K. Sadowska, S. Stępniewska-Jarosz, Natalia Łukaszewska-Skrzypniak, Weronika Zenelt, N. Borodynko-Filas
One of the conditions for effective management of farm is an access to quick diagnostics of plant pathogens in order to reduce the occurrence of plant diseases. The Plant Diseases Clinic receives samples of infected plants supplied by growers and gardeners from all over Poland. In the years 2018–2020, a total of 274 samples were tested at the Clinic for the presence of fungi and fungal-like organisms pathogenic for plants. The tests were carried out using the microscopic method, and in case of doubt, the result was confirmed by molecular tests. The most frequently studied plant was tomato (26%), followed by strawberry (9%), cucumber (5%) and tobacco, sugar beet, onion, blueberry, raspberry, lettuce, cauliflower and potato. Conifers were also a large group, such as: thujas, cypresses and pines; a total of 17 host plants. Single species of ornamental plants were very numerous, e.g. gerbera, anthurium, aster, geranium, phlox, chrysanthemum and others. The fungi of the genus Fusarium spp. constituted about 38% of infections. This was followed by Alternaria spp. (26%), Botrytis cinerea (11%) and Cladosporium sp. (10%). The remaining diseases were caused by Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Colletotrichum sp., Ulocladium sp., Pestalotia sp. and Phytophthora sp. In recent years, the greatest threat to tomatoes and strawberries has been the fungi of the Fusarium genus, and the pathogens of the Pythium genus to cucumbers.
{"title":"Phytopathogenic species of fungi and fungal-like organisms identified in plant samples delivered to the Plant Disease Clinic in 2018–2020","authors":"K. Sadowska, S. Stępniewska-Jarosz, Natalia Łukaszewska-Skrzypniak, Weronika Zenelt, N. Borodynko-Filas","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-019","url":null,"abstract":"One of the conditions for effective management of farm is an access to quick diagnostics of plant pathogens in order to reduce the occurrence of plant diseases. The Plant Diseases Clinic receives samples of infected plants supplied by growers and gardeners from all over Poland. In the years 2018–2020, a total of 274 samples were tested at the Clinic for the presence of fungi and fungal-like organisms pathogenic for plants. The tests were carried out using the microscopic method, and in case of doubt, the result was confirmed by molecular tests. The most frequently studied plant was tomato (26%), followed by strawberry (9%), cucumber (5%) and tobacco, sugar beet, onion, blueberry, raspberry, lettuce, cauliflower and potato. Conifers were also a large group, such as: thujas, cypresses and pines; a total of 17 host plants. Single species of ornamental plants were very numerous, e.g. gerbera, anthurium, aster, geranium, phlox, chrysanthemum and others. The fungi of the genus Fusarium spp. constituted about 38% of infections. This was followed by Alternaria spp. (26%), Botrytis cinerea (11%) and Cladosporium sp. (10%). The remaining diseases were caused by Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Colletotrichum sp., Ulocladium sp., Pestalotia sp. and Phytophthora sp. In recent years, the greatest threat to tomatoes and strawberries has been the fungi of the Fusarium genus, and the pathogens of the Pythium genus to cucumbers.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Germination od three non GMO soybean cultivars: Abelina, SG Anser and Merlin was examined in a laboratory study as affected by pH level: 5.0; 5.5; 6.0; 6.5 and 7.0. The soybean seeds came from a field experiment carried out in 2017–2018. Analysis of germination capacity was based on two-factor analysis of variance in a completely randomized setting. Among the tested cultivar Abelina had the highest germination capacity. An application of pH from 6.0 to 6.5 contributed the most germinated seeds: 90.0 and 92.0%, respectively. The highest number of abnormally germinating seeds was observed in cultivar SG Anser and when the pH of the soil was 5.0 to 5.5. The numer of non-germinating seeds was higher in 2018 than 2017 and only in the cultivar Abelina did not differ significantly between years.
