mm using our standard cell process. A maximum value was found of 14.3% measured in JQA. The solar cell efficiency, the carrier lifetime and the diffusion length measured in this study showed DCM had an advantage for obtaining one-directional growth and columnar structure.","PeriodicalId":20517,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1994 IEEE 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion - WCPEC (A Joint Conference of PVSC, PVSEC and PSEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79813541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-12-05DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.1994.519990
T. Haage, S. Bauer, B. Schroder, H. Oechsner
In this paper we report on comparative investigations concerning the stability of glow discharge and hot wire deposited a-Si:H films. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements and a data interpretation based on a tetrahedron model we investigated the microstructural properties of the films. We found that the stability of a-Si:H films is significantly increased by a deposition process guided in a way that high quality material can be grown with high density and low hydrogen content. The a-Si:H results are confirmed by similar results obtained on sp-a-Ge:H. For the first time we have shown that metastability is not connected with the existence of surface like (SiH/sub 2/, (SiH)/sub x/) hydrogen bonding configurations.
{"title":"Correlation between improved stability and microstructural properties of a-Si:H and a-Ge:H","authors":"T. Haage, S. Bauer, B. Schroder, H. Oechsner","doi":"10.1109/WCPEC.1994.519990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WCPEC.1994.519990","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we report on comparative investigations concerning the stability of glow discharge and hot wire deposited a-Si:H films. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements and a data interpretation based on a tetrahedron model we investigated the microstructural properties of the films. We found that the stability of a-Si:H films is significantly increased by a deposition process guided in a way that high quality material can be grown with high density and low hydrogen content. The a-Si:H results are confirmed by similar results obtained on sp-a-Ge:H. For the first time we have shown that metastability is not connected with the existence of surface like (SiH/sub 2/, (SiH)/sub x/) hydrogen bonding configurations.","PeriodicalId":20517,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1994 IEEE 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion - WCPEC (A Joint Conference of PVSC, PVSEC and PSEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84725664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-12-05DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.1994.520047
J. Furlan, S. Amon, P. Popovic, F. Smole
Effects of textured TCO layer on a-Si:H solar cell electric properties are investigated by computer modelling of thermal equilibrium profiles of charge carriers, electric field and potential distribution. 2D analysis of p-i-n a-Si:H cell on TCO layer, simulated by V-grooved morphology, was performed using the commercial program MEDICI, for which input data were modified in order to account for continuous distribution of states in the gap of a-Si:H. Results of calculations show strongly increased trapped hole concentration at the p-i interface around the peaks of the illuminated side of V-shaped grooves. At these locations, the built-in electric field is lowered so that the collection of light-generated carriers in these regions is reduced. The paper also demonstrates the dependence of the light generation profile on the wavelength of incident light and on V-groove tilt angle.
{"title":"Internal opto-electric properties of p-i-n a-Si:H solar cell on grooved TCO texture","authors":"J. Furlan, S. Amon, P. Popovic, F. Smole","doi":"10.1109/WCPEC.1994.520047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WCPEC.1994.520047","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of textured TCO layer on a-Si:H solar cell electric properties are investigated by computer modelling of thermal equilibrium profiles of charge carriers, electric field and potential distribution. 2D analysis of p-i-n a-Si:H cell on TCO layer, simulated by V-grooved morphology, was performed using the commercial program MEDICI, for which input data were modified in order to account for continuous distribution of states in the gap of a-Si:H. Results of calculations show strongly increased trapped hole concentration at the p-i interface around the peaks of the illuminated side of V-shaped grooves. At these locations, the built-in electric field is lowered so that the collection of light-generated carriers in these regions is reduced. The paper also demonstrates the dependence of the light generation profile on the wavelength of incident light and on V-groove tilt angle.","PeriodicalId":20517,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1994 IEEE 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion - WCPEC (A Joint Conference of PVSC, PVSEC and PSEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85138557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-12-05DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.1994.521689
A. Bulawka, S. Krauthamer, R. Das
Photovoltaic (PV) power applications are currently concentrated in intermediate or residential size for utility-interactive, or small stand-alone modes of operation. Consequently, the development of low cost, highly efficient and reliable power conditioning subsystems (PCS) in the small to medium power range is critical for the viability of PV power systems as an alternative energy source. The paper summarizes US Department of Energy programmatic directions and development efforts in photovoltaic PCS designs. It describes new opportunities arising from increased availability and capabilities of semiconductor switching components such as smart power devices and power integrated circuits. The paper describes developmental efforts of manufacturers of these components and evaluates the synergistic impacts that will assist in new PCS development, and will accelerate PV power applications. It is found that the use of these technologies in future PCS designs offers significant promise of improved PCS reliability, cost and performance, thereby making PV AC power more competitive with utility power.
