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Analyses of gas pulsation characteristics in the discharge pipeline of a hyper compressor 超压缩机排气管道中的气体脉动特性分析
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241258065
Jun Xiao, Maofei Geng
For the analysis of gas pulsation characteristics in the pipeline systems of low density polyethylene (LDPE) hyper compressors, a time-domain calculation method for compressor pipeline gas pulsation based on real gas properties is proposed. First the thermophysical property tables are prepared with gas state parameters as independent and dependent variables. Then one-dimensional unsteady flow equations and characteristic equations for pipeline flow are established based on real gas properties. After setting pipeline parameters and boundary conditions, the flow equations are discretized using a two-step method at the inner points of the pipeline. The characteristic equations are discretized using the trapezoidal integration method at the boundary points. Thus, the time-domain solving of pulsating flow field in the pipeline is realized. A self-developed numerical code was used to conduct the time-domain calculation and analysis of gas pulsation in the discharge pipeline of a two-stage hyper compressor. The calculated pressure pulsation curves based on real gas properties are in good agreement with experimental data, with a maximum difference lower than 4% of the local average pressure, which is smaller than the difference between the results calculated based on the plane wave theory and the measured data. The analysis of gas pulsation characteristics shows that the pressure pulsation in the main pipeline is mainly contributed by the fundamental and second harmonics. The pressure pulsation in the safety valve branch is higher than that in the main pipeline, and the harmonic components falling into the acoustic resonance frequency range of this branch have significant amplitudes. The acoustic resonance frequency of the branch pipeline is not affected by the main pipeline. Pressure pulsation varies with changes in rotational speed and back pressure, and the pulsation level is more significantly affected by rotational speed compared to back pressure. The renovation scheme of connecting the safety valve branch and expansion tube in series can effectively reduce the pressure pulsation levels of the main pipeline and branch pipeline.
为分析低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)压缩机管道系统中的气体脉动特性,提出了一种基于实际气体特性的压缩机管道气体脉动时域计算方法。首先,以气体状态参数为自变量和因变量,编制热物理性质表。然后根据实际气体特性建立一维非稳态流动方程和管道流动特性方程。在设定管道参数和边界条件后,采用两步法对管道内点的流动方程进行离散化。在边界点采用梯形积分法对特征方程进行离散化。这样,就实现了管道中脉动流场的时域求解。利用自主开发的数值代码对双级超压缩机排气管道中的气体脉动进行了时域计算和分析。根据实际气体性质计算出的压力脉动曲线与实验数据吻合良好,最大差值低于局部平均压力的 4%,小于根据平面波理论计算出的结果与实测数据的差值。气体脉动特性分析表明,主管道内的压力脉动主要由基波和二次谐波引起。安全阀支管中的压力脉动高于主管道中的压力脉动,且属于该支管声共振频率范围内的谐波成分具有明显的振幅。支管的声共振频率不受主管道的影响。压力脉动随转速和背压的变化而变化,与背压相比,转速对脉动水平的影响更为明显。将安全阀支管和膨胀管串联的改造方案可有效降低主管道和支管道的压力脉动水平。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of solution temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg aluminum alloy fabricated by wire-arc additive manufacturing 溶液温度对线弧快速成型技术制造的铝硅镁合金微观结构和机械性能的影响
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241257792
Guoqing Chen, Zhanwei Zhang, Yuanzheng Zhao, Xuming Guo
Al-Si-Mg aluminum alloys exhibit excellent machinability as heat-treatable strengthened aluminum alloys. Heat treatment has a great influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg aluminum alloys. In this study, the ZL114A aluminum alloy wire was used to fabricate the Al-Si-Mg thin-walled component based on the wire-arc additive manufacturing process of metal inert-gas welding. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the ZL114A aluminum alloy components were investigated in both the as-deposited and heat treated at different solution temperatures. The results indicated that the microstructure of as-deposited ZL114A aluminum alloys consisted mainly of dendrites. The dendritic morphology disappeared after solid solution treatment (ST) at different temperatures, and the eutectic Si phase appeared coarsened and spheroidized. Numerous β″ phases were observed to have precipitated within the grains by transmission electron microscopy. The tensile properties of the alloy were improved due to precipitation strengthening of the β″ phase and spheroidization of the eutectic silicon phase. After the solid ST at 540 °C for 9 h and artificial aging treatment at 170 °C for 8 h, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the alloy reached the maximum values of 344 and 377 MPa, respectively.
铝硅镁铝合金作为一种可热处理的强化铝合金,具有出色的机械加工性能。热处理对 Al-Si-Mg 铝合金的微观结构和机械性能有很大影响。本研究使用 ZL114A 铝合金线材,基于金属惰性气体焊接的线弧快速成型制造工艺,制造了铝-硅-镁薄壁部件。研究了 ZL114A 铝合金部件在敷镀和不同固溶温度下热处理时的微观结构和机械性能。结果表明,未轧制的 ZL114A 铝合金的微观结构主要由树枝状晶组成。在不同温度下进行固溶处理(ST)后,树枝状形态消失,共晶硅相出现粗化和球化。透射电子显微镜观察到晶粒内析出了大量的 β″ 相。由于β″相的沉淀强化和共晶硅相的球化,合金的拉伸性能得到了改善。在 540 °C 下固态 ST 9 小时和 170 °C 下人工时效处理 8 小时后,合金的屈服强度和极限抗拉强度分别达到了 344 和 377 兆帕的最大值。
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引用次数: 0
Synergistic approach to tribological characterization of hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites with ZrB2 and fly ash: Experimental and predictive insights 采用协同方法表征含 ZrB2 和粉煤灰的混合铝金属基复合材料的摩擦学特性:实验和预测见解
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241255931
Prakash Kumar, Binay Kumar
This research delves into the tribological performance of hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites (HAMMCs) incorporating zirconium diboride (ZrB2) particles and fly ash as reinforcing agents. The study employs a linear reciprocating wear test to investigate the impact of dry sliding wear on these HAMMCs under ambient and elevated temperatures. Wear mechanisms are discerned through field emission scanning electron microscopy. Optimization of wear test parameters, coefficient of friction (COF), and wear rate is achieved using the genetic algorithm. Additionally, artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression analysis are employed to formulate a predictive model for wear, estimating specific wear rate and COF under various testing conditions. The ANN predictions exhibit a deviation ranging from 0% to 1.39% from the experimental values, indicating the model's effectiveness in understanding and predicting wear behavior in the study of HAMMC.
本研究探讨了加入二硼化锆(ZrB2)颗粒和粉煤灰作为增强剂的混合铝金属基复合材料(HAMMC)的摩擦学性能。该研究采用线性往复磨损试验来研究在环境温度和高温条件下干式滑动磨损对这些 HAMMC 的影响。磨损机理通过场发射扫描电子显微镜进行分析。采用遗传算法对磨损试验参数、摩擦系数(COF)和磨损率进行了优化。此外,还采用了人工神经网络(ANN)和多元线性回归分析来制定磨损预测模型,估算各种测试条件下的具体磨损率和 COF。人工神经网络预测值与实验值的偏差在 0% 至 1.39% 之间,表明该模型在了解和预测 HAMMC 研究中的磨损行为方面非常有效。
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引用次数: 0
Kinematics analysis of planetary roller screw mechanism with misalignment 带有偏差的行星滚子螺杆机构的运动学分析
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241257224
Wei Cai, Xiaojun Fu, Shangjun Ma, Xin Li, Geng Liu
The misalignment is unavoidable for planetary roller screw mechanism (PRSM) in practical application due to many uncertainties. The misalignment has a strong effect on the kinematic characteristics of PRSM. However, the relevant research has been rarely reported in the past. In order to clearly present the motion characteristics, a novel kinematics model of PRSM with misalignment is established in this article. The rotational tensor theory is introduced to obtain the coordinate transformation equations. The position vectors of PRSM with misalignment are acquired to calculate the position of the contact point. The motion model of PRSM with misalignment is derived by analyzing the velocity of the contact point. Compared with some published literature, the kinematic model of PRSM is verified. Moreover, a relationship between the misalignment variates, which are the misalignment angle, the misalignment azimuth angle, and the offset distance of the nut's ending point, respectively, and the kinematic characteristics of PRSM are investigated. The results indicate that those misalignment variates have a great influence on the kinematics of PRSM and lead to fluctuations in the PRSM's transmission velocity and angular velocity ratio. The fluctuation amplitude of transmission velocity is positively correlated with misalignment angle.
在实际应用中,由于许多不确定因素,行星滚柱丝杠机构(PRSM)不可避免地会出现偏差。偏心对行星滚柱丝杠机构的运动特性有很大影响。然而,相关研究在过去却鲜有报道。为了清晰地展示其运动特性,本文建立了一种新型的带错位的 PRSM 运动学模型。通过引入旋转张量理论,得到坐标变换方程。通过获取带错位的 PRSM 的位置矢量来计算接触点的位置。通过分析接触点的速度,得出了有错位的 PRSM 的运动模型。与一些已发表的文献相比,PRSM 的运动模型得到了验证。此外,研究了不对中变量(分别为不对中角度、不对中方位角和螺母端点偏移距离)与 PRSM 运动学特性之间的关系。结果表明,这些不对中变量对 PRSM 的运动特性有很大影响,并导致 PRSM 的传动速度和角速度比的波动。传输速度的波动幅度与不对中角度呈正相关。
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引用次数: 0
Implementation of inverse method for identification of process parameters in a laser heating process 在激光加热过程中采用逆方法识别工艺参数
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241256515
Utpal Nath, Vinod Yadav
Changes in process parameters can alter the temperature data of a solid body during the laser heating process. This paper proposes an inverse method to determine the laser heating parameters, namely, sheet width, sheet thickness, laser power, and scan speed of the work specimen for the given temperature response which is assigned by the user. The method uses an analytical tool on moving heat source as a forward model capable of real-time temperature prediction of the sheet under the laser heating process. The effectiveness of the present forward model that incorporated the temperature-dependent material properties is tested by experimental findings performed on Al 6061-T6 sheets. Next, an iterative search process based on heuristic method is carried out for satisfying a prescribed temperature response by the optimization of unknown parameters. To illustrate the implementation and assess the practicality of the inverse method, two examples based on laser heating applications are used. The method proposed herein recover the unknowns for the prescribed temperature response after a few iterations, provides an efficient way to optimize the laser heating process. Additionally, the effect of measurement error on the findings of the inverse problem is addressed.
在激光加热过程中,工艺参数的变化会改变固体的温度数据。本文提出了一种逆向方法来确定激光加热参数,即用户指定的给定温度响应下的板材宽度、板材厚度、激光功率和工件试样的扫描速度。该方法使用移动热源的分析工具作为前向模型,能够实时预测激光加热过程中板材的温度。在铝 6061-T6 板材上进行的实验结果检验了本前导模型的有效性,该模型包含了与温度相关的材料特性。接下来,基于启发式方法的迭代搜索过程通过优化未知参数来满足规定的温度响应。为了说明反演方法的实施并评估其实用性,我们使用了两个基于激光加热应用的实例。本文提出的方法经过几次迭代就能恢复规定温度响应的未知参数,为优化激光加热过程提供了一种有效的方法。此外,还讨论了测量误差对逆问题结论的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical investigation on dynamic characteristics of oil-water annular flow-induced vibration in curved pipes 弯曲管道中油水环流诱导振动动态特性的数值研究
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241253782
Yuhan Wang, Xiaochuan Wang, Yuxuan Huang, Chaoyu Xu, Jincheng Hu
To improve the stability of water-lubricated transportation and reliability of pipes in service, the fluid–structure interaction numerical model has been established to investigate the dynamic characteristics of oil-water annular flow-induced vibration in curved pipes and the effect of main parameters in this study. The results illustrate that a single vibration mode of curved pipes is excited by oil-water annular flow, and there exists no multi-modality due to the limited pulsation of pressure and interface of two-phase flow. The change of velocities and oil-water ratios leads to change of flow pattern, making the dynamic response severer. When the oil-water ratio is larger than 2.035, its effect is greater than velocity. The physical properties of oil have a significant effect on the dynamic response. The root-mean-square dimensionless displacement AY,RMS/D and maximum dimensionless displacement AY,MAX/D of fuel oil-water annular flow-induced vibration decrease to 75.6% and 76.5% respectively, which means that the increase of dynamic viscosity reduces the fluid force and suppresses the vibration. AY,RMS/D and AY,MAX/D increases by 1.62 times when the bending angle θ increases from 30° to 90°, indicating that the increase of bending angles also leads to the severer dynamic response.
