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Electrical discharge shape memory alloying of Ti-6Al-4V: Mechanisms and mechanical properties Ti-6Al-4V 的放电形状记忆合金化:机理和机械性能
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241259665
Ilangovan Arun, Igor Velkavrh, Uma Rani R, Sivakumar Annamalai, Yuvaraj C
Electric discharge alloying presents an alternate coating process for improving mechanical properties through physical and metallurgical modification. Ti-6Al-4 V is a titanium alloy used in aerospace industry and biomechanical applications but has limitations in terms of wear resistance. Alloying with nickel could provide improvements in terms of wear and other tribological properties. Nickel as an alloying element provides pseudo-elastic behaviour (such as two-way shape memory effect) by changing α-Ti to β-Ti. After coating process, surface hardness of the samples increased up to 684 HV0.5 while in the cross-section, it ranged up to 580 HV0.5. Due to porosity, areas with hardness below the base material hardness value of 260 HV0.5 were measured as well. At the lowest load, coefficient of friction had a value of 1.1 while at higher loads it decreased down to 0.8 compared with alloyed layer with average values of 0.3 to 0.7. Wear resistance properties of titanium were improved as well. Specific wear rate under 40 N was 1.0 × 10−5 N/mm2 showing higher wear resistance with minimal ploughing.
放电合金化是通过物理和冶金改性提高机械性能的另一种涂层工艺。Ti-6Al-4 V 是一种用于航空航天工业和生物机械应用的钛合金,但在耐磨性方面存在局限性。与镍进行合金化可以改善磨损和其他摩擦学特性。镍作为一种合金元素,通过将 α-Ti 转变为 β-Ti 提供了假弹性行为(如双向形状记忆效应)。涂层处理后,样品的表面硬度增加到 684 HV0.5,而横截面硬度则达到 580 HV0.5。由于存在气孔,还测量到硬度低于母材硬度值 260 HV0.5 的区域。在最低载荷下,摩擦系数为 1.1,而在较高载荷下,摩擦系数降至 0.8,而合金层的平均值为 0.3 至 0.7。钛的耐磨性能也得到了改善。在 40 N 条件下的特定磨损率为 1.0 × 10-5 N/mm2,这表明钛层具有更高的耐磨性,犁耕现象极少。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of injection pressure on the performance, emissions, and combustion of a common rail direct injection engine fueled with quaternary blends 喷射压力对使用四元混合燃料的共轨直喷发动机的性能、排放和燃烧的影响
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241258376
B. Balaji, V. B. Alur, Ajmeera Suresh, P. S. Ranjit
The scarcity and rising costs of fossil fuels, coupled with increasing pollution levels, have prompted the exploration of innovative biofuel blends. While binary and ternary fuels have been studied extensively in proportions of 5–20%, replacing up to 30–40% of fossil fuel dependency without significant engine modifications remains a challenge. One potential solution is to investigate an optimal quaternary blend (QB) through experimental methods. This study investigates the impact of increased injection pressure (IOP) and quaternary fuel blends on a common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine's performance and emissions. Different blends, including diesel fuel, vegetable oil, mahua methyl ester and normal-butanol, were tested to replace 30–40% of diesel and enhance combustion, reduce exhaust emissions and improve overall performance. Experiments used a 1-cylinder CRDI engine at high IOPs (400, 500, 600 and 700 bar). Results at 600 bar IOP showed that the optimal blend, QB3–QB4, increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 9% and reduced brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by approximately 11% compared to other blends. Emissions at 600 bar included a 16% reduction in hydrocarbons (HC) and a 24% decrease in carbon monoxide (CO) at full load. However, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions slightly increased with higher IOP. Significantly employing the QB3–QB4 blend at 600 bar improved control over HC, CO and smoke emissions. Overall, performance was enhanced and comparable to conventional diesel fuel, with only a minor increase in NOx emissions.
化石燃料稀缺、成本上升,再加上污染水平不断提高,促使人们探索创新的生物燃料混合物。虽然二元和三元燃料的比例为 5-20%,但在不对发动机进行重大改动的情况下取代 30-40% 的化石燃料仍然是一项挑战。一个潜在的解决方案是通过实验方法研究最优的四元混合燃料(QB)。本研究调查了增加喷射压力(IOP)和四元燃料混合对共轨直喷(CRDI)发动机性能和排放的影响。测试了不同的混合燃料,包括柴油、植物油、马华甲酯和正丁醇,以取代 30-40% 的柴油,并增强燃烧、减少废气排放和提高整体性能。实验使用了一台单缸 CRDI 发动机,在高 IOP(400、500、600 和 700 巴)条件下进行。600 巴 IOP 时的实验结果表明,与其他混合燃料相比,最佳混合燃料 QB3-QB4 的制动热效率 (BTE) 提高了 9%,制动油耗 (BSFC) 降低了约 11%。在 600 巴的压力下,满负荷时的排放包括碳氢化合物(HC)减少 16%,一氧化碳(CO)减少 24%。不过,氮氧化物(NOx)排放量随着 IOP 的升高而略有增加。在 600 巴压力下使用 QB3-QB4 混合气显著改善了对碳氢化合物、一氧化碳和烟雾排放的控制。总体而言,性能得到提高,可与传统柴油燃料媲美,只是氮氧化物排放量略有增加。
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引用次数: 0
An investigation on bending fatigue in a corrosive environment of dual-phase 1000 sheet steel RSW joints and damage model via experiment and numeric analysis 通过实验和数值分析研究双相 1000 钢板 RSW 接头在腐蚀环境中的弯曲疲劳和损伤模型
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241257899
Mustafa Göktaş, B. Demir, M. Elitas
Fatigue, corrosion, and fatigue damage models are best addressed to improve and understand the service performance of materials, particularly automotive steel. This study is an attempt to experimentally and finite element investigates plain bending fatigue performance and damage model of DP 1000 sheet steel resistance spot welding (RSW) joints in 3% NaCl aqueous corrosive treatment. RSW applications were carried out using different weld currents. The joint samples were then subjected to optical image analysis, tensile shear, and fatigue tests (3% NaCl-aqueous and normal atmosphere). A proper damage model of RSW junctions was developed and corrected by numeric analysis. Besides, RSW nugget formation, tensile shear, and plain bending fatigue tests were also applied. Consequence, fatigue behavior, tensile load carrying capacity, and effective fracture behavior of resistance spot welded joint specimens were evaluated. Results showed that a corrosive environment negatively affected fatigue performance. With the developed model, it was observed that the fatigue life of the samples decreased by 30–35% in the fatigue tests performed in the corrosive environment. Experimental and numerical analysis results of plain bending were compatible.
疲劳、腐蚀和疲劳损伤模型是改善和了解材料(尤其是汽车钢材)服役性能的最佳方法。本研究试图通过实验和有限元研究 DP 1000 钢板电阻点焊 (RSW) 接头在 3%NaCl 水腐蚀处理下的平弯疲劳性能和损伤模型。RSW 应用采用了不同的焊接电流。然后对接头样品进行了光学图像分析、拉伸剪切和疲劳试验(3% 氯化钠水溶液和正常气氛)。通过数值分析,建立并修正了 RSW 接头的适当损伤模型。此外,还应用了 RSW 金块形成、拉伸剪切和平弯疲劳试验。结果评估了电阻点焊接头试样的疲劳行为、拉伸承载能力和有效断裂行为。结果表明,腐蚀环境对疲劳性能有负面影响。根据所开发的模型,在腐蚀环境下进行的疲劳试验中,试样的疲劳寿命缩短了 30-35%。平弯的实验结果和数值分析结果是一致的。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of graphene–TiO2-deposited semi-organic solar cell 石墨烯-二氧化钛沉积半有机太阳能电池的特性分析
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241258839
S. Davu, Ramesh Tejavathu, Suresh Kumar Tummala
High energy supply is critical, particularly in developing countries, to maintain lifestyles as the world's population and technological-economic metropolis grow. Solar photovoltaic cells have been used as an alternative to generate renewable, sustainable, and green energy for the past two decades. In general, the materials employed in the photoanode part are critical to manufacturing high-efficiency solar cells with 14–18% efficiency. A simple and successful method has been discovered for creating a film composed of graphene sheets and 99.8% pure anatase titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. After sensitization, the films were tested as photoelectrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. The experimental results show that using an optimized graphene material considerably improves the power conversion efficiency of the cells, resulting in a 45% increase in short-circuit current density ( JSC). This study uses capsician as a bonding agent to enhance the current density of a graphene–TiO2 based semi-organic solar cell. The mechanical and electrical properties of the cell are investigated using a scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray, and Corescan.
