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Correction to ‘Trait evolution, resource specialization and vulnerability to plant extinctions among Antillean hummingbirds’ 对“安的列斯群岛蜂鸟的性状进化、资源专业化和对植物灭绝的脆弱性”的修正
Pub Date : 2019-11-27 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2586
B. Dalsgaard, Jonathan D. Kennedy, Benno I. Simmons, Andrea C. Baquero, Ana M. Martín González, A. Timmermann, P. Maruyama, J. McGuire, J. Ollerton, W. Sutherland, C. Rahbek
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引用次数: 0
Australian songbird body size tracks climate variation: 82 species over 50 years 澳大利亚鸣禽的体型追踪气候变化:50年来有82种鸣禽
Pub Date : 2019-11-27 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2258
J. Gardner, Tatsuya Amano, Anne Peters, W. Sutherland, B. Mackey, L. Joseph, J. Stein, Karen Ikin, R. Little, Jesse Smith, M. Symonds
The observed variation in the body size responses of endotherms to climate change may be explained by two hypotheses: the size increases with climate variability (the starvation resistance hypothesis) and the size shrinks as mean temperatures rise (the heat exchange hypothesis). Across 82 Australian passerine species over 50 years, shrinking was associated with annual mean temperature rise exceeding 0.012°C driven by rising winter temperatures for arid and temperate zone species. We propose the warming winters hypothesis to explain this response. However, where average summer temperatures exceeded 34°C, species experiencing annual rise over 0.0116°C tended towards increasing size. Results suggest a broad-scale physiological response to changing climate, with size trends probably reflecting the relative strength of selection pressures across a climatic regime. Critically, a given amount of temperature change will have varying effects on phenotype depending on the season in which it occurs, masking the generality of size patterns associated with temperature change. Rather than phenotypic plasticity, and assuming body size is heritable, results suggest selective loss or gain of particular phenotypes could generate evolutionary change but may be difficult to detect with current warming rates.
观察到的恒温动物体型对气候变化反应的变化可以用两种假设来解释:体型随气候变化而增加(抗饥饿假说),体型随平均温度升高而缩小(热交换假说)。在澳大利亚82种雀形目鸟类中,在50年的时间里,由于冬季气温上升,干旱和温带地区的雀形目鸟类的年平均气温上升超过0.012°C,导致它们的萎缩。我们提出暖冬假说来解释这种反应。在夏季平均气温超过34℃的地区,年平均气温上升超过0.0116℃的物种有增大体型的趋势。结果表明,对气候变化有广泛的生理反应,其大小趋势可能反映了气候条件下选择压力的相对强度。关键的是,给定数量的温度变化将对表型产生不同的影响,这取决于它发生的季节,掩盖了与温度变化相关的大小模式的普遍性。而不是表现型的可塑性,假设体型是遗传的,结果表明,特定表现型的选择性丧失或获得可能会产生进化变化,但在当前的变暖速度下可能很难检测到。
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引用次数: 19
Superfetation reduces the negative effects of pregnancy on the fast-start escape performance in live-bearing fish 迭胎减少了怀孕对活鱼快速启动逃生性能的负面影响
Pub Date : 2019-11-27 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2245
M. Fleuren, J. V. van Leeuwen, B. Pollux
Superfetation, the ability to simultaneously carry multiple litters of different developmental stages in utero, is a reproductive strategy that evolved repeatedly in viviparous animal lineages. The evolution of superfetation is hypothesized to reduce the reproductive burden and, consequently, improve the locomotor performance of the female during pregnancy. Here, we apply new computer-vision-based techniques to study changes in body shape and three-dimensional fast-start escape performance during pregnancy in three live-bearing fishes (family Poeciliidae) that exhibit different levels of superfetation. We found that superfetation correlates with a reduced abdominal distension and a more slender female body shape just before parturition. We further found that body slenderness positively correlates with maximal speeds, curvature amplitude and curvature rate, implying that superfetation improves the fast-start escape performance. Collectively, our study suggests that superfetation may have evolved in performance-demanding (e.g. high flow or high predation) environments to reduce the locomotor cost of pregnancy.