{"title":"Assessment of the germination capacity of soybeans depending on the pH of the substrate","authors":"K. Rymuza, E. Radzka","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-022","url":null,"abstract":"Germination od three non GMO soybean cultivars: Abelina, SG Anser and Merlin was examined in a laboratory study as affected by pH level: 5.0; 5.5; 6.0; 6.5 and 7.0. The soybean seeds came from a field experiment carried out in 2017–2018. Analysis of germination capacity was based on two-factor analysis of variance in a completely randomized setting. Among the tested cultivar Abelina had the highest germination capacity. An application of pH from 6.0 to 6.5 contributed the most germinated seeds: 90.0 and 92.0%, respectively. The highest number of abnormally germinating seeds was observed in cultivar SG Anser and when the pH of the soil was 5.0 to 5.5. The numer of non-germinating seeds was higher in 2018 than 2017 and only in the cultivar Abelina did not differ significantly between years.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research was carried out in 2018–2020 at the Agricultural Experimental Farm of the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. The experiment was established on medium soil, in a split-plot design in three replications. The following factors were investigated: I – two medium-early varieties of potato were Malaga and Oberon, II – five ways of using herbicide and herbicide with biostimulators: control object – mechanical care, Avatar 293 ZC (clomazone + metribuzin), Avatar 293 ZC and PlonoStart, Avatar 293 ZC and Aminoplant as well as Avatar 293 ZC and Agro-Sorb Folium. The following factors were assessed: percentage of infected tubers, average degree of sample infection and average degree of tuber poison infection. The obtained results showed that the methods of using the herbicide and the herbicide with biostimulators significantly reduced the average degree of infection of potato tubers with rhizoctonosis compared to the tubers collected from the control object.
{"title":"Influence of herbicide and herbicide with biostimulators on infection of selected potato cultivars by Rhizoctonia solani","authors":"","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-028","url":null,"abstract":"The research was carried out in 2018–2020 at the Agricultural Experimental Farm of the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. The experiment was established on medium soil, in a split-plot design in three replications. The following factors were investigated: I – two medium-early varieties of potato were Malaga and Oberon, II – five ways of using herbicide and herbicide with biostimulators: control object – mechanical care, Avatar 293 ZC (clomazone + metribuzin), Avatar 293 ZC and PlonoStart, Avatar 293 ZC and Aminoplant as well as Avatar 293 ZC and Agro-Sorb Folium. The following factors were assessed: percentage of infected tubers, average degree of sample infection and average degree of tuber poison infection. The obtained results showed that the methods of using the herbicide and the herbicide with biostimulators significantly reduced the average degree of infection of potato tubers with rhizoctonosis compared to the tubers collected from the control object.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the years 2012–2014, at The National Institute of Horticultural Research in Skierniewice, research was carried out on determining the impact of various methods of weeding on leek yield, its storage stability and nutritional value after harvest and storage. In the field experiments the following methods were compared: mechanical treatments, mechanical treatments + growth stimulator, soil mulching with polypropylene and black foil and hand weeding. After harvest the leek were storage at the temperature 0°C for 124–150 days depending on the year and after the storage it was sorted as: marketable leeks and plants with diseases symptoms and rotten plants, and also leek’s natural weight loss was determined. After harvest and after storage, the content of dry matter, total sugars and soluble phenols in leeks was determined. The highest marketable yield immediately after harvest was obtained from plants mulched with black materials. After storage, the most marketable leeks were obtained from the control and hand weeded during cultivation. Chemical composition of leek was analysed after harvest and after the storage period. After harvest the highest yield from leek grown in black mulch were obtained and after the storage from control and hand weeding. Chemical analyses showed that the highest dry matter and total sugars contents were found in leek weeded by hand, and after storage mulched with black and polypropylene foil. After harvest, the highest content of soluble phenols was recorded in leek weeded mechanically and treated additionally with a growth stimulator, and after the storage – in mechanically weeded leeks.