为提高水润滑运输的稳定性和管道服役的可靠性,本研究建立了流固耦合数值模型,研究了油水环流诱发曲线管道振动的动力特性及主要参数的影响。结果表明,油水环形流对弯曲管道的激励为单一振型,由于两相流的压力脉动和界面脉动有限,不存在多振型。速度和油水比的变化会导致流动模式的改变,从而使动态响应更加剧烈。当油水比大于 2.035 时,其影响大于速度。油的物理性质对动态响应有显著影响。燃油-水环流诱导振动的均方根无量纲位移 AY,RMS/D 和最大无量纲位移 AY,MAX/D 分别减小到 75.6% 和 76.5%,这说明动态粘度的增加降低了流体力,抑制了振动。当弯曲角 θ 从 30°增加到 90°时,AY,RMS/D 和 AY,MAX/D 增加了 1.62 倍,表明弯曲角的增加也会导致更严重的动态响应。
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引用次数: 0
Digital twin-based tig welding quality prediction using electrode tip angle degradation influencing Industry 5.0 in manufacturing sector 基于数字孪生的氩弧焊质量预测--利用电极尖端角度退化影响制造业的工业 5.0
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241253939
Subramaniam Thangavel, Chennippan Maheswari, E Bhaskaran Priyanka
Automation in tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is important to achieve high production rates and quality in manufacturing industries. To improve the welding process and quality inspection methodologies, the intelligent welding robot and vision-based inspection system have been researched and deployed in many engineering fields. Hence to enhance the performance and production, a digital twin-based welding system with the prediction of weld quality based on the consideration of electrode tip angle degradation. The proposed system will capture real-time electrode tip angle and weld pool temperature using a forward looking infrared (FLIR) camera along with welding current and speed correlated with tensile strength as the output parameter. To validate the analysis, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) algorithms were implemented in which the RF model performs well on the prediction of welding quality by mapping with tensile strength. RF model confirms maximum accuracy of 90% with 0.29 seconds computation time to perform prediction on the next execution of welding operation. It is inferred that if the tip angle degradation increases consecutively welding current decreases drastically impacting the weld quality from good to poor. To forecast the need for immediate or scheduled maintenance to reduce the tip angle degradation, a linear regression algorithm is implemented to enable the inspection engineer to perform maintenance without delay in production.
在制造业中,钨极惰性气体(TIG)焊接的自动化对于实现高生产率和高质量非常重要。为了改进焊接工艺和质量检测方法,许多工程领域都在研究和部署智能焊接机器人和基于视觉的检测系统。因此,为了提高性能和生产效率,基于数字孪生的焊接系统可以根据电极尖端角度退化情况预测焊接质量。拟议的系统将使用前视红外(FLIR)相机实时捕捉电极尖端角度和焊接熔池温度,并将焊接电流和速度与拉伸强度相关联,作为输出参数。为了验证分析结果,采用了支持向量机(SVM)和随机森林(RF)算法,其中 RF 模型通过与抗拉强度的映射,在预测焊接质量方面表现良好。RF 模型确认了最高 90% 的准确率,计算时间为 0.29 秒,可对下一次焊接操作进行预测。由此可以推断,如果焊尖角度退化连续增加,焊接电流会急剧下降,从而影响焊接质量,使其由好变差。为了预测是否需要立即或按计划进行维护以减少焊尖角退化,采用了一种线性回归算法,使检测工程师能够在不耽误生产的情况下进行维护。
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引用次数: 0
Fatigue life analysis of scraper conveyor chain ring under different chain speeds and loads 不同链速和载荷下刮板输送机链环的疲劳寿命分析
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241253057
Peng Zhang, Bo Li, Haozhou Ma, Rui Xia, Yingwei Dong, Xuewen Wang
This study aims to explore how different chain speeds and loads impact the fatigue life of the scraper conveyor chain ring. To achieve this, the study validates the reliability of a coupled simulation involving multi-body dynamics and the discrete element method. It also acquires time-varying tension load spectra under various operational conditions. The research evaluates the effects of distinct chain speeds and loads on parameters such as chain tension, vibration acceleration in the Y and Z-directions of the chain ring. Furthermore, finite element simulation is employed to examine stress distribution changes and fatigue life trends within the three-chain ring structure. The findings demonstrate that Y and Z-direction vibration accelerations of the chain ring correlate positively with the load. Additionally, the vibration acceleration in the Y-direction correlates positively with the chain speed. Across different chain speeds and loads, the maximum equivalent stress in the chain ring exhibits dynamic variations mirroring the load spectrum. Within the elastic deformation range of the chain ring, the highest stress within the transition region correlates linearly with chain tension. Load has a greater effect on the fatigue life of chain rings than chain speed. The fatigue life within the transition region of the chain ring decreases exponentially with increasing load at a constant chain speed. Conversely, at a constant load, chain ring life correlates positively with chain speed. Specifically, the fatigue life of the chain ring in LS 22 amounts to 32.64 days. When both chain speed and load are adjusted by 25%, the chain ring's lifespan reduces by 51.66% during simultaneous increments and increases by 39.26% with concurrent reductions in speed and load.
本研究旨在探讨不同的链速和载荷如何影响刮板输送机链环的疲劳寿命。为此,研究验证了多体动力学和离散元素法耦合模拟的可靠性。研究还获取了各种运行条件下的时变拉伸载荷谱。研究评估了不同链条速度和载荷对链条张力、链环 Y 和 Z 方向振动加速度等参数的影响。此外,还采用了有限元模拟来研究三链环结构中的应力分布变化和疲劳寿命趋势。研究结果表明,链环的 Y 和 Z 方向振动加速度与载荷呈正相关。此外,Y 方向的振动加速度与链条速度呈正相关。在不同的链条速度和载荷下,链环的最大等效应力呈现出与载荷谱相一致的动态变化。在链环的弹性变形范围内,过渡区域内的最高应力与链条张力成线性关系。与链条速度相比,载荷对链环疲劳寿命的影响更大。在链条速度不变的情况下,链环过渡区域内的疲劳寿命随着载荷的增加呈指数下降。相反,在恒定载荷下,链环寿命与链条速度呈正相关。具体而言,LS 22 中链环的疲劳寿命为 32.64 天。当链条速度和载荷均调整 25% 时,链环的寿命在同时增加时减少 51.66%,而在同时降低速度和载荷时增加 39.26%。
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引用次数: 0
Discussion on the application of sequential turbocharging technology on trawlers 关于拖网渔船应用顺序涡轮增压技术的讨论
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241251633
Yafei Li, Fan Shi
To improve the performance needs of trawlers under the varying load and speed conditions of free-running and trawling operations, this article employs sequential turbocharging technology. By fitting the experimental curves of basic turbocharging and conventional turbocharging (two turbochargers), we obtained the universal characteristic curve of sequential turbocharging. Further, the propeller characteristic curves and load characteristic curves of trawlers under free-running and trawling operations were integrated. The analysis results show that the sequential turbocharging system increases the torque of trawlers by about 20% in the low-speed range; switching to two turbochargers in free-running mode reduces fuel consumption by ∼17.5 g/Wh; switching to basic turbocharging during trawling operations decreases fuel consumption by about 13.9 g/Wh. This study is not only beneficial for the economy of ships but also provides guidance for further improvements in engine mechanics, potentially attracting the interest of readers in the main engine manufacturing field.
