C. Laumer, R. Fernández, S. Lemer, David J. Combosch, K. Kocot, A. Riesgo, S. Andrade, W. Sterrer, M. Sørensen, Gonzalo Giribet
Since the publication of this manuscript, a number of minor errors have made themselves known, which do not, however, substantively alter our results or conclusions. During the construction of figure 5b, the terminal labels for Porifera and Ctenophorawere erroneously switched.We here provide a corrected version of the figurewith the proper labels, as in the original posterior consensus tree onwhich it is based (electronic supplementary material, figure S20). In the construction of the electronic supplementary material (ESM) figures, the cladogram given for electronic supplementary material, figure S7 (on which figure 2a,b was based) did not correspond to the posterior consensus summary conditions referred to in the figure caption. In the revised electronic supplementary material associated with this Correction, electronic supplementarymaterial, figure S7 now contains the correct cladogram referred to by its caption. Elsewhere in the electronic supplementary material figure captions (for electronic supplementary material, figures S7–S9, S17 andS20), theposterior consensus summary conditionsweremisreported. We have now corrected these captions to reflect parameter values of PHYLOBAYES ‘bpcomp’ that reproduce the trees shown in each electronic supplementary material figure. In the original electronic supplementary material, we also signified that cDNA libraries annotated with ‘*’ were amplified via the phi29-mRNA amplification (PMA) method, conflicting with the use of this symbol described in the electronic supplementary material, table S1 caption to mark rogue taxa. We have removed this conflict; ‘*’ is now intended only to refer to rogue taxa. SRA metadata describe which libraries were amplified via PMA. An incorrect NCBI accession number for the ‘Pedicellina sp. FHL’ library also appeared in electronic supplementary material, table S1, which has now been replacedwith the correct accession. Finally, an anomaly introducedby the journal’s copy-editing process, and not caught at proof-reading, erroneously removed one author, Gert Wörheide, from the author list of references 11, 12, 16 and 29. The correct references are given below:
{"title":"Correction to ‘Revisiting metazoan phylogeny with genomic sampling of all phyla’","authors":"C. Laumer, R. Fernández, S. Lemer, David J. Combosch, K. Kocot, A. Riesgo, S. Andrade, W. Sterrer, M. Sørensen, Gonzalo Giribet","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1941","url":null,"abstract":"Since the publication of this manuscript, a number of minor errors have made themselves known, which do not, however, substantively alter our results or conclusions. During the construction of figure 5b, the terminal labels for Porifera and Ctenophorawere erroneously switched.We here provide a corrected version of the figurewith the proper labels, as in the original posterior consensus tree onwhich it is based (electronic supplementary material, figure S20). In the construction of the electronic supplementary material (ESM) figures, the cladogram given for electronic supplementary material, figure S7 (on which figure 2a,b was based) did not correspond to the posterior consensus summary conditions referred to in the figure caption. In the revised electronic supplementary material associated with this Correction, electronic supplementarymaterial, figure S7 now contains the correct cladogram referred to by its caption. Elsewhere in the electronic supplementary material figure captions (for electronic supplementary material, figures S7–S9, S17 andS20), theposterior consensus summary conditionsweremisreported. We have now corrected these captions to reflect parameter values of PHYLOBAYES ‘bpcomp’ that reproduce the trees shown in each electronic supplementary material figure. In the original electronic supplementary material, we also signified that cDNA libraries annotated with ‘*’ were amplified via the phi29-mRNA amplification (PMA) method, conflicting with the use of this symbol described in the electronic supplementary material, table S1 caption to mark rogue taxa. We have removed this conflict; ‘*’ is now intended only to refer to rogue taxa. SRA metadata describe which libraries were amplified via PMA. An incorrect NCBI accession number for the ‘Pedicellina sp. FHL’ library also appeared in electronic supplementary material, table S1, which has now been replacedwith the correct accession. Finally, an anomaly introducedby the journal’s copy-editing process, and not caught at proof-reading, erroneously removed one author, Gert Wörheide, from the author list of references 11, 12, 16 and 29. The correct references are given below:","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85502596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David P Tchouassi, Juliah W Jacob, Edwin O Ogola, Rosemary Sang, Baldwyn Torto
Interactions between Aedes (Stegomyia) species and non-human primate (NHP) and human hosts govern the transmission of the pathogens, dengue, zika, yellow fever and chikungunya viruses. Little is known about Aedes mosquito olfactory interactions with these hosts in the domestic and sylvatic cycles where these viruses circulate. Here, we explore how the different host-derived skin odours influence Aedes mosquito responses in these two environments. In field assays, we show that the cyclic ketone cyclohexanone is a signature cue for Aedes mosquitoes to detect the NHP baboon, sykes and vervet, whereas for humans, it is the unsaturated aliphatic keto-analogue 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (sulcatone). We find that in the sylvatic environment, CO2-baited traps combined with either cyclohexanone or sulcatone increased trap catches of Aedes mosquitoes compared to traps either baited with CO2 alone or CO2 combined with NHP- or human-derived crude skin odours. In the domestic environment, each of these odourants and crude human skin odours increased Aedes aegypti catches in CO2-baited traps. These results expand our knowledge on the role of host odours in the ecologies of Aedes mosquitoes, and the likelihood of associated spread of pathogens between primates and humans. Both cyclohexanone and sulcatone have potential practical applications as lures for monitoring Aedes disease vectors.
{"title":"<i>Aedes</i> vector-host olfactory interactions in sylvatic and domestic dengue transmission environments.","authors":"David P Tchouassi, Juliah W Jacob, Edwin O Ogola, Rosemary Sang, Baldwyn Torto","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.2136","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rspb.2019.2136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interactions between <i>Aedes</i> (<i>Stegomyia</i>) species and non-human primate (NHP) and human hosts govern the transmission of the pathogens, dengue, zika, yellow fever and chikungunya viruses. Little is known about <i>Aedes</i> mosquito olfactory interactions with these hosts in the domestic and sylvatic cycles where these viruses circulate. Here, we explore how the different host-derived skin odours influence <i>Aedes</i> mosquito responses in these two environments. In field assays, we show that the cyclic ketone cyclohexanone is a signature cue for <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes to detect the NHP baboon, sykes and vervet, whereas for humans, it is the unsaturated aliphatic keto-analogue 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (sulcatone). We find that in the sylvatic environment, CO<sub>2</sub>-baited traps combined with either cyclohexanone or sulcatone increased trap catches of <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes compared to traps either baited with CO<sub>2</sub> alone or CO<sub>2</sub> combined with NHP- or human-derived crude skin odours. In the domestic environment, each of these odourants and crude human skin odours increased <i>Aedes aegypti</i> catches in CO<sub>2</sub>-baited traps. These results expand our knowledge on the role of host odours in the ecologies of <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes, and the likelihood of associated spread of pathogens between primates and humans. Both cyclohexanone and sulcatone have potential practical applications as lures for monitoring <i>Aedes</i> disease vectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6842850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73037447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Spatharis, Vasiliki Lamprinou, A. Meziti, K. Kormas, Daniel D. Danielidis, E. Smeti, D. Roelke, R. Mancy, G. Tsirtsis
The idea that ‘everything is everywhere, but the environment selects' has been seminal in microbial biogeography, and marine phytoplankton is one of the prototypical groups used to illustrate this. The typical argument has been that phytoplankton is ubiquitous, but that distinct assemblages form under environmental selection. It is well established that phytoplankton assemblages vary considerably between coastal ecosystems. However, the relative roles of compartmentalization of regional seas and site-specific environmental conditions in shaping assemblage structures have not been specifically examined. We collected data from coastal embayments that fall within two different water compartments within the same regional sea and are characterized by highly localized environmental pressures. We used principal coordinates of neighbour matrices (PCNM) and asymmetric eigenvector maps (AEM) models to partition the effects that spatial structures, environmental conditions and their overlap had on the variation in assemblage composition. Our models explained a high percentage of variation in assemblage composition (59–65%) and showed that spatial structure consistent with marine compartmentalization played a more important role than local environmental conditions. At least during the study period, surface currents connecting sites within the two compartments failed to generate sufficient dispersal to offset the impact of differences due to compartmentalization. In other words, our findings suggest that, even for a prototypical cosmopolitan group, everything is not everywhere.
{"title":"Everything is not everywhere: can marine compartments shape phytoplankton assemblages?","authors":"S. Spatharis, Vasiliki Lamprinou, A. Meziti, K. Kormas, Daniel D. Danielidis, E. Smeti, D. Roelke, R. Mancy, G. Tsirtsis","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1890","url":null,"abstract":"The idea that ‘everything is everywhere, but the environment selects' has been seminal in microbial biogeography, and marine phytoplankton is one of the prototypical groups used to illustrate this. The typical argument has been that phytoplankton is ubiquitous, but that distinct assemblages form under environmental selection. It is well established that phytoplankton assemblages vary considerably between coastal ecosystems. However, the relative roles of compartmentalization of regional seas and site-specific environmental conditions in shaping assemblage structures have not been specifically examined. We collected data from coastal embayments that fall within two different water compartments within the same regional sea and are characterized by highly localized environmental pressures. We used principal coordinates of neighbour matrices (PCNM) and asymmetric eigenvector maps (AEM) models to partition the effects that spatial structures, environmental conditions and their overlap had on the variation in assemblage composition. Our models explained a high percentage of variation in assemblage composition (59–65%) and showed that spatial structure consistent with marine compartmentalization played a more important role than local environmental conditions. At least during the study period, surface currents connecting sites within the two compartments failed to generate sufficient dispersal to offset the impact of differences due to compartmentalization. In other words, our findings suggest that, even for a prototypical cosmopolitan group, everything is not everywhere.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90334838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tree cover differentiates forests from savannas and grasslands. In tropical floodplains, factors differentiating these systems are poorly known, even though floodplains cover 10% of the tropical landmass. Seasonal inundation potentially presents trees with both challenges (soil anoxia) and benefits (moisture and nutrient deposition), the relative importance of which may depend on ecological context, e.g. if floods alleviate water stress more in more arid ecosystems. Here, we use remotely sensed data across 13 large tropical and sub-tropical floodplain ecosystems on five continents to show that climatic water balance (i.e. precipitation—potential evapotranspiration) strongly increases floodplain tree cover in interaction with flooding, fire and topography. As predicted, flooding increases tree cover in more arid floodplains, but decreases tree cover in climatically wetter ones. As in uplands, frequent fire reduced tree cover, particularly in wet regions, but—in contrast with uplands—lower elevation and sandier soils decreased tree cover. Our results suggest that predicting the impacts of changing climate, land use and hydrology on floodplain ecosystems depends on considering climate-disturbance interactions. While outright wetland conversion proceeds globally, additional anthropogenic activities, including alteration of fire frequencies and dam construction, will also shift floodplain tree cover, especially in wet climates.