随着世界人口和技术经济大都市的增长,能源供应对维持生活方式至关重要,尤其是在发展中国家。在过去二十年里,太阳能光伏电池一直被用作生产可再生、可持续和绿色能源的替代品。一般来说,光阳极部分所使用的材料对于制造效率为 14-18% 的高效太阳能电池至关重要。目前已经发现了一种简单而成功的方法,用于制造由石墨烯片和纯度为 99.8% 的锐钛型氧化钛(TiO2)纳米颗粒组成的薄膜。经过敏化处理后,这些薄膜被测试用作染料敏化太阳能电池的光电极。实验结果表明,使用优化的石墨烯材料可大大提高电池的功率转换效率,使短路电流密度(JSC)提高 45%。本研究使用胶囊剂作为结合剂,以提高基于石墨烯-二氧化钛的半有机太阳能电池的电流密度。使用扫描电子显微镜、能量色散 X 射线和 Corescan 对电池的机械和电气性能进行了研究。
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引用次数: 0
Unsupervised anomalous sound detection method based on Gammatone spectrogram and adversarial autoencoder with attention mechanism 基于 Gammatone 频谱和带有注意力机制的对抗性自动编码器的无监督异常声音检测方法
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-02 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241258027
Hao Yan, Xianbiao Zhan, Zhenghao Wu, Junkai Cheng, Liang Wen, Xisheng Jia
Anomalous sound detection (ASD) is an important technology in the fourth industrial revolution, which can monitor the abnormal state of machine by identifying whether the sound of the machine is normal or not. However, in practical applications where there are few anomalous sound samples from machines, achieving effective ASD is still a challenge. In this paper, an unsupervised ASD algorithm based on adversarial autoencoder with attention mechanism is proposed. Different from the traditional reconstruction-based ASD model, in order to make the features learned by the model more representative, complex sound timing signals are converted into Gammatone spectrogram with richer features through filtering. Then the spectrogram is used as the input of the convolutional autoencoder. At the same time, the attention mechanism is introduced in the encoder to enhance adaptive learning of the normal patterns. Then the discriminator is used in the generative adversarial network to perform adversarial learning with the improved convolutional autoencoder to improve the reconstruction ability of the model for normal samples. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms commonly used industry methods for anomaly detection and exhibits advantages over other deep learning approaches in terms of system complexity.
异常声音检测(ASD)是第四次工业革命中的一项重要技术,它可以通过识别机器声音是否正常来监控机器的异常状态。然而,在实际应用中,机器的异常声音样本很少,要实现有效的异常声音检测仍是一项挑战。本文提出了一种基于带有注意力机制的对抗式自动编码器的无监督自动识别算法。与传统的基于重构的 ASD 模型不同,为了使模型学习到的特征更具代表性,本文将复杂的声音时序信号通过滤波转换成具有更丰富特征的 Gammatone 频谱图。然后将频谱图作为卷积自动编码器的输入。同时,在编码器中引入注意力机制,以加强对正常模式的自适应学习。然后,在生成式对抗网络中使用判别器,与改进的卷积自动编码器一起进行对抗学习,以提高模型对正常样本的重构能力。实验结果表明,所提出的算法明显优于业界常用的异常检测方法,并且在系统复杂度方面比其他深度学习方法更具优势。
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引用次数: 0
A comprehensive approach to enhance wood cutting productivity: Integration of spherical fuzzy DEMATEL and artificial neural networks 提高木材切割生产率的综合方法:球形模糊 DEMATEL 与人工神经网络的整合
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241253083
Himanshu Mahesh Shukla, Mahendra M. Gupta
Productivity plays a pivotal role in profitability and success of business. In this study, the wood cutting activity in Indian sawmills is selected. This study replicates the novel approach by integrating spherical fuzzy DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) and artificial neural networks (ANN) to improve the wood cutting productivity in Indian sawmills. The measure of betterness is selected as net productivity rate (NPR), a time-based labor productivity measure. The methodology unfolds in two crucial steps. First, SF-DEMATEL is employed to unearth influential factors affecting wood cutting, delving into their interrelationships through fuzzy logic. This process provides relationships between key determinants and their interconnected dynamics. Secondly, an ANN, a machine learning algorithm, is harnessed to predict wood cutting performance based on these identified factors. The ANN is trained using historical or simulation data, paving the way for predictions under diverse scenarios. The novelty of this approach lies in its holistic precision. The results showcase that lifting index and log weight emerge as primary influencers on productivity, with NPR, occupational risk index, and perceived exertion ranking lower. In the grand tapestry of factors, the study unveils universal driving forces, such as the weight of the log and lifting index. The ANN model, attaining a remarkable RMSE = 0.0478 and R2 = 0.9783 for training set and for training data and RMSE = 0.0487 and R2 = 0.9727 for testing data. This contributes to the comprehensive ranking comparison of factors derived from both Fuzzy DEMATEL and ANN. In summation, the fusion of Fuzzy DEMATEL and ANN unravels the intricacies of wood cutting dynamics. By identifying key factors and predicting performance, this approach provides a transformative gateway to enhance wood cutting quality and efficiency, thereby elevating the overall productivity of the woodworking industry.