为了改善拖网渔船在自由航行和拖网作业的不同负荷和速度条件下的性能需求,本文采用了顺序涡轮增压技术。通过拟合基本涡轮增压和常规涡轮增压(两个涡轮增压器)的实验曲线,我们得到了顺序涡轮增压的通用特性曲线。此外,还整合了拖网渔船在自由运行和拖网作业下的螺旋桨特性曲线和负荷特性曲线。分析结果表明,顺序涡轮增压系统可使拖网渔船在低速范围内增加约 20% 的扭矩;在自由运行模式下切换到两个涡轮增压器可减少约 17.5 克/瓦时的燃油消耗;在拖网作业期间切换到基本涡轮增压器可减少约 13.9 克/瓦时的燃油消耗。这项研究不仅有利于船舶的经济性,还为进一步改进发动机机械提供了指导,可能会引起主机制造领域读者的兴趣。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of performance parameters of a hermetic reciprocating compressor under different discharge lift limiter heights by machine learning 通过机器学习预测不同排气升程限制器高度下全封闭活塞式压缩机的性能参数
IF 2.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1177/09544089241249854
Aykut Bacak, Andaç Batur Çolak, Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç
The research examines the complex correlation between discharge valve properties in severe temperature circumstances, ranging from 54.4°C to −23.3°C, in accordance with ASHRAE operational guidelines. The design parameters include examining valve thicknesses of 0.127, 0.152, 0.178, and 0.2 mm, together with lengths of 14.722, 16.222, and 17.722 mm, at compressor speeds of 1300, 2100, and 3000 rpm. An artificial neural network (ANN) is used to replicate the output properties of a hermetic reciprocating compressor, which include the ratio of cooling capacity to compression power and volumetric efficiency. One hundred and eleven numerically recorded datasets are used to train the developed ANN model. The model is trained using 77 datasets, validated using 17 datasets, and tested using 17 datasets. The LM-type ANN approach is used to train the multilayer perception neural network, which consists of a hidden layer with 15 neurons. Given the proximity of the margin of deviations (MoDs) to the 0% deviation line, the variances between the ANN and fluid-structure interaction outcomes for the cooling capacity to compression power ratio and volumetric efficiency are insignificant. The average figures for the MoD output have been calculated as −0.18% and 0.06, respectively. Not only do the data points lie on the line, indicating a 0% error, but they also fall inside the interval, indicating a 10% error. In addition, the mean squared error and correlation coefficient values for the ANN model that was created are 2.04E-03 and 0.99853, respectively.
该研究根据 ASHRAE 操作指南,考察了在从 54.4°C 到 -23.3°C 的恶劣温度条件下排放阀性能之间的复杂关联。设计参数包括在压缩机转速为 1300、2100 和 3000 转/分钟时,检查 0.127、0.152、0.178 和 0.2 毫米的阀门厚度,以及 14.722、16.222 和 17.722 毫米的长度。人工神经网络(ANN)用于复制全封闭往复式压缩机的输出特性,包括冷却能力与压缩功率的比率和容积效率。开发的 ANN 模型使用了 111 个数字记录数据集进行训练。该模型使用 77 个数据集进行训练,使用 17 个数据集进行验证,并使用 17 个数据集进行测试。多层感知神经网络采用 LM 型 ANN 方法进行训练,该网络由一个包含 15 个神经元的隐藏层组成。由于偏差裕度(MoDs)接近 0% 偏差线,因此在冷却能力与压缩功率比和容积效率方面,ANN 和流体与结构相互作用结果之间的差异并不明显。经计算,MoD 输出的平均值分别为 -0.18% 和 0.06。数据点不仅位于直线上,表明误差为 0%,而且位于区间内,表明误差为 10%。此外,所创建的 ANN 模型的均方误差和相关系数值分别为 2.04E-03 和 0.99853。
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引用次数: 0
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Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering
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