{"title":"The effect of weed management method on weeds infestation, yield, storage ability and nutritional value of leek (Allium porrum L.)","authors":"","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-032","url":null,"abstract":"In the years 2012–2014, at The National Institute of Horticultural Research in Skierniewice, research was carried out on determining the impact of various methods of weeding on leek yield, its storage stability and nutritional value after harvest and storage. In the field experiments the following methods were compared: mechanical treatments, mechanical treatments + growth stimulator, soil mulching with polypropylene and black foil and hand weeding. After harvest the leek were storage at the temperature 0°C for 124–150 days depending on the year and after the storage it was sorted as: marketable leeks and plants with diseases symptoms and rotten plants, and also leek’s natural weight loss was determined. After harvest and after storage, the content of dry matter, total sugars and soluble phenols in leeks was determined. The highest marketable yield immediately after harvest was obtained from plants mulched with black materials. After storage, the most marketable leeks were obtained from the control and hand weeded during cultivation. Chemical composition of leek was analysed after harvest and after the storage period. After harvest the highest yield from leek grown in black mulch were obtained and after the storage from control and hand weeding. Chemical analyses showed that the highest dry matter and total sugars contents were found in leek weeded by hand, and after storage mulched with black and polypropylene foil. After harvest, the highest content of soluble phenols was recorded in leek weeded mechanically and treated additionally with a growth stimulator, and after the storage – in mechanically weeded leeks.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agnieszka Taberska, J. Minicka, N. Borodynko-Filas, B. Hasiów‐Jaroszewska
Onion yellow dwarf virus is distributed worldwide significantly reducing yield of crops from the Allium genus. The aim of the study was the detection and molecular characterization of newly identified OYDV isolates infecting onions in Poland. The virus was detected by transmission electron microscopy and RT-PCR techniques using two pairs of diagnostic primers: OYDV-NibCPF1/R1 and OYDV-CPF2/R2. The specificity of obtained RT-PCR products was confirmed by Sanger sequencing and received viral coat protein sequence was used for phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis was carried out using CP sequences of the new Polish onion isolate obtained in this study and 37 other sequences of OYDV retrieved from GenBank. The analysis revealed that the Polish OYDV isolate is the most similar to the OYDV isolates derived from onions from Argentina and Germany, which may indicate their common origin. Moreover, it was observed that the Polish onion and garlic isolates are very diverse and belong to different phylogroups.
{"title":"Identification and molecular characterization of onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) in Allium cepa crops in Poland","authors":"Agnieszka Taberska, J. Minicka, N. Borodynko-Filas, B. Hasiów‐Jaroszewska","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-024","url":null,"abstract":"Onion yellow dwarf virus is distributed worldwide significantly reducing yield of crops from the Allium genus. The aim of the study was the detection and molecular characterization of newly identified OYDV isolates infecting onions in Poland. The virus was detected by transmission electron microscopy and RT-PCR techniques using two pairs of diagnostic primers: OYDV-NibCPF1/R1 and OYDV-CPF2/R2. The specificity of obtained RT-PCR products was confirmed by Sanger sequencing and received viral coat protein sequence was used for phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis was carried out using CP sequences of the new Polish onion isolate obtained in this study and 37 other sequences of OYDV retrieved from GenBank. The analysis revealed that the Polish OYDV isolate is the most similar to the OYDV isolates derived from onions from Argentina and Germany, which may indicate their common origin. Moreover, it was observed that the Polish onion and garlic isolates are very diverse and belong to different phylogroups.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The technology of droplet digital PCR is considered to be third-generation technology of nucleic acid amplification recently developed for the diagnostics of phytopathogens, such as bacteria, nematodes, fungi and viruses. Due to its high sensitivity, precision and no need to use standard curves and/or reference genes it is an alternative to a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). This paper presents the possibility of using the reverse transcription technique followed by ddPCR (RT-ddPCR) to detect tomato torrado virus, ToTV in the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), which is a real source of ToTV in tomato cultivation, especially in southern European countries, where it’s increased occurrence has been observed. The analysis of cDNA template evaluation of the virus RNA copies in a single adult greenhouse whitefly showed that it could carry from 220 to even 8600 copies of the virus gene. Due to the lack of effective antiviral agents, innovative and rapid viruses diagnostic assays are the essence of the fight against development of viral diseases. Therfore reported here RT-ddPCR protocol for the detection of ToTV in whiteflies may be an effective tool for monitoring the real threat of the tomato disease described by Spanish farmers as ”torrao”.
{"title":"Application of reverse transcription and droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) for detection of tomato torrado virus (ToTV) in greenhouse whitefly","authors":"","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-039","url":null,"abstract":"The technology of droplet digital PCR is considered to be third-generation technology of nucleic acid amplification recently developed for the diagnostics of phytopathogens, such as bacteria, nematodes, fungi and viruses. Due to its high sensitivity, precision and no need to use standard curves and/or reference genes it is an alternative to a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). This paper presents the possibility of using the reverse transcription technique followed by ddPCR (RT-ddPCR) to detect tomato torrado virus, ToTV in the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), which is a real source of ToTV in tomato cultivation, especially in southern European countries, where it’s increased occurrence has been observed. The analysis of cDNA template evaluation of the virus RNA copies in a single adult greenhouse whitefly showed that it could carry from 220 to even 8600 copies of the virus gene. Due to the lack of effective antiviral agents, innovative and rapid viruses diagnostic assays are the essence of the fight against development of viral diseases. Therfore reported here RT-ddPCR protocol for the detection of ToTV in whiteflies may be an effective tool for monitoring the real threat of the tomato disease described by Spanish farmers as ”torrao”.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agnieszka Kiniec, K. Pieczul, I. Świerczyńska, D. Górski
{"title":"Perspectives of chemical controlling Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora beticola Sacc.) based on laboratory tests","authors":"Agnieszka Kiniec, K. Pieczul, I. Świerczyńska, D. Górski","doi":"10.14199/PPP-2021-012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/PPP-2021-012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimization and validation of a method for the determination of pesticide residues in green vegetables by LC-MS/MS","authors":"Klaudia Pszczolińska, B. Kociołek","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rośliny rolnicze i ich produkty stanowią ważny element diety każdego człowieka. Obok niezbędnych i cennych substancji budulcowych i energetycznych mogą zawierać substancje toksyczne powstające podczas uprawy, zbioru, przetwarzania, przechowywania i transportu. W grupie naturalnych toksyn można wyróżnić alkaloidy stanowiące pierwotne metabolity wytwarzane przez rośliny oraz mykotoksyny będące wtórnymi metabolitami grzybów pleśniowych. Do syntetycznych substancji należą zanieczyszczenia pozostałościami środków ochrony roślin. Alkaloidy występują w wielu gatunkach roślin rolniczych m.in. Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Leguminosae i Solanaceae, a najczęściej spotykanymi alkaloidami są atropina i skopolamina m.in. w produktach zbożowych, herbatach ziołowych i warzywach strączkowych. Mykotoksyny są produkowane przez trzy rodzaje grzybów pleśniowych – Aspergillus, Penicillium i Fusarium. Regularnie występują w zbożach i paszach oraz ziołach np. aflatoksyna B1, ochratoksyna A, trichoteceny. Pozostałości substancji czynnych środków ochrony roślin wykrywane z największą częstotliwością to fungicydy np. boskalid, imazalil, fludioksonil oraz insektycydy np. acetamipryd, w głównej mierze w owocach, rzadziej w warzywach. Przedmiotem pracy była meta-analiza publikacji naukowych dotycząca naturalnych i syntetycznych substancji toksycznych w zakresie ich charakterystyki oraz występowania w roślinach rolniczych i produktach rolniczych.
{"title":"Natural and synthetic toxic substances occurring in agricultural plants and their products","authors":"M. Jankowska, B. Łozowicka","doi":"10.14199/PPP-2021-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/PPP-2021-003","url":null,"abstract":"Rośliny rolnicze i ich produkty stanowią ważny element diety każdego człowieka. Obok niezbędnych i cennych substancji budulcowych i energetycznych mogą zawierać substancje toksyczne powstające podczas uprawy, zbioru, przetwarzania, przechowywania i transportu. W grupie naturalnych toksyn można wyróżnić alkaloidy stanowiące pierwotne metabolity wytwarzane przez rośliny oraz mykotoksyny będące wtórnymi metabolitami grzybów pleśniowych. Do syntetycznych substancji należą zanieczyszczenia pozostałościami środków ochrony roślin. Alkaloidy występują w wielu gatunkach roślin rolniczych m.in. Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Leguminosae i Solanaceae, a najczęściej spotykanymi alkaloidami są atropina i skopolamina m.in. w produktach zbożowych, herbatach ziołowych i warzywach strączkowych. Mykotoksyny są produkowane przez trzy rodzaje grzybów pleśniowych – Aspergillus, Penicillium i Fusarium. Regularnie występują w zbożach i paszach oraz ziołach np. aflatoksyna B1, ochratoksyna A, trichoteceny. Pozostałości substancji czynnych środków ochrony roślin wykrywane z największą częstotliwością to fungicydy np. boskalid, imazalil, fludioksonil oraz insektycydy np. acetamipryd, w głównej mierze w owocach, rzadziej w warzywach. Przedmiotem pracy była meta-analiza publikacji naukowych dotycząca naturalnych i syntetycznych substancji toksycznych w zakresie ich charakterystyki oraz występowania w roślinach rolniczych i produktach rolniczych.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Steiner & Buhrer 1934 (Nickle 1970) is the major causative agent of the pine wilt disease which has become devastating to Asian and European coniferous forests. These regions are also naturally occupied by two other native but nonpathogenic species, i.e. B. mucronatus Mamiya & Enda 1979 and B. fraudulentus Rühm 1956 which are closely related to the invasive B. xylophilus. Moreover, all these three species can colonize pine trees, and potentially be extracted from the same wood samples. Due to the cosmopolitan character and wide genetic variation within- and between existing populations the taxonomic distinction of these species based exclusively on their morphology is difficult or, almost impossible. The present quarantine regulations related to B. xylophilus require the most credible and simple methods which could allow for a possibly earliest detection and precise identification of this species in wood shipments and conifer forests stands. The main objectives of the presently reported research were to simplify the presently available procedures for possibly fast and precise detection and identification of B. xylophilus examined in the background of the remaining Bursaphelenchus species of the xylophilus group and other bacterio- and mycetophagous nematodes naturally present in the pine wood samples. The developed method is based on a direct examination of the crude nematode extract from wood samples and subsequent use of PCR technique with earlier designed specific reaction starters amplifying ITS1–28S rDNA regions.
松材线虫，Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Steiner & Buhrer 1934 (Nickle 1970)是松树枯萎病的主要病原体，它已成为亚洲和欧洲针叶林的毁灭性疾病。这些区域也被另外两种本地但非致病性的物种自然占据，即B. mucronatus Mamiya & Enda 1979和B. fraudulentus r hm 1956，它们与入侵的B. xylophilus密切相关。此外，这三种物种都可以在松树上定居，并且有可能从相同的木材样本中提取。由于世界性的特点和广泛的遗传变异内部和之间的现有种群，这些物种的分类区分仅仅基于他们的形态是困难的，或几乎不可能。目前有关木杉的检疫条例要求采用最可靠和最简单的方法，以便在木材运输和针叶林林分中尽早发现和准确鉴定该物种。目前报告的研究的主要目的是简化目前可用的程序，以便在松材样品中剩余的木藻组Bursaphelenchus物种和其他天然存在的细菌和菌噬线虫的背景下，可能快速和准确地检测和鉴定xylophilus。所开发的方法是基于直接检测木材样品中的粗线虫提取物，随后使用PCR技术和早期设计的特异性反应起始物扩增ITS1-28S rDNA区域。
{"title":"Assessment of the PCR technique for identification of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya & Enda 1979, B. xylophilus Steiner & Buhrer 1934 (Nickle 1970) and B. fraudulentus Rühm 1956 (Nematoda, Aphelenchoididae) in crude extract of nematodes isolated from wood","authors":"","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-037","url":null,"abstract":"The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Steiner & Buhrer 1934 (Nickle 1970) is the major causative agent of the pine wilt disease which has become devastating to Asian and European coniferous forests. These regions are also naturally occupied by two other native but nonpathogenic species, i.e. B. mucronatus Mamiya & Enda 1979 and B. fraudulentus Rühm 1956 which are closely related to the invasive B. xylophilus. Moreover, all these three species can colonize pine trees, and potentially be extracted from the same wood samples. Due to the cosmopolitan character and wide genetic variation within- and between existing populations the taxonomic distinction of these species based exclusively on their morphology is difficult or, almost impossible. The present quarantine regulations related to B. xylophilus require the most credible and simple methods which could allow for a possibly earliest detection and precise identification of this species in wood shipments and conifer forests stands. The main objectives of the presently reported research were to simplify the presently available procedures for possibly fast and precise detection and identification of B. xylophilus examined in the background of the remaining Bursaphelenchus species of the xylophilus group and other bacterio- and mycetophagous nematodes naturally present in the pine wood samples. The developed method is based on a direct examination of the crude nematode extract from wood samples and subsequent use of PCR technique with earlier designed specific reaction starters amplifying ITS1–28S rDNA regions.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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