The aim of the research carried out in 2014–2016 at the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute in Jadwisin was to assess the economic effectiveness of the use of fungicides in combating the causative agents of potato blight and alternaria on plants of four edible potato varieties with different resistance to Phytophthora infestans. The experiment included two objects: control – without chemical protection and protection – in which from 3 to 5 chemical treatments were performed. In the protected object obtained increase of yield of tubers was 20.4%. The value of saved production amounted to an average of 4.181.8 zł/ha. In the years of research in which meteorological conditions favored the development of late blight and alternaria, high profitability of using fungicides was found. Orientation index of profitability (E2) was in the range of 2.5–4.0, which means that the performed plant protection treatment constituted from 2.5 to 4.0% of the value of the obtained tuber yield per 1 hectare.
{"title":"Economic effectiveness of using fungicides in the protection of potato against Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria spp.","authors":"","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-026","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research carried out in 2014–2016 at the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute in Jadwisin was to assess the economic effectiveness of the use of fungicides in combating the causative agents of potato blight and alternaria on plants of four edible potato varieties with different resistance to Phytophthora infestans. The experiment included two objects: control – without chemical protection and protection – in which from 3 to 5 chemical treatments were performed. In the protected object obtained increase of yield of tubers was 20.4%. The value of saved production amounted to an average of 4.181.8 zł/ha. In the years of research in which meteorological conditions favored the development of late blight and alternaria, high profitability of using fungicides was found. Orientation index of profitability (E2) was in the range of 2.5–4.0, which means that the performed plant protection treatment constituted from 2.5 to 4.0% of the value of the obtained tuber yield per 1 hectare.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
omato torrado virus (ToTV) is a whitefly-transmitted emerging pathogen infecting Solanum lycopersicum and inducing severe necrosis. To date, it was taken for granted that all plant viruses encode suppressors of silencing – proteins that promote disease symptoms in virusinfected plants. The main feature of silencing suppressors is to counteract plant defence mechanisms during infection. Interestingly, such a protein was not described so far for any known members from Torradovirus genus. In this study, we asked how ToTV infection would develop in a presence of a heterologusly expressed strong suppressor of silencing. For this, two experimental approaches were chosen. On one hand, ToTV accumulation was tested in Nicotiana benthmaniana plants stably expressing p19TBSV gene from tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) (the p19TBSV is a well-described silencing suppressor). On the other hand, the p19TBSV gene was introduced into ToTV genome to produce a recombined ToTV-Kra-p19 and its accumulation was assessed in the wild type N. benthamiana. We observed that ToTV induced more severe disease symptoms in N. benthamiana in a presence of the p19TBSV what was accompanied by a significantly higher accumulation of viral genomic RNAs. This indicates that the p19TBSV boosts ToTV pathogenicity. On the other hand, it points that the ToTV infectivity does not rely strictly on a presence of a strong silencing suppressor.
{"title":"Suppression of post-transcriptional gene silencing intensifies pathogenicity of tomato torrado virus (ToTV) in Nicotiana benthamiana","authors":"","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-038","url":null,"abstract":"omato torrado virus (ToTV) is a whitefly-transmitted emerging pathogen infecting Solanum lycopersicum and inducing severe necrosis. To date, it was taken for granted that all plant viruses encode suppressors of silencing – proteins that promote disease symptoms in virusinfected plants. The main feature of silencing suppressors is to counteract plant defence mechanisms during infection. Interestingly, such a protein was not described so far for any known members from Torradovirus genus. In this study, we asked how ToTV infection would develop in a presence of a heterologusly expressed strong suppressor of silencing. For this, two experimental approaches were chosen. On one hand, ToTV accumulation was tested in Nicotiana benthmaniana plants stably expressing p19TBSV gene from tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) (the p19TBSV is a well-described silencing suppressor). On the other hand, the p19TBSV gene was introduced into ToTV genome to produce a recombined ToTV-Kra-p19 and its accumulation was assessed in the wild type N. benthamiana. We observed that ToTV induced more severe disease symptoms in N. benthamiana in a presence of the p19TBSV what was accompanied by a significantly higher accumulation of viral genomic RNAs. This indicates that the p19TBSV boosts ToTV pathogenicity. On the other hand, it points that the ToTV infectivity does not rely strictly on a presence of a strong silencing suppressor.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the experiment carried out in Sahryń village (50°40′42″N, 23°47′35″E) in 2019–2020, the impact of threefold foliar application of Si and Ca-containing fertilizer, fourfold application of fungicides and the combination of both of these combinations on the yield and technological quality of sugar beet roots in conditions of strong infection pressure of Cercospora beticola Sacc. The effects were compared to the control. Triple foliar application of the fertilizer had a beneficial effect on the root, biological and pure yield of sugar. The biological and pure yield of sugar increased in the following sequence: control; 3x foliar application of the product with Si + Ca; 4x fungicide treatments; 3x foliar application of the product with Si + Ca + 4x fungicide treatments. A foliar application of silicon and calcium products can help implement a “field to fork” strategy.
在2019-2020年在sahryski村(50°40′42″N, 23°47′35″E)进行的试验中，研究了在甜菜Cercospora beticola Sacc侵染压力较大的条件下，叶面三次施用含硅和含钙肥、四次施用杀菌剂以及两种组合对甜菜根产量和技术品质的影响。将效果与对照组进行比较。叶面三施对糖的根产量、生物产量和纯产量均有显著的促进作用。糖的生物产量和纯产量的增加顺序如下:对照;三次叶面施用硅+钙产品;4次杀菌剂处理;本产品叶面施用3次，配以Si + Ca + 4次杀菌剂处理。叶面应用硅和钙产品可以帮助实施“田间到餐桌”的战略。
{"title":"Effect of foliar application of a fertilizer containing silicon and calcium on the yield and technological quality of sugar beet roots","authors":"A. Artyszak","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-021","url":null,"abstract":"In the experiment carried out in Sahryń village (50°40′42″N, 23°47′35″E) in 2019–2020, the impact of threefold foliar application of Si and Ca-containing fertilizer, fourfold application of fungicides and the combination of both of these combinations on the yield and technological quality of sugar beet roots in conditions of strong infection pressure of Cercospora beticola Sacc. The effects were compared to the control. Triple foliar application of the fertilizer had a beneficial effect on the root, biological and pure yield of sugar. The biological and pure yield of sugar increased in the following sequence: control; 3x foliar application of the product with Si + Ca; 4x fungicide treatments; 3x foliar application of the product with Si + Ca + 4x fungicide treatments. A foliar application of silicon and calcium products can help implement a “field to fork” strategy.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various types of microorganisms are commonly used to control toxinogenic fungi in cereal crops and constitute an important element of integrated pest management, limiting the use of chemical treatments. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of Paenibacillus bacteria for the growth inhibition of Fusarium fungi and mycotoxins in a model studies on rice grains. The activity of the studied strains in inhibiting the growth of fungi and reducing the level of mycotoxins was determined by chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of the content of ergosterol (ERG), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in rice grains after their inoculation with bacterial cultures and infection by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the studied strains of bacteria effectively inhibited the growth of fungi of the genus Fusarium and, in individual variants, reduced the levels of ZEA and DON in rice grains. The activity of the tested bacteria in the analyzed range depended on the bacterial strain, the type of fungus and the amount of bacterial culture used to inoculate rice.
{"title":"Paenibacillus bacteria as a biological factor to control Fusarium fungi and mycotoxins in model studies","authors":"","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-036","url":null,"abstract":"Various types of microorganisms are commonly used to control toxinogenic fungi in cereal crops and constitute an important element of integrated pest management, limiting the use of chemical treatments. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of Paenibacillus bacteria for the growth inhibition of Fusarium fungi and mycotoxins in a model studies on rice grains. The activity of the studied strains in inhibiting the growth of fungi and reducing the level of mycotoxins was determined by chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of the content of ergosterol (ERG), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in rice grains after their inoculation with bacterial cultures and infection by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the studied strains of bacteria effectively inhibited the growth of fungi of the genus Fusarium and, in individual variants, reduced the levels of ZEA and DON in rice grains. The activity of the tested bacteria in the analyzed range depended on the bacterial strain, the type of fungus and the amount of bacterial culture used to inoculate rice.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Jakubowska, D. Zawada, J. Bocianowski, M. Baran
{"title":"Monitoring of the two-spotted spider mite in sugar beet and the possibility of its chemical control based on fenopyroximate and mixtures of fenopyroximate with hexythiazox","authors":"M. Jakubowska, D. Zawada, J. Bocianowski, M. Baran","doi":"10.14199/PPP-2021-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/PPP-2021-014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Streszczenie Naturalne i syntetyczne substancje toksyczne występujące w roślinach rolniczych i ich produktach mogą stanowić ryzyko narażenia zdrowia ludzi i zwierząt. obecność niepożądanych związków, takich jak alkaloidy, mykotoksyny czy pozostałości środków ochrony roślin (ś.o.r.) stwarza potrzebę poszukiwania metod oznaczania wymagających intensywnego przygotowania i oczyszczania próbek w celu oddzielenia analitów od matrycy, jak również opracowania skutecznych strategii eliminacji substancji celem zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa żywności. Procesy technologiczne są efektywnym narzędziem wpływającym na zmianę poziomu stężeń substancji toksycznych, zarówno toksyn naturalnego pochodzenia (alkaloidy, mykotoksyny), jak i będących wynikiem zanieczyszczenia roślin rolniczych pozostałościami ś.o.r. W przemyśle przetwórczym wykorzystuje się szereg metod fizycznych, chemicznych i biologicznych lub ich kombinacji, skutecznych w usuwaniu, przekształcaniu, detoksyfikacji i dekontaminacji toksycznych substancji występujących w roślinach. W pracy podsumowano metody przetwarzania roślin rolniczych oraz metody oznaczania substancji toksycznych opublikowane w ciągu ostatnich lat. omówiono wpływ metod biologicznych, chemicznych i fizycznych na poziomy stężeń alkaloidów, mykotoksyn i pozostałości ś.o.r. w roślinach rolniczych i ich produktach.
{"title":"The influence of technological processing on the concentration levels of natural and synthetic toxic substances present in agricultural plants and their products and determination methods of toxins","authors":"M. Jankowska, B. Łozowicka","doi":"10.14199/PPP-2021-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/PPP-2021-005","url":null,"abstract":"Streszczenie Naturalne i syntetyczne substancje toksyczne występujące w roślinach rolniczych i ich produktach mogą stanowić ryