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Rotation error separation of a UTF300 high-speed and precision motorized spindle UTF300 高速精密电主轴的旋转误差分离
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241272775
Hui-min Wu, Jian-wei Ma
To improve the measurement accuracy of high-speed and precision motorized spindle rotary error as the research objective, based on the three-point method, an error separation model and an objective optimization function for noise-containing signals are developed. To improve the convergence speed, globally optimize the model objectives, and obtain the best optimization region of the sensor mounting angle, it is proposed that an enhanced adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm be used. With the improved particle swarm algorithm, the convergence speed was greater than that of the primary particle swarm algorithm by more than 50%. The spindle radial rotation error was experimentally measured and separated using a high-speed vertical machining center, and the deviation between the separation result and the experimental rotation error was 4.5%, indicating that the separation result's accuracy was high. It also proved the correctness and feasibility of the optimization algorithm.
以提高高速精密电主轴旋转误差的测量精度为研究目标,以三点法为基础,建立了含噪声信号的误差分离模型和目标优化函数。为了提高收敛速度,全局优化模型目标,并获得传感器安装角的最佳优化区域,建议使用增强型自适应粒子群优化算法。改进后的粒子群算法收敛速度比原始粒子群算法收敛速度快 50%以上。利用高速立式加工中心对主轴径向旋转误差进行了实验测量和分离,分离结果与实验旋转误差的偏差为 4.5%,表明分离结果的精度较高。这也证明了优化算法的正确性和可行性。
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引用次数: 0
Deep learning-based temperature prediction during rotary ultrasonic bone drilling 旋转超声波骨钻孔过程中基于深度学习的温度预测
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241279242
Yash Agarwal, Satvik Gupta, Jaskaran Singh, Vishal Gupta
Bone drilling is a common but critical medical procedure in orthopedic surgeries used to treat fractured bones. During this procedure, the temperature of the bone increases due to generation of frictional energy. Temperature control has been a major challenge in bone drilling since its foundation. If this temperature increases over 47°C for 1 min, then it can result in permanent bone damage. To control the temperature elevation this study proposes a deep learning-based robust predictive model which has been trained and tested on data from pig bones. Excessive in-house testing has been done on pig femur bones to gather data and verify the results. Rotary ultrasonic bone drilling was the machining process used for drilling. Four independent variables which were rotational speed, feed rate, abrasive grit size, and vibrational ultrasonic power were varied and the temperature for each set of values was recorded. Multiple deep learning models were made and were compared on different error metrics. It was found that convolutional neural network 1D gave the least error over other models. The error generated by deep learning models was less than mathematical and experimental models.
骨钻孔是骨科手术中用于治疗骨折的一种常见但关键的医疗程序。在这一过程中,由于摩擦能量的产生,骨头的温度会升高。自骨科钻孔术诞生以来,温度控制一直是一项重大挑战。如果 1 分钟内温度升高超过 47°C,就会对骨骼造成永久性损伤。为了控制温度升高,本研究提出了一种基于深度学习的鲁棒预测模型,该模型已在猪骨数据上进行了训练和测试。为了收集数据和验证结果,对猪股骨进行了大量的内部测试。旋转超声波骨钻孔是用于钻孔的加工工艺。四个自变量分别是转速、进料速度、磨料粒度和超声波振动功率,并记录每组值的温度。制作了多个深度学习模型,并就不同的误差指标进行了比较。结果发现,与其他模型相比,卷积神经网络 1D 的误差最小。深度学习模型产生的误差小于数学模型和实验模型。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating phase and magnetic properties in Co-2 wt.% MWCNT nano-composites prepared by mechanical alloying 研究通过机械合金化制备的 Co-2 wt.% MWCNT 纳米复合材料的相位和磁性能
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241279156
Pinjal Pandit, Swasata Ghosh, Goutam Roy, Arpita Chatterjee, Susmita Singh, Sumit Chabri
MWCNT nano-composites with a cobalt content of 2 weight percent were created by mechanically alloying during different times. Modern techniques, including x-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), were used to examine the effects of CNT addition on the Co morphology and magnetic characteristics of the samples. It was shown that the characteristics of Co in 2 weight percent MWCNT nano-composites were retained in a sample that was milled for 60 min. Agglomerates of nanoparticles were the end result, with CNTs evenly distributed throughout the cobalt matrix 60 min after mechanical alloying. Analysis of magnetic hysteresis loops revealed that the inclusion of CNTs altered the magnetic characteristics of nano-composite samples. Analysis of magnetic hysteresis loops revealed that the inclusion of CNTs altered the magnetic characteristics of nano-composite samples. The well-developed interfacial structure in this work significantly improved the cobalt-MWCNT nano-composites’ magnetic characteristics.
钴含量为 2% 的 MWCNT 纳米复合材料是通过不同时间的机械合金化制造出来的。研究人员利用 X 射线衍射 (XRD)、差热分析 (DTA)、场发射扫描电子显微镜 (FESEM)、高分辨率透射电子显微镜 (HRTEM) 和超导量子干涉装置 (SQUID) 等现代技术,研究了添加 CNT 对样品中 Co 的形态和磁性特征的影响。结果表明,在研磨 60 分钟的样品中,保留了 2 重量百分比的 MWCNT 纳米复合材料中 Co 的特性。在机械合金化 60 分钟后,CNT 在钴基体中均匀分布,最终形成纳米颗粒团块。磁滞回线分析表明,CNT 的加入改变了纳米复合材料样品的磁特性。磁滞回线分析表明,CNT 的加入改变了纳米复合材料样品的磁特性。这项研究中发达的界面结构显著改善了钴-MWCNT 纳米复合材料的磁特性。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the cutting edge: Recent trends in cold metal transfer welding 探索前沿:冷金属转移焊接的最新趋势
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241276708
Vishal Bhardwaj, Indra Jeet Singh, Qasim Murtaza
Cold metal transfer welding is known for its automated welding process, which is equipped with shortcircuit-based deposition of filler wire, which allows it to control its heat input parameter properly along with a wire feed rate. Cold metal transfer’s main characteristic, which greatly affected the manufacturing industries, is joining thin, similar, or dissimilar metal sheets as the processing heat input is minimal. This review paper (covering 104 studies) examines how joining different metals with varying welding parameters affects their weld appearance, microstructure, tensile strength, and the formation of joint failure. The main focus was on what additional methods, like hardfacing or post-heat treatment of material, must be adopted to enhance the joint's weld quality and appearance. The paper starts with the investigation of numerous dissimilar weld joints formed by the cold metal transfer technique, along with the effect of varying welding parameters and ultrasonic-assisted cold metal transfer hybrid welding on the weld quality and post–pre-weld heat treatment of materials. A comparison of different cold metal transfer arc modes employed in wire-arc additive manufacturing has also been discussed briefly. At the end of the analysis, it was noted that some metal joints had a positive impact, and some gained a negative effect while increasing the heat input. The research articles studied in this paper indicate that not every material would exhibit the same welding property when subjected to a specific set of varying welding parameters.
冷金属转移焊接因其自动化焊接工艺而闻名,该工艺配备了基于短路的填充焊丝熔敷技术,可适当控制热输入参数和焊丝进给速度。冷金属转移的主要特点是连接薄、相似或不相似的金属板,因为加工过程中输入的热量极低,这对制造业产生了极大的影响。这篇综述论文(涵盖 104 项研究)探讨了不同金属在不同焊接参数下的连接如何影响其焊缝外观、微观结构、抗拉强度以及连接失效的形成。主要重点是必须采取哪些额外的方法,如硬面堆焊或材料的后热处理,以提高接头的焊接质量和外观。论文首先调查了通过冷金属转移技术形成的大量异种焊接接头,同时还调查了不同焊接参数和超声波辅助冷金属转移混合焊接对焊接质量和材料焊后预热处理的影响。此外,还简要讨论了线弧增材制造中采用的不同冷金属转移电弧模式的比较。分析结果表明,在增加热输入的同时,一些金属接头产生了积极影响,而一些金属接头则产生了消极影响。本文研究的文章表明,并非每种材料在一组特定的不同焊接参数下都会表现出相同的焊接特性。
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引用次数: 0
Impacts of impeller blade number on centrifugal pump performance under critical cavitation conditions 临界气蚀条件下叶轮叶片数对离心泵性能的影响
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241278219
Hayder Kareem Sakran, Mohd Sharizal Abdul Aziz, Mohd Zulkifly Abdullah, Chu Yee Khor, Mohd Remy Rozainy Mohd Arif Zainol
The number of impeller blades is a significant geometric parameter that considerably impacts centrifugal pump performance. A transient numerical analysis of a centrifugal pump is conducted to examine the influence of the variable impeller blade number on pump performance under critical cavitation conditions. Six different impellers with 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 11 blades are examined numerically at a rotational speed of 2900 r/min when other impeller parameters remain unchanged. Fields of interior flow and properties of centrifugal pumps are studied concerning static pressure, velocity magnitude, and vapor volume fraction using ANSYS Fluent to perform the numerical simulation. The results show that numerical analysis can accurately predict centrifugal pump internal flow. The current results match experimental and numerical data for the NPSH, with a 4.65% discrepancy. Blade numbers affect the flow field and pressure amplitude, especially at the outlet region. As blade numbers increase, pressure increases, and the impeller with 11-blade has the maximum pressure amplitude. The impeller with a seven-blade achieved its highest efficiency level, exhibiting a 0.48% improvement under non-cavitation conditions and a 1.4% improvement under critical cavitation conditions compared to the original model. Furthermore, the cavity size on an individual blade of a model with three-blade is more extensive compared to other models. In addition, the impeller with a nine-blade exhibits the lowest value of the vapor volume percentage. This research analyses the influence of different blade numbers on the performance of centrifugal pumps while operating under critical cavitation conditions. It aims to provide novel insights into the flow characteristics associated with such circumstances.
叶轮叶片数是一个重要的几何参数,对离心泵的性能有很大影响。本文对离心泵进行了瞬态数值分析,以研究临界气蚀条件下可变叶轮叶片数对泵性能的影响。在转速为 2900 r/min 时,当叶轮的其他参数保持不变时,对叶片数分别为 3、5、7、8、9 和 11 的六种不同叶轮进行了数值分析。使用 ANSYS Fluent 进行数值模拟,研究了离心泵的内部流场和特性,包括静压、速度大小和蒸汽体积分数。结果表明,数值分析可以准确预测离心泵的内部流动。目前的结果与 NPSH 的实验数据和数值数据相吻合,差异为 4.65%。叶片数会影响流场和压力幅值,尤其是在出口区域。随着叶片数的增加,压力也随之增加,11 片叶片的叶轮压力幅值最大。七叶片叶轮的效率最高,与原始模型相比,在非空化条件下提高了 0.48%,在临界空化条件下提高了 1.4%。此外,与其他模型相比,三叶片模型单个叶片上的空腔尺寸更大。此外,九叶片叶轮的蒸汽体积百分比值最低。本研究分析了不同叶片数对离心泵在临界汽蚀条件下工作性能的影响。其目的是对与这种情况相关的流动特性提供新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Analysing the thermal and electrical properties of Cocos nucifera shell-based nanofluids as coolant feasibility proton exchange membrane fuel cell 分析可可壳基纳米流体作为质子交换膜燃料电池冷却剂的热学和电学特性
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241278205
Abdul Raguman, Praveena Vedagiri
For an enhancement of the thermal and electrical conductivity of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), extensive research is actively conducted on various waste bio sources. PEMFC offers the cleanest form of energy, an electrochemical energy conversion device that possesses zero emissions with by-products such as heat and water. In PEMFC, conventional coolants such as water and water:ethylene glycol mixture does not attain the substantial results in terms of heat dissipation, which impacts performance gradually reduces the operating life of the cell. Usually, bio-sources are environmentally friendly and have merits over chemically prepared methods. Bio-based nanofluids have remarkable performance in terms of heat transfer, lower electrical conductivity, and low corrosiveness in the system compared to other metal-based fluids and base fluids, which have also gained a great deal of scrutiny over the past few decades. In this research, bio-sourced Cocos nucifera shell (CNS) is utilised at various concentrations, such as 0.1 vol.-%, 0.3 vol.-% and 0.5 vol.-%, dispersed with a base fluid such as water (W), and ethylene glycol (EG) (80:20) is analysed prior to actual full stack PEMFC. Consequently, heat transfer has been improved by 13% for CNS in 80:20 (W:EG) at 0.5% volume concentration compared with W:EG (80:20). On the basis of findings on thermal, hydraulic and electrical conductivity, various properties have also been determined. Despite the drawbacks of the experimental design, it was concluded that up to 0.5 vol.-% CNS in an 80:20 (W:EG) nanofluid could be used as a cooling medium for PEMFCs with no adverse effects on the electrical performance. It was also observed that the nanofluid improved the efficiency of the fuel cells by reducing the ohmic losses.
为了提高质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的导热性和导电性,目前正在积极开展有关各种生物废料的广泛研究。质子交换膜燃料电池提供了最清洁的能源形式,是一种零排放的电化学能源转换装置,其副产品包括热和水。在 PEMFC 中,传统的冷却剂(如水和水与乙二醇的混合物)在散热方面达不到实质性效果,从而影响性能并逐渐缩短电池的使用寿命。通常情况下,生物资源对环境友好,比化学制备方法更具优势。与其他金属基流体和基础流体相比,生物基纳米流体在传热、低导电性和系统低腐蚀性方面具有显著的性能,在过去几十年中也得到了广泛的关注。在这项研究中,生物源可可壳(CNS)以不同的浓度(如 0.1vol.-%、0.3vol.-% 和 0.5vol.-%)分散在水(W)和乙二醇(EG)(80:20)等基流体中,并在实际全堆叠 PEMFC 之前进行了分析。结果表明,与 W:EG (80:20) 相比,CNS 在 0.5% 体积浓度的 80:20 (W:EG) 中的传热性能提高了 13%。在热导率、水导率和电导率研究结果的基础上,还确定了各种特性。尽管实验设计存在缺陷,但得出的结论是,80:20(W:EG)纳米流体中高达 0.5 Vol.-% 的 CNS 可用作 PEMFC 的冷却介质,且不会对电气性能产生不利影响。研究还发现,纳米流体通过降低欧姆损耗提高了燃料电池的效率。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical exploration of MHD bioconvective Williamson-Maxwell nanoliquid flow due to an exponentially elongated porous sheet 指数伸长多孔板引起的 MHD 生物对流威廉森-麦克斯韦纳米液流的数值探索
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241279689
Nalini S Patil, Vishwambhar S Patil
This research delves into the intriguing realm of non-Newtonian fluids in conjunction with microorganisms, presenting a mathematical model tailored to analyze heat and mass transfer within Williamson-Maxwell nanofluids hosting gyrotactic microbes. The study investigates how these fluids behave under the influence of multiple factors such as magnetic fields, thermal radiation, chemical reactions, and dissipation effects. Employing a set of similarity invariants, the governing equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations, which are then solved using a fourth-order R-K scheme. The findings, presented graphically, offer insights into various flow parameters and are complemented by pertinent physical explanations. The influence of magnetic flux ([Formula: see text]), Buoyancy ratio ([Formula: see text]), Peclet number ([Formula: see text]), and Schmidt number ([Formula: see text]) on various physical parameters are shown graphically. Notably, the research reveals that while increasing the external magnetic field impedes fluid motion, it enhances thermal and density layers. Additionally, a higher bioconvective Schmidt number is shown to reduce microbial density. These observations hold significant implications for applications involving nanofluids and microorganisms across biomedical, pharmaceutical, biofuels, and other sectors. Overall, this study contributes valuable knowledge to the understanding and potential utilization of complex fluid systems in diverse industrial contexts.