生产率对企业的盈利和成功起着举足轻重的作用。本研究选择了印度锯木厂的木材切割活动。本研究通过整合球形模糊 DEMATEL(决策试验和评估实验室)和人工神经网络(ANN),复制了一种新方法,以提高印度锯木厂的木材切割生产率。更好的衡量标准是净生产率(NPR),这是一种基于时间的劳动生产率衡量标准。该方法分为两个关键步骤。首先,采用 SF-DEMATEL 来发掘影响木材切割的因素,通过模糊逻辑深入研究这些因素之间的相互关系。这一过程提供了关键决定因素之间的关系及其相互关联的动态。其次,利用机器学习算法 ANN,根据这些确定的因素预测木材切割性能。使用历史数据或模拟数据对 ANN 进行训练,为在不同情况下进行预测铺平道路。这种方法的新颖之处在于其整体精确性。研究结果表明,提升指数和原木重量是影响生产率的主要因素,而全国人口普查指数、职业风险指数和体力消耗指数则排名靠后。在众多因素中,研究揭示了普遍的驱动力,如原木重量和提升指数。ANN 模型在训练集和训练数据中的 RMSE = 0.0478 和 R2 = 0.9783,以及在测试数据中的 RMSE = 0.0487 和 R2 = 0.9727,均达到了很高的水平。这有助于对模糊 DEMATEL 和 ANN 得出的因子进行综合排名比较。总之,模糊 DEMATEL 和 ANN 的融合揭示了木材切割动态的复杂性。通过识别关键因素和预测性能,该方法为提高木材切割质量和效率提供了一个变革性途径,从而提升了木材加工行业的整体生产力。
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引用次数: 0
Erosion model of silicon carbide ceramics and YW3 碳化硅陶瓷和 YW3 的侵蚀模型
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241255926
Chunyu Feng, Zhen Wang, Yuelong Liu, Xuefeng Deng, Pei Xiong
In this study, an erosion model of silicon carbide ceramics and YW3 was established by combining experimental and numerical simulation data. This model can be applied for the prediction of erosion in natural gas equipment and transportation systems and also provides ideas for the establishment of erosion models. The erosion model was established by using quartz sand, brown corundum, and glass beads as abrasive materials, and then the accuracy of the erosion model was confirmed by numerical simulations. The results showed that when the abrasive was quartz sand, brown corundum, or glass beads, the erosion angle at which the maximum erosion of silicon carbide and YW3 occurred was related to the type of abrasive. When the abrasive was quartz sand, brown corundum, and glass beads, the velocity index n of silicon carbide was 3.24, 3.66, and 3.32, respectively, and the model constant k was 4.1959 × 10−11, 3.6436 × 10−11, and 4.1838 × 10−11, respectively. The velocity index n of YW3 was 2.29, 2.41, and 1.87, respectively, and the model constant k was 2.6176 × 10−7, 3.0017 × 10−7, and 3.1040 × 10−7, respectively. When the test results were compared with the numerical simulation results, the maximum error for silicon carbide was 6.59%, 7.71%, and 9.25%, respectively, and the maximum error for YW3 was 8.78%, 9.51%, and 5.97%, respectively. Finally, the erosion model of silicon carbide ceramics and YW3 was established via a large number of experiments and numerical simulations. When the target material and abrasive material are the same, it can be directly used for erosion prediction and structure optimization of natural gas equipment. Meanwhile, this paper provides a new idea for the establishment of gas–solid two-phase erosion model, and when the abrasive material and target material change, a new erosion model can be established according to the idea of this paper.