在胎生动物谱系中,同时在子宫内携带不同发育阶段的多胎的能力是一种反复进化的生殖策略。据推测,过度妊娠的进化是为了减轻生殖负担,从而提高女性在怀孕期间的运动能力。在这里,我们应用新的基于计算机视觉的技术来研究三种表现出不同程度的妊娠超载的活产鱼类(水蛭科)在怀孕期间身体形状和三维快速启动逃跑性能的变化。我们发现,在分娩前,过度妊娠与腹胀减少和女性身材更苗条有关。我们进一步发现,体长细度与最大速度、曲率幅度和曲率率呈正相关,这意味着迭孕提高了快速启动逃逸性能。总的来说,我们的研究表明,过度妊娠可能是在性能要求高的环境中进化而来的(例如,高流量或高捕食),以减少怀孕的运动成本。
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引用次数: 15
Correction to ‘The evolutionary dynamics of the Early Palaeozoic marine biodiversity accumulation’ 对“早古生代海洋生物多样性积累的进化动力学”的修正
Pub Date : 2019-11-27 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2358
B. Kröger, Franziska Franeck, C. Rasmussen
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引用次数: 0
Small population size and low genomic diversity have no effect on fitness in experimental translocations of a wild fish 小种群规模和低基因组多样性对野生鱼类实验易位适应性没有影响
Pub Date : 2019-11-27 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1989
M. Yates, E. Bowles, D. Fraser
Little empirical work in nature has quantified how wild populations with varying effective population sizes and genetic diversity perform when exposed to a gradient of ecologically important environmental conditions. To achieve this, juvenile brook trout from 12 isolated populations or closed metapopulations that differ substantially in population size and genetic diversity were transplanted to previously fishless ponds spanning a wide gradient of ecologically important variables. We evaluated the effect of genome-wide variation, effective population size (Ne), pond habitat, and initial body size on two fitness correlates (survival and growth). Genetic variables had no effect on either fitness correlate, which was determined primarily by habitat (pond temperature, depth, and pH) and initial body size. These results suggest that some vertebrate populations with low genomic diversity, low Ne, and long-term isolation can represent important sources of variation and are capable of maintaining fitness in, and ultimately persisting and adapting to, changing environments. Our results also reinforce the paramount importance of improving available habitat and slowing habitat degradation for species conservation.
自然界的经验工作很少量化具有不同有效种群大小和遗传多样性的野生种群在暴露于生态重要环境条件梯度时的表现。为了实现这一目标,将来自12个种群大小和遗传多样性差异很大的孤立种群或封闭元种群的鳟鱼幼鱼移植到以前没有鱼的池塘中,这些池塘跨越了生态重要变量的广泛梯度。我们评估了全基因组变异、有效种群大小(Ne)、池塘栖息地和初始体型对两个适应度相关指标(生存和生长)的影响。遗传变量对两种适合度相关性均无影响,适合度相关性主要由生境(池塘温度、深度和pH)和初始体型决定。这些结果表明,一些低基因组多样性、低Ne和长期隔离的脊椎动物种群可能是变异的重要来源,能够在变化的环境中保持适应性,并最终坚持和适应变化的环境。我们的研究结果也强调了改善可用栖息地和减缓栖息地退化对物种保护的重要性。
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引用次数: 15
Metastasis and the evolution of dispersal 转移和扩散的进化
Pub Date : 2019-11-27 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2186
Tazzio Tissot, F. Massol, B. Ujvari, C. Alix-Panabières, N. Loeuille, F. Thomas
Despite significant progress in oncology, metastasis remains the leading cause of mortality of cancer patients. Understanding the foundations of this phenomenon could help contain or even prevent it. As suggested by many ecologists and cancer biologists, metastasis could be considered through the lens of biological dispersal: the movement of cancer cells from their birth site (the primary tumour) to other habitats where they resume proliferation (metastatic sites). However, whether this model can consistently be applied to the emergence and dynamics of metastasis remains unclear. Here, we provide a broad review of various aspects of the evolution of dispersal in ecosystems. We investigate whether similar ecological and evolutionary principles can be applied to metastasis, and how these processes may shape the spatio-temporal dynamics of disseminating cancer cells. We further discuss complementary hypotheses and propose experimental approaches to test the relevance of the evolutionary ecology of dispersal in studying metastasis.
尽管肿瘤学取得了重大进展,但转移仍然是癌症患者死亡的主要原因。了解这种现象的基础可以帮助控制甚至预防它。正如许多生态学家和癌症生物学家所建议的那样,转移可以从生物扩散的角度来考虑:癌细胞从其出生部位(原发肿瘤)移动到其他栖息地,在那里它们恢复增殖(转移部位)。然而,该模型是否能够一致地应用于转移的出现和动态尚不清楚。在这里,我们提供了生态系统中扩散进化的各个方面的广泛回顾。我们研究了类似的生态和进化原理是否可以应用于转移,以及这些过程如何影响癌细胞传播的时空动态。我们进一步讨论了互补的假设,并提出了实验方法来测试扩散在研究转移中的进化生态学的相关性。
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引用次数: 15
The complex evolutionary history of sulfoxide synthase in ovothiol biosynthesis 卵硫醇生物合成中亚砜合成酶的复杂进化史
Pub Date : 2019-11-27 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1812
M. Gerdol, M. Sollitto, A. Pallavicini, I. Castellano
Sulfoxide synthases are enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of small sulfur-containing natural products. Their enzymatic activity represents a unique sulfur transfer strategy in nature that is the insertion of a sulfur atom on the imidazole ring of histidine. To date, only two enzymes are known to carry out this function: the sulfoxide synthase EgtB, involved in the biosynthesis of ergothioneine in fungi and bacteria, and the 5-histidylcysteine sulfoxide synthase OvoA, involved in the biosynthesis of ovothiols, found in the eggs and biological fluids of marine invertebrates, some proteobacteria and protists. In particular, ovothiols, thanks to their unique redox properties, are probably the most intriguing marine sulfur-containing molecules. Although they have long been considered as cellular protective molecules, new evidence suggest that their biological activities and ecological role might be more complex than originally thought. Here, we investigate the evolutionary history of OvoA in Metazoa, reporting its monophyletic ancient origins, which could be traced back to the latest common ancestor of Choanozoa. Nevertheless, we show that OvoA is missing in several major extant taxa and we discuss this patchy distribution in the light of the massive genome reduction events documented in Metazoa. We also highlight two interesting cases of secondary acquisition through horizontal gene transfer, which occurred in hydrozoans and bdelloid rotifers. The evolutionary success of this metabolic pathway is probably ascribable to its role in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis, which enables organisms to survive in different environmental niches.
亚砜合成酶是参与小的含硫天然产物的生物合成的酶。它们的酶活性代表了一种独特的硫转移策略,即在组氨酸的咪唑环上插入一个硫原子。迄今为止,已知只有两种酶具有这一功能:参与真菌和细菌中麦角硫因生物合成的亚硫化物合成酶EgtB,以及参与卵硫醇生物合成的5-组氨酸半胱氨酸亚硫化物合成酶OvoA,卵硫醇存在于海洋无脊椎动物、一些变形细菌和原生生物的卵和生物体液中。特别是卵硫醇,由于其独特的氧化还原特性,可能是最有趣的海洋含硫分子。虽然它们一直被认为是细胞保护分子,但新的证据表明,它们的生物活性和生态作用可能比原先想象的要复杂得多。在此,我们研究了后生动物OvoA的进化历史,报告了其单系的古老起源,可以追溯到最近的共同祖先Choanozoa。然而,我们发现OvoA在几个主要的现存分类群中缺失,并根据后生动物中记录的大量基因组减少事件讨论了这种斑块分布。我们还强调了两个有趣的通过水平基因转移进行二次获取的案例,这发生在水螅动物和蛭形轮虫中。这种代谢途径的进化成功可能归因于其在维持细胞氧化还原稳态中的作用,这使得生物体能够在不同的环境中生存。
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引用次数: 23
An X-linked meiotic drive allele has strong, recessive fitness costs in female Drosophila pseudoobscura 一个x连锁的减数分裂驱动等位基因在雌性伪眼果蝇中具有很强的隐性适应成本
Pub Date : 2019-11-27 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2038
William Larner, T. Price, L. Holman, N. Wedell