这项研究深入探讨了非牛顿流体与微生物结合的有趣领域,提出了一个数学模型,专门用于分析寄生有回转微生物的威廉森-麦克斯韦纳米流体内部的传热和传质。该研究探讨了这些流体在磁场、热辐射、化学反应和耗散效应等多种因素影响下的行为方式。利用一组相似性不变式,将控制方程转化为常微分方程,然后使用四阶 R-K 方案进行求解。研究结果以图表形式呈现,深入揭示了各种流动参数,并辅以相关的物理解释。图中显示了磁通量([公式:见正文])、浮力比([公式:见正文])、佩克莱特数([公式:见正文])和施密特数([公式:见正文])对各种物理参数的影响。值得注意的是,研究表明,虽然增加外部磁场会阻碍流体运动,但会增强热层和密度层。此外,较高的生物对流施密特数会降低微生物密度。这些观察结果对涉及纳米流体和微生物的生物医学、制药、生物燃料和其他领域的应用具有重要意义。总之,这项研究为了解复杂流体系统在不同工业环境中的潜在应用贡献了宝贵的知识。
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引用次数: 0
Study on finite element simulation and experiment based on the design of zero-point clamping system 基于零点夹紧系统设计的有限元模拟和实验研究
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241275866
Youkang Yin, Zheng Ma, Weiwei Ming, Jinyang Xu, Qinglong An, Ming Chen, Wei Wu, Yuankun Sun
The zero-point positioning system (Z-PCS) is more suitable for the increasingly common production modes of multiple types, small batches, and changing conditions than to conventional fixtures. Currently, the Z-PCS cannot provide sufficient clamping force, and the design of the positioning structure is prone to over-positioning. The working principles of each functional module in the system are unclear, making it difficult to promote product design optimization and troubleshooting. This article aims to design a high-performance Z-PCS, revealing the structural composition and working principle of the system, including the clamping structure, positioning structure, and air circuitry arrangement. During the design process, the finite element numerical calculations were adopted to verify the mechanical properties of each key load-bearing component. Finally, the designed product underwent positioning accuracy and clamping force testing. The results indicate that the Z-PCS designed in this article can provide a clamping force of at least 73.7 kN and control the repetitive positioning error below 0.002 mm. Micro-deformation grooves can be adaptively added to compensate for the over-positioning error. Heat-treated martensitic-type stainless steel is an ideal material for constructing the body of a high-performance Z-PCS.
与传统夹具相比,零点定位系统(Z-PCS)更适合日益普遍的多类型、小批量和条件多变的生产模式。目前,Z-PCS 无法提供足够的夹紧力,而且定位结构的设计容易造成过度定位。系统中各功能模块的工作原理不明确,难以促进产品设计优化和故障排除。本文以设计高性能 Z-PCS 为目标,揭示了系统的结构组成和工作原理,包括夹紧结构、定位结构和气路布置。在设计过程中,采用有限元数值计算验证了各关键承重部件的机械性能。最后,对设计产品进行了定位精度和夹紧力测试。结果表明,本文设计的 Z-PCS 可以提供至少 73.7 kN 的夹紧力,并将重复定位误差控制在 0.002 mm 以下。微变形槽可自适应添加,以补偿过度定位误差。热处理马氏体型不锈钢是制造高性能 Z-PCS 主体的理想材料。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of friction stir welding performances of dissimilar AA3003-H12 and C12200-H01 using machine learning algorithms 使用机器学习算法预测异种 AA3003-H12 和 C12200-H01 的搅拌摩擦焊接性能
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241272824
Gurunath V Shinde, Abhijeet Suryawanshi, Niranjana Behera
Tests specimens were prepared by friction stir welding of two dissimilar metals aluminum and copper. The specimens were subjected to mechanical tests to calculate the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, percentage elongation, and impact energy. Four different machine learning algorithms (AdaBoost, CatBoost, Gradient Boosting, and XGBoost) were applied for developing the ML models in predicting the performance parameters such as ultimate strength, yield strength, percentage elongation, and impact energy. Pin type, weld speed, rotational speed, and shoulder diameter were considered as the input parameters for the model. Training, testing, and validation were carried out by considering 60%, 20%, and 20% of the available data respectively. In terms of accuracy (lower MAE, lower RMSE, greater R2 value, and lower AAD%), CatBoost model, Gradient Boosting model, and XGBoost model performed better than the AdaBoost model in predicting the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, percentage elongation, and impact energy. Compared to other models, AdaBoost model has only few hyperparameters for fine-tuning. During hyperparameters tuning, AdaBoost model showed accuracy only within a narrow range of values of features.