{"title":"Determinants of tree cover in tropical floodplains","authors":"J. H. Daskin, F. Aires, A. Staver","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1755","url":null,"abstract":"Tree cover differentiates forests from savannas and grasslands. In tropical floodplains, factors differentiating these systems are poorly known, even though floodplains cover 10% of the tropical landmass. Seasonal inundation potentially presents trees with both challenges (soil anoxia) and benefits (moisture and nutrient deposition), the relative importance of which may depend on ecological context, e.g. if floods alleviate water stress more in more arid ecosystems. Here, we use remotely sensed data across 13 large tropical and sub-tropical floodplain ecosystems on five continents to show that climatic water balance (i.e. precipitation—potential evapotranspiration) strongly increases floodplain tree cover in interaction with flooding, fire and topography. As predicted, flooding increases tree cover in more arid floodplains, but decreases tree cover in climatically wetter ones. As in uplands, frequent fire reduced tree cover, particularly in wet regions, but—in contrast with uplands—lower elevation and sandier soils decreased tree cover. Our results suggest that predicting the impacts of changing climate, land use and hydrology on floodplain ecosystems depends on considering climate-disturbance interactions. While outright wetland conversion proceeds globally, additional anthropogenic activities, including alteration of fire frequencies and dam construction, will also shift floodplain tree cover, especially in wet climates.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78501831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multiple costs are relevant for evolution of host anti-parasite defences. Reply to Yang C et al. (2018).","authors":"P. Samaš, Michal Kysučan, M. Honza, T. Grim","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1690","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72742189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elvire Bestion, A. Soriano‐Redondo, J. Cucherousset, S. Jacob, Joël White, Lucie Zinger, Lisa Fourtune, L. Di Gesu, Aimeric Teyssier, J. Cote
Species interactions are central in predicting the impairment of biodiversity with climate change. Trophic interactions may be altered through climate-dependent changes in either predator food preferences or prey communities. Yet, climate change impacts on predator diet remain surprisingly poorly understood. We experimentally studied the consequences of 2°C warmer climatic conditions on the trophic niche of a generalist lizard predator. We used a system of semi-natural mesocosms housing a variety of invertebrate species and in which climatic conditions were manipulated. Lizards in warmer climatic conditions ate at a greater predatory to phytophagous invertebrate ratio and had smaller individual dietary breadths. These shifts mainly arose from direct impacts of climate on lizard diets rather than from changes in prey communities. Dietary changes were associated with negative changes in fitness-related traits (body condition, gut microbiota) and survival. We demonstrate that climate change alters trophic interactions through top-predator dietary shifts, which might disrupt eco-evolutionary dynamics.
{"title":"Altered trophic interactions in warming climates: consequences for predator diet breadth and fitness","authors":"Elvire Bestion, A. Soriano‐Redondo, J. Cucherousset, S. Jacob, Joël White, Lucie Zinger, Lisa Fourtune, L. Di Gesu, Aimeric Teyssier, J. Cote","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.2227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2227","url":null,"abstract":"Species interactions are central in predicting the impairment of biodiversity with climate change. Trophic interactions may be altered through climate-dependent changes in either predator food preferences or prey communities. Yet, climate change impacts on predator diet remain surprisingly poorly understood. We experimentally studied the consequences of 2°C warmer climatic conditions on the trophic niche of a generalist lizard predator. We used a system of semi-natural mesocosms housing a variety of invertebrate species and in which climatic conditions were manipulated. Lizards in warmer climatic conditions ate at a greater predatory to phytophagous invertebrate ratio and had smaller individual dietary breadths. These shifts mainly arose from direct impacts of climate on lizard diets rather than from changes in prey communities. Dietary changes were associated with negative changes in fitness-related traits (body condition, gut microbiota) and survival. We demonstrate that climate change alters trophic interactions through top-predator dietary shifts, which might disrupt eco-evolutionary dynamics.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78671228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph D. Madison, S. Ouellette, E. L. Schmidt, J. Kerby
Ongoing investigations into the interactions between microbial communities and their associated hosts are changing how emerging diseases are perceived and ameliorated. Of the numerous host–microbiome–disease systems of study, the emergence of chytridiomycosis (caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, hereafter Bd) has been implicated in ongoing declines and extinction events of amphibians worldwide. Interestingly, there has been differential survival among amphibians in resisting Bd infection and subsequent disease. One factor thought to contribute to this resistance is the host-associated cutaneous microbiota. This has raised the possibility of using genetically modified probiotics to restructure the host-associated microbiota for desired anti-fungal outcomes. Here, we use a previously described strain of Serratia marcescens (Sm) for the manipulation of amphibian cutaneous microbiota. Sm was genetically altered to have a dysfunctional pathway for the production of the extracellular metabolite prodigiosin. This genetically altered strain (Δpig) and the functional prodigiosin producing strain (wild-type, WT) were compared for their microbial community and anti-Bd effects both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, Bd growth was significantly repressed in the presence of prodigiosin. In vivo, the inoculation of both Sm strains was shown to significantly influence amphibian microbiota diversity with the Δpig-Sm treatment showing increasing alpha diversity, and the WT-Sm having no temporal effect on diversity. Differences were also seen in host mortality with Δpig-Sm treatments exhibiting significantly decreased survival probability when compared with WT-Sm in the presence of Bd. These results are an important proof-of-concept for linking the use of genetically modified probiotic bacteria to host microbial community structure and disease outcomes, which in the future may provide a way to ameliorate disease and address critical frontiers in disease and microbial ecology.