Selfish ‘meiotic drive’ alleles are transmitted to more than 50% of offspring, allowing them to rapidly invade populations even if they reduce the fitness of individuals carrying them. Theory predicts that drivers should either fix or go extinct, yet some drivers defy these predictions by persisting at low, stable frequencies for decades. One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that drivers are especially costly when homozygous, although empirical tests of this idea are rare and equivocal. Here, we measure the fitness of female Drosophila pseudoobscura carrying zero, one or two copies of the X-linked driver sex ratio (SR). SR had strong negative effects on female offspring production and the probability of reproductive failure, and these effects were largely similar across four genetic backgrounds. SR was especially costly when homozygous. We used our fitness measurements to parametrize a population genetic model, and found that the female fitness costs observed here can explain the puzzlingly low allele frequency of SR in nature. We also use the model to show how spatial variation in female mating behaviour, fitness costs of SR and the reduced siring success of SR males can jointly explain the north–south cline in SR frequencies across North America.
自私的“减数分裂驱动”等位基因被遗传给超过50%的后代,即使它们降低了携带它们的个体的适应性,也使它们能够迅速入侵种群。理论预测司机要么修复要么灭绝,然而一些司机无视这些预测,几十年来一直保持低而稳定的频率。对这种差异的一种可能的解释是,纯合子驱动的成本特别高,尽管对这一观点的实证测试很少且模棱两可。在这里,我们测量了携带0、1或2个x连锁驱动性比(SR)拷贝的雌性伪眼果蝇的适合度。SR对雌性后代的产量和生殖失败的概率有很强的负面影响,这些影响在四种遗传背景下基本相似。纯合子的SR成本特别高。我们利用适应度测量参数化了种群遗传模型,发现雌性适应度成本可以解释自然界中SR等位基因频率低得令人困惑的原因。我们还利用该模型展示了雌性交配行为的空间差异、SR的适应性成本和SR雄性繁殖成功率的降低如何共同解释北美SR频率的南北变化。
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引用次数: 19
Deer movement and resource selection during Hurricane Irma: implications for extreme climatic events and wildlife 飓风Irma期间鹿的运动和资源选择:对极端气候事件和野生动物的影响
Pub Date : 2019-11-27 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2230
H. N. Abernathy, D. Crawford, E. Garrison, R. Chandler, M. Conner, K. Miller, M. J. Cherry
Extreme climatic events (ECEs) are increasing in frequency and intensity and this necessitates understanding their influence on organisms. Animal behaviour may mitigate the effects of ECEs, but field studies are rare because ECEs are infrequent and unpredictable. Hurricane Irma made landfall in southwestern Florida where we were monitoring white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus seminolus) with GPS collars. We report on an opportunistic case study of behavioural responses exhibited by a large mammal during an ECE, mitigation strategies for reducing the severity of the ECE effects, and the demographic effect of the ECE based on known-fate of individual animals. Deer altered resource selection by selecting higher elevation pine and hardwood forests and avoiding marshes. Most deer left their home ranges during Hurricane Irma, and the probability of leaving was inversely related to home range area. Movement rates increased the day of the storm, and no mortality was attributed to Hurricane Irma. We suggest deer mobility and refuge habitat allowed deer to behaviourally mitigate the negative effects of the storm, and ultimately, aid in survival. Our work contributes to the small but growing body of literature linking behavioural responses exhibited during ECEs to survival, which cumulatively will provide insight for predictions of a species resilience to ECEs and improve our understanding of how behavioural traits offset the negative impacts of global climate change.
极端气候事件的频率和强度都在增加,这就需要了解它们对生物体的影响。动物行为可能减轻粪便的影响,但实地研究很少,因为粪便不频繁和不可预测。飓风厄玛在佛罗里达州西南部登陆,我们在那里用GPS项圈监测白尾鹿(Odocoileus virginianus seminolus)。我们报告了大型哺乳动物在欧洲经委会期间表现出的行为反应的机会性案例研究,减少欧洲经委会影响严重程度的缓解策略,以及基于个体动物已知命运的欧洲经委会人口影响。鹿通过选择高海拔的松木和阔叶林和避开沼泽改变了资源选择。大多数鹿在飓风Irma期间离开了它们的家园范围,并且离开的概率与家园范围的面积成反比。风暴当天移动速度增加,没有死亡归因于飓风厄玛。我们认为鹿的流动性和避难所栖息地使鹿在行为上减轻了风暴的负面影响,并最终有助于生存。我们的工作有助于将ece期间表现出的行为反应与生存联系起来的少量但不断增长的文献,这些文献将为预测物种对ece的适应能力提供见解,并提高我们对行为特征如何抵消全球气候变化负面影响的理解。
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引用次数: 18
Adaptive responses of the embryos of birds and reptiles to spatial and temporal variations in nest temperatures 鸟类和爬行动物胚胎对巢温时空变化的适应性反应
Pub Date : 2019-11-20 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2078
W. Du, R. Shine, Liang Ma, Bao‐jun Sun
Natural nests of egg-laying birds and reptiles exhibit substantial thermal variation, at a range of spatial and temporal scales. Rates and trajectories of embryonic development are highly sensitive to temperature, favouring an ability of embryos to respond adaptively (i.e. match their developmental biology to local thermal regimes). Spatially, thermal variation can be significant within a single nest (top to bottom), among adjacent nests (as a function of shading, nest depth etc.), across populations that inhabit areas with different weather conditions, and across species that differ in climates occupied and/or nest characteristics. Thermal regimes also vary temporally, in ways that generate differences among nests within a single population (e.g. due to seasonal timing of laying), among populations and across species. Anthropogenic activities (e.g. habitat clearing, climate change) add to this spatial and temporal diversity in thermal regimes. We review published literature on embryonic adaptations to spatio-temporal heterogeneity in nest temperatures. Although relatively few taxa have been studied in detail, and proximate mechanisms remain unclear, our review identifies many cases in which natural selection appears to have fine-tuned embryogenesis to match local thermal regimes. Developmental rates have been reported to differ between uppermost versus lower eggs within a single nest, between eggs laid early versus late in the season, and between populations from cooler versus warmer climates. We identify gaps in our understanding of thermal adaptations of early (embryonic) phases of the life history, and suggest fruitful opportunities for future research.
产蛋鸟类和爬行动物的天然巢穴在一定的时空尺度上表现出明显的热变化。胚胎发育的速率和轨迹对温度高度敏感,有利于胚胎的适应性反应能力(即使其发育生物学与当地的热制度相匹配)。在空间上,单个巢内(从上到下)、相邻巢之间(作为遮阳、巢深等的函数)、居住在不同天气条件地区的种群之间、以及在气候和/或巢特征上不同的物种之间的热变化可能是显著的。热状态也随时间而变化,在单个种群内(例如,由于产卵的季节性时间)、种群间和物种间的巢穴之间产生差异。人为活动(如栖息地清理、气候变化)增加了这种热状态的时空多样性。我们回顾了已发表的关于胚胎适应巢温度时空异质性的文献。尽管对相对较少的分类群进行了详细的研究,并且其近似机制尚不清楚,但我们的综述确定了许多自然选择似乎对胚胎发生进行了微调以匹配当地的热制度的情况。据报道,在一个巢穴中,最上面的蛋与最下面的蛋之间的发育率不同,在季节早期和晚期产卵之间的发育率不同,以及在寒冷和温暖气候下的种群之间的发育率不同。我们发现了我们对生命早期(胚胎)阶段的热适应的理解上的差距,并为未来的研究提出了富有成效的机会。
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引用次数: 26
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B
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