本研究结合实验和数值模拟数据,建立了碳化硅陶瓷和 YW3 的侵蚀模型。该模型可用于天然气设备和运输系统的侵蚀预测,同时也为侵蚀模型的建立提供了思路。以石英砂、棕刚玉和玻璃珠为磨料建立了侵蚀模型,然后通过数值模拟证实了侵蚀模型的准确性。结果表明,当磨料为石英砂、棕刚玉或玻璃珠时,碳化硅和 YW3 发生最大侵蚀的侵蚀角度与磨料类型有关。当磨料为石英砂、棕刚玉和玻璃珠时,碳化硅的速度指数 n 分别为 3.24、3.66 和 3.32,模型常数 k 分别为 4.1959 × 10-11、3.6436 × 10-11 和 4.1838 × 10-11。YW3 的速度指数 n 分别为 2.29、2.41 和 1.87,模型常数 k 分别为 2.6176 × 10-7、3.0017 × 10-7 和 3.1040 × 10-7。将试验结果与数值模拟结果进行比较,碳化硅的最大误差分别为 6.59%、7.71% 和 9.25%,YW3 的最大误差分别为 8.78%、9.51% 和 5.97%。最后,通过大量实验和数值模拟,建立了碳化硅陶瓷和 YW3 的侵蚀模型。当目标材料和磨料材料相同时,可直接用于天然气设备的侵蚀预测和结构优化。同时,本文为气固两相侵蚀模型的建立提供了一种新的思路,当磨料和靶材发生变化时,可根据本文的思路建立新的侵蚀模型。
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引用次数: 0
Analyses of gas pulsation characteristics in the discharge pipeline of a hyper compressor 超压缩机排气管道中的气体脉动特性分析
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241258065
Jun Xiao, Maofei Geng
For the analysis of gas pulsation characteristics in the pipeline systems of low density polyethylene (LDPE) hyper compressors, a time-domain calculation method for compressor pipeline gas pulsation based on real gas properties is proposed. First the thermophysical property tables are prepared with gas state parameters as independent and dependent variables. Then one-dimensional unsteady flow equations and characteristic equations for pipeline flow are established based on real gas properties. After setting pipeline parameters and boundary conditions, the flow equations are discretized using a two-step method at the inner points of the pipeline. The characteristic equations are discretized using the trapezoidal integration method at the boundary points. Thus, the time-domain solving of pulsating flow field in the pipeline is realized. A self-developed numerical code was used to conduct the time-domain calculation and analysis of gas pulsation in the discharge pipeline of a two-stage hyper compressor. The calculated pressure pulsation curves based on real gas properties are in good agreement with experimental data, with a maximum difference lower than 4% of the local average pressure, which is smaller than the difference between the results calculated based on the plane wave theory and the measured data. The analysis of gas pulsation characteristics shows that the pressure pulsation in the main pipeline is mainly contributed by the fundamental and second harmonics. The pressure pulsation in the safety valve branch is higher than that in the main pipeline, and the harmonic components falling into the acoustic resonance frequency range of this branch have significant amplitudes. The acoustic resonance frequency of the branch pipeline is not affected by the main pipeline. Pressure pulsation varies with changes in rotational speed and back pressure, and the pulsation level is more significantly affected by rotational speed compared to back pressure. The renovation scheme of connecting the safety valve branch and expansion tube in series can effectively reduce the pressure pulsation levels of the main pipeline and branch pipeline.
为分析低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)压缩机管道系统中的气体脉动特性,提出了一种基于实际气体特性的压缩机管道气体脉动时域计算方法。首先,以气体状态参数为自变量和因变量,编制热物理性质表。然后根据实际气体特性建立一维非稳态流动方程和管道流动特性方程。在设定管道参数和边界条件后,采用两步法对管道内点的流动方程进行离散化。在边界点采用梯形积分法对特征方程进行离散化。这样,就实现了管道中脉动流场的时域求解。利用自主开发的数值代码对双级超压缩机排气管道中的气体脉动进行了时域计算和分析。根据实际气体性质计算出的压力脉动曲线与实验数据吻合良好,最大差值低于局部平均压力的 4%,小于根据平面波理论计算出的结果与实测数据的差值。气体脉动特性分析表明,主管道内的压力脉动主要由基波和二次谐波引起。安全阀支管中的压力脉动高于主管道中的压力脉动,且属于该支管声共振频率范围内的谐波成分具有明显的振幅。支管的声共振频率不受主管道的影响。压力脉动随转速和背压的变化而变化,与背压相比,转速对脉动水平的影响更为明显。将安全阀支管和膨胀管串联的改造方案可有效降低主管道和支管道的压力脉动水平。
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引用次数: 0
Synergistic approach to tribological characterization of hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites with ZrB2 and fly ash: Experimental and predictive insights 采用协同方法表征含 ZrB2 和粉煤灰的混合铝金属基复合材料的摩擦学特性:实验和预测见解
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241255931
Prakash Kumar, Binay Kumar
This research delves into the tribological performance of hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites (HAMMCs) incorporating zirconium diboride (ZrB2) particles and fly ash as reinforcing agents. The study employs a linear reciprocating wear test to investigate the impact of dry sliding wear on these HAMMCs under ambient and elevated temperatures. Wear mechanisms are discerned through field emission scanning electron microscopy. Optimization of wear test parameters, coefficient of friction (COF), and wear rate is achieved using the genetic algorithm. Additionally, artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression analysis are employed to formulate a predictive model for wear, estimating specific wear rate and COF under various testing conditions. The ANN predictions exhibit a deviation ranging from 0% to 1.39% from the experimental values, indicating the model's effectiveness in understanding and predicting wear behavior in the study of HAMMC.
本研究探讨了加入二硼化锆(ZrB2)颗粒和粉煤灰作为增强剂的混合铝金属基复合材料(HAMMC)的摩擦学性能。该研究采用线性往复磨损试验来研究在环境温度和高温条件下干式滑动磨损对这些 HAMMC 的影响。磨损机理通过场发射扫描电子显微镜进行分析。采用遗传算法对磨损试验参数、摩擦系数(COF)和磨损率进行了优化。此外,还采用了人工神经网络(ANN)和多元线性回归分析来制定磨损预测模型,估算各种测试条件下的具体磨损率和 COF。人工神经网络预测值与实验值的偏差在 0% 至 1.39% 之间,表明该模型在了解和预测 HAMMC 研究中的磨损行为方面非常有效。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of solution temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg aluminum alloy fabricated by wire-arc additive manufacturing 溶液温度对线弧快速成型技术制造的铝硅镁合金微观结构和机械性能的影响
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241257792
Guoqing Chen, Zhanwei Zhang, Yuanzheng Zhao, Xuming Guo
Al-Si-Mg aluminum alloys exhibit excellent machinability as heat-treatable strengthened aluminum alloys. Heat treatment has a great influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg aluminum alloys. In this study, the ZL114A aluminum alloy wire was used to fabricate the Al-Si-Mg thin-walled component based on the wire-arc additive manufacturing process of metal inert-gas welding. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the ZL114A aluminum alloy components were investigated in both the as-deposited and heat treated at different solution temperatures. The results indicated that the microstructure of as-deposited ZL114A aluminum alloys consisted mainly of dendrites. The dendritic morphology disappeared after solid solution treatment (ST) at different temperatures, and the eutectic Si phase appeared coarsened and spheroidized. Numerous β″ phases were observed to have precipitated within the grains by transmission electron microscopy. The tensile properties of the alloy were improved due to precipitation strengthening of the β″ phase and spheroidization of the eutectic silicon phase. After the solid ST at 540 °C for 9 h and artificial aging treatment at 170 °C for 8 h, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the alloy reached the maximum values of 344 and 377 MPa, respectively.
铝硅镁铝合金作为一种可热处理的强化铝合金,具有出色的机械加工性能。热处理对 Al-Si-Mg 铝合金的微观结构和机械性能有很大影响。本研究使用 ZL114A 铝合金线材,基于金属惰性气体焊接的线弧快速成型制造工艺,制造了铝-硅-镁薄壁部件。研究了 ZL114A 铝合金部件在敷镀和不同固溶温度下热处理时的微观结构和机械性能。结果表明,未轧制的 ZL114A 铝合金的微观结构主要由树枝状晶组成。在不同温度下进行固溶处理(ST)后,树枝状形态消失,共晶硅相出现粗化和球化。透射电子显微镜观察到晶粒内析出了大量的 β″ 相。由于β″相的沉淀强化和共晶硅相的球化,合金的拉伸性能得到了改善。在 540 °C 下固态 ST 9 小时和 170 °C 下人工时效处理 8 小时后,合金的屈服强度和极限抗拉强度分别达到了 344 和 377 兆帕的最大值。
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Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering
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