{"title":"Serratia marcescens shapes cutaneous bacterial communities and influences survival of an amphibian host","authors":"Joseph D. Madison, S. Ouellette, E. L. Schmidt, J. Kerby","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1833","url":null,"abstract":"Ongoing investigations into the interactions between microbial communities and their associated hosts are changing how emerging diseases are perceived and ameliorated. Of the numerous host–microbiome–disease systems of study, the emergence of chytridiomycosis (caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, hereafter Bd) has been implicated in ongoing declines and extinction events of amphibians worldwide. Interestingly, there has been differential survival among amphibians in resisting Bd infection and subsequent disease. One factor thought to contribute to this resistance is the host-associated cutaneous microbiota. This has raised the possibility of using genetically modified probiotics to restructure the host-associated microbiota for desired anti-fungal outcomes. Here, we use a previously described strain of Serratia marcescens (Sm) for the manipulation of amphibian cutaneous microbiota. Sm was genetically altered to have a dysfunctional pathway for the production of the extracellular metabolite prodigiosin. This genetically altered strain (Δpig) and the functional prodigiosin producing strain (wild-type, WT) were compared for their microbial community and anti-Bd effects both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, Bd growth was significantly repressed in the presence of prodigiosin. In vivo, the inoculation of both Sm strains was shown to significantly influence amphibian microbiota diversity with the Δpig-Sm treatment showing increasing alpha diversity, and the WT-Sm having no temporal effect on diversity. Differences were also seen in host mortality with Δpig-Sm treatments exhibiting significantly decreased survival probability when compared with WT-Sm in the presence of Bd. These results are an important proof-of-concept for linking the use of genetically modified probiotic bacteria to host microbial community structure and disease outcomes, which in the future may provide a way to ameliorate disease and address critical frontiers in disease and microbial ecology.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81049813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Mammola, P. Cardoso, D. Angyal, G. Balázs, T. Blick, H. Brustel, J. Carter, S. Ćurčić, S. Danflous, L. Dányi, Sylvain Dejean, C. Deltshev, M. Elverici, Jon Fernández, Fulvio Gasparo, M. Komnenov, C. Komposch, L. Kováč, K. B. Kunt, A. Mock, O. Moldovan, M. Naumova, Martina Pavlek, C. Prieto, C. Ribera, R. Rozwałka, V. Růžička, R. Vargovitsh, Stefan Zaenker, M. Isaia
Macroecologists seek to identify drivers of community turnover (β-diversity) through broad spatial scales. However, the influence of local habitat features in driving broad-scale β-diversity patterns remains largely untested, owing to the objective challenges of associating local-scale variables to continental-framed datasets. We examined the relative contribution of local- versus broad-scale drivers of continental β-diversity patterns, using a uniquely suited dataset of cave-dwelling spider communities across Europe (35–70° latitude). Generalized dissimilarity modelling showed that geographical distance, mean annual temperature and size of the karst area in which caves occurred drove most of β-diversity, with differential contributions of each factor according to the level of subterranean specialization. Highly specialized communities were mostly influenced by geographical distance, while less specialized communities were mostly driven by mean annual temperature. Conversely, local-scale habitat features turned out to be meaningless predictors of community change, which emphasizes the idea of caves as the human accessible fraction of the extended network of fissures that more properly represents the elective habitat of the subterranean fauna. To the extent that the effect of local features turned to be inconspicuous, caves emerge as experimental model systems in which to study broad biological patterns without the confounding effect of local habitat features.
{"title":"Local- versus broad-scale environmental drivers of continental β-diversity patterns in subterranean spider communities across Europe","authors":"S. Mammola, P. Cardoso, D. Angyal, G. Balázs, T. Blick, H. Brustel, J. Carter, S. Ćurčić, S. Danflous, L. Dányi, Sylvain Dejean, C. Deltshev, M. Elverici, Jon Fernández, Fulvio Gasparo, M. Komnenov, C. Komposch, L. Kováč, K. B. Kunt, A. Mock, O. Moldovan, M. Naumova, Martina Pavlek, C. Prieto, C. Ribera, R. Rozwałka, V. Růžička, R. Vargovitsh, Stefan Zaenker, M. Isaia","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1579","url":null,"abstract":"Macroecologists seek to identify drivers of community turnover (β-diversity) through broad spatial scales. However, the influence of local habitat features in driving broad-scale β-diversity patterns remains largely untested, owing to the objective challenges of associating local-scale variables to continental-framed datasets. We examined the relative contribution of local- versus broad-scale drivers of continental β-diversity patterns, using a uniquely suited dataset of cave-dwelling spider communities across Europe (35–70° latitude). Generalized dissimilarity modelling showed that geographical distance, mean annual temperature and size of the karst area in which caves occurred drove most of β-diversity, with differential contributions of each factor according to the level of subterranean specialization. Highly specialized communities were mostly influenced by geographical distance, while less specialized communities were mostly driven by mean annual temperature. Conversely, local-scale habitat features turned out to be meaningless predictors of community change, which emphasizes the idea of caves as the human accessible fraction of the extended network of fissures that more properly represents the elective habitat of the subterranean fauna. To the extent that the effect of local features turned to be inconspicuous, caves emerge as experimental model systems in which to study broad biological patterns without the confounding effect of local habitat features.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78963394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Whole-genome duplication (WGD) has occurred commonly in land plant evolution and it is often invoked as a causal agent in diversification, phenotypic and developmental innovation, as well as conferring extinction resistance. The ancient and iconic lineage of Equisetum is no exception, where WGD has been inferred to have occurred prior to the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) boundary, coincident with WGD events in angiosperms. In the absence of high species diversity, WGD in Equisetum is interpreted to have facilitated the long-term survival of the lineage. However, this characterization remains uncertain as these analyses of the Equisetum WGD event have not accounted for fossil diversity. Here, we analyse additional available transcriptomes and summarize the fossil record. Our results confirm support for at least one WGD event shared among the majority of extant Equisetum species. Furthermore, we use improved dating methods to constrain the age of gene duplication in geological time and identify two successive Equisetum WGD events. The two WGD events occurred during the Carboniferous and Triassic, respectively, rather than in association with the K–Pg boundary. WGD events are believed to drive high rates of trait evolution and innovations, but analysed trends of morphological evolution across the historical diversity of Equisetum provide little evidence for further macroevolutionary consequences following WGD. WGD events cannot have conferred extinction resistance to the Equisetum lineage through the K–Pg boundary since the ploidy events occurred hundreds of millions of years before this mass extinction and we find evidence of extinction among fossil polyploid Equisetum lineages. Our findings precipitate the need for a review of the proposed roles of WGDs in biological innovation and extinction survival in angiosperm and non-angiosperm lineages alike.