通过对铝和铜这两种异种金属进行搅拌摩擦焊接,制备了试样。对试样进行了机械测试,以计算极限拉伸强度、屈服强度、百分比伸长率和冲击能量。四种不同的机器学习算法(AdaBoost、CatBoost、Gradient Boosting 和 XGBoost)被用于开发 ML 模型,以预测极限强度、屈服强度、伸长百分比和冲击能等性能参数。模型的输入参数包括销钉类型、焊接速度、旋转速度和肩部直径。分别使用 60%、20% 和 20% 的可用数据进行了训练、测试和验证。在预测极限拉伸强度、屈服强度、百分比伸长率和冲击能方面,CatBoost 模型、梯度提升模型和 XGBoost 模型的准确性(更低的 MAE、更低的 RMSE、更大的 R2 值和更低的 AAD%)优于 AdaBoost 模型。与其他模型相比,AdaBoost 模型只有很少的超参数可供微调。在超参数调整过程中,AdaBoost 模型仅在很小的特征值范围内显示出准确性。
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引用次数: 0
Aspects of mass and thermal relaxation time and exothermic chemical processes on the flow of a ternary hybrid Sutterby nanofluid via slant surface with activation energy and linear convection limits 质量和热弛豫时间以及放热化学过程对通过斜面的三元混合萨特比纳米流体流动的影响,以及活化能和线性对流限制
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241274054
TH Alarabi, SS Alzahrani, A Mahdy, Omima A Abo-zaid
This research scrutinizes the radiative convective heat transfer of non-Newtonian ternary hybrid nanofluid across slant surface of equal quantities of nanoparticles dispersed in raw fluid subjected to a constant magnetic field. The contribution assumes the existence of an exothermic reaction a process of diffusion of nanoparticles of copper metal and metal oxides in the raw liquid to enhance combustion and particle concentration of reactants in chemical processes. The model is governed by thermal and mass relaxation times that appear in partial derivative equations and the mathematical analysis is derived using dimensionless quantities and subsequently solved using the RK45 technique. The computations indicate that both the exothermic reaction and the reaction rate factors increase heat distribution, facilitating the complete combustion process. Tri-nanofluid exerts the highest shear stress on the solid boundary while the minimal shear stress on the surface is seen in the case of mono-nanofluid. A 13.3% upgrade in the thermal efficiency is noticed if tri-nanoparticles are dispersed rather than mono-nanoparticles. Therefore, the significant rise in heat transmit is possible due to the dispersion of tri-nanoparticles.
本研究仔细研究了在恒定磁场作用下,非牛顿三元混合纳米流体在原液中分散等量纳米粒子的斜面上的辐射对流传热。该研究假设存在放热反应,即金属铜和金属氧化物纳米粒子在原液中的扩散过程,以提高化学过程中反应物的燃烧和粒子浓度。该模型由偏导数方程中出现的热弛豫时间和质量弛豫时间控制,数学分析使用无量纲量推导,随后使用 RK45 技术求解。计算结果表明,放热反应和反应速率因子都会增加热量分布,从而促进整个燃烧过程。三纳米流体对固体边界产生的剪应力最大,而单纳米流体对表面产生的剪应力最小。如果分散三纳米颗粒而不是单纳米颗粒,热效率会提高 13.3%。因此,由于三纳米粒子的分散,热传导率有可能大幅提高。
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引用次数: 0
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Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering
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