{"title":"US Department of Energy directions in photovoltaic power conditioner development using smart power/power integrated circuit technologies","authors":"A. Bulawka, S. Krauthamer, R. Das","doi":"10.1109/WCPEC.1994.521689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WCPEC.1994.521689","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic (PV) power applications are currently concentrated in intermediate or residential size for utility-interactive, or small stand-alone modes of operation. Consequently, the development of low cost, highly efficient and reliable power conditioning subsystems (PCS) in the small to medium power range is critical for the viability of PV power systems as an alternative energy source. The paper summarizes US Department of Energy programmatic directions and development efforts in photovoltaic PCS designs. It describes new opportunities arising from increased availability and capabilities of semiconductor switching components such as smart power devices and power integrated circuits. The paper describes developmental efforts of manufacturers of these components and evaluates the synergistic impacts that will assist in new PCS development, and will accelerate PV power applications. It is found that the use of these technologies in future PCS designs offers significant promise of improved PCS reliability, cost and performance, thereby making PV AC power more competitive with utility power.","PeriodicalId":20517,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1994 IEEE 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion - WCPEC (A Joint Conference of PVSC, PVSEC and PSEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85337912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-12-05DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.1994.520067
D. Jordan, M. Twidell, J. Patel, F. Teofilo, R. Soin
Throughout its history, BP Solar has focussed strongly on the production of integrated power solutions to it's customers, using photovoltaics as the central, but not unique, technology. This paper discusses the customer driven development of two 'new generation' hybrid power systems, one AC the other DC. Both involve the combination of photovoltaics with a conventional power source (diesel/wind) in a fully integrated system, as well as providing remote electronic system access, advanced data and event logging, and comprehensive computer graphic analysis software.
{"title":"Remote power-integrated, customer oriented solutions","authors":"D. Jordan, M. Twidell, J. Patel, F. Teofilo, R. Soin","doi":"10.1109/WCPEC.1994.520067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WCPEC.1994.520067","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout its history, BP Solar has focussed strongly on the production of integrated power solutions to it's customers, using photovoltaics as the central, but not unique, technology. This paper discusses the customer driven development of two 'new generation' hybrid power systems, one AC the other DC. Both involve the combination of photovoltaics with a conventional power source (diesel/wind) in a fully integrated system, as well as providing remote electronic system access, advanced data and event logging, and comprehensive computer graphic analysis software.","PeriodicalId":20517,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1994 IEEE 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion - WCPEC (A Joint Conference of PVSC, PVSEC and PSEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80237386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-12-05DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.1994.521679
J. Kimman, E.W. ter Horst, E. Lysen
The main goal of the Netherlands Photovoltaic Programme is to create conditions to let photovoltaic solar energy play an important role in the Dutch energy supply of the 21st century. Four of the most important conditions are: to create social support; to achieve progress in solar cell and PV-system R&D; to create a market for stand-alone PV-systems; and to gain experience with grid-connected systems in the built environment. For the grid-connected systems a plan has been adopted to reach 250 MWp of installed solar capacity in 2010. The main purpose of this so-called PV pilot plan is not just a scaling up of the production volume but to reach specific learning goals. In this way the scaling-up is an important and justified by-product.
{"title":"PV in the Netherlands, learning while growing","authors":"J. Kimman, E.W. ter Horst, E. Lysen","doi":"10.1109/WCPEC.1994.521679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WCPEC.1994.521679","url":null,"abstract":"The main goal of the Netherlands Photovoltaic Programme is to create conditions to let photovoltaic solar energy play an important role in the Dutch energy supply of the 21st century. Four of the most important conditions are: to create social support; to achieve progress in solar cell and PV-system R&D; to create a market for stand-alone PV-systems; and to gain experience with grid-connected systems in the built environment. For the grid-connected systems a plan has been adopted to reach 250 MWp of installed solar capacity in 2010. The main purpose of this so-called PV pilot plan is not just a scaling up of the production volume but to reach specific learning goals. In this way the scaling-up is an important and justified by-product.","PeriodicalId":20517,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1994 IEEE 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion - WCPEC (A Joint Conference of PVSC, PVSEC and PSEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80369349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-12-05DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.1994.521681
G.D. Smith, C. Combs, R. Ducey, L. W. Strother, R. Chapman, J. Hoelscher
The United States Department of Defense (DoD) has an aggressive, wide-ranging strategy to broaden photovoltaics (PV) use for military purposes. The DoD potential market is immense. Some estimates have placed this market as high as 3800 megawatts (MW) over the long term. The key organization to develop and implement a PV utilization strategy is the DoD PV Review Committee. Funding for PV in the DoD is through the Energy Conservation Investment Program (ECIP), the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), and through operations and maintenance budgets. Procurement actions are (or about to be) initiated for ten separate projects representing nearly 1.4 MW of PV during 1994 or early 1995. These range in size from 60 to 450 kilowatts (kW) and are primarily intermediate-sized PV-diesel hybrid systems with one large grid interactive project.
{"title":"The United States Department of Defense terrestrial photovoltaic program: a 1994 status report","authors":"G.D. Smith, C. Combs, R. Ducey, L. W. Strother, R. Chapman, J. Hoelscher","doi":"10.1109/WCPEC.1994.521681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WCPEC.1994.521681","url":null,"abstract":"The United States Department of Defense (DoD) has an aggressive, wide-ranging strategy to broaden photovoltaics (PV) use for military purposes. The DoD potential market is immense. Some estimates have placed this market as high as 3800 megawatts (MW) over the long term. The key organization to develop and implement a PV utilization strategy is the DoD PV Review Committee. Funding for PV in the DoD is through the Energy Conservation Investment Program (ECIP), the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), and through operations and maintenance budgets. Procurement actions are (or about to be) initiated for ten separate projects representing nearly 1.4 MW of PV during 1994 or early 1995. These range in size from 60 to 450 kilowatts (kW) and are primarily intermediate-sized PV-diesel hybrid systems with one large grid interactive project.","PeriodicalId":20517,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1994 IEEE 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion - WCPEC (A Joint Conference of PVSC, PVSEC and PSEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81320449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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