{"title":"Origin of horsetails and the role of whole-genome duplication in plant macroevolution","authors":"James W. Clark, Mark N. Puttick, P. Donoghue","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1662","url":null,"abstract":"Whole-genome duplication (WGD) has occurred commonly in land plant evolution and it is often invoked as a causal agent in diversification, phenotypic and developmental innovation, as well as conferring extinction resistance. The ancient and iconic lineage of Equisetum is no exception, where WGD has been inferred to have occurred prior to the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) boundary, coincident with WGD events in angiosperms. In the absence of high species diversity, WGD in Equisetum is interpreted to have facilitated the long-term survival of the lineage. However, this characterization remains uncertain as these analyses of the Equisetum WGD event have not accounted for fossil diversity. Here, we analyse additional available transcriptomes and summarize the fossil record. Our results confirm support for at least one WGD event shared among the majority of extant Equisetum species. Furthermore, we use improved dating methods to constrain the age of gene duplication in geological time and identify two successive Equisetum WGD events. The two WGD events occurred during the Carboniferous and Triassic, respectively, rather than in association with the K–Pg boundary. WGD events are believed to drive high rates of trait evolution and innovations, but analysed trends of morphological evolution across the historical diversity of Equisetum provide little evidence for further macroevolutionary consequences following WGD. WGD events cannot have conferred extinction resistance to the Equisetum lineage through the K–Pg boundary since the ploidy events occurred hundreds of millions of years before this mass extinction and we find evidence of extinction among fossil polyploid Equisetum lineages. Our findings precipitate the need for a review of the proposed roles of WGDs in biological innovation and extinction survival in angiosperm and non-angiosperm lineages alike.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88863686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pauline Vuarin, Alice Bouchard, L. Lesobre, Gwénaëlle Leveque, T. Chalah, M. S. Jalme, F. Lacroix, Y. Hingrat, G. Sorci
Male senescence has detrimental effects on reproductive success and offspring fitness. When females mate with multiple males during the same reproductive bout, post-copulatory sexual selection that operates either through sperm competition or cryptic female choice might allow females to skew fertilization success towards young males and as such limit the fitness costs incurred when eggs are fertilized by senescing males. Here, we experimentally tested this hypothesis. We artificially inseminated female North African houbara bustards with sperm from dyads of males of different (young and old) or similar ages (either young or old). Then, we assessed whether siring success was biased towards young males and we measured several life-history traits of the progeny to evaluate the fitness costs due to advanced paternal age. In agreement with the prediction, we found that siring success was biased towards young males, and offspring sired by old males had impaired hatching success, growth and post-release survival (in females). Overall, our results support the hypothesis that post-copulatory sexual selection might represent an effective mechanism allowing females to avoid the fitness costs of fertilization by senescing partners.
{"title":"Post-copulatory sexual selection allows females to alleviate the fitness costs incurred when mating with senescing males","authors":"Pauline Vuarin, Alice Bouchard, L. Lesobre, Gwénaëlle Leveque, T. Chalah, M. S. Jalme, F. Lacroix, Y. Hingrat, G. Sorci","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1675","url":null,"abstract":"Male senescence has detrimental effects on reproductive success and offspring fitness. When females mate with multiple males during the same reproductive bout, post-copulatory sexual selection that operates either through sperm competition or cryptic female choice might allow females to skew fertilization success towards young males and as such limit the fitness costs incurred when eggs are fertilized by senescing males. Here, we experimentally tested this hypothesis. We artificially inseminated female North African houbara bustards with sperm from dyads of males of different (young and old) or similar ages (either young or old). Then, we assessed whether siring success was biased towards young males and we measured several life-history traits of the progeny to evaluate the fitness costs due to advanced paternal age. In agreement with the prediction, we found that siring success was biased towards young males, and offspring sired by old males had impaired hatching success, growth and post-release survival (in females). Overall, our results support the hypothesis that post-copulatory sexual selection might represent an effective mechanism allowing females to avoid the fitness costs of fertilization by senescing partners.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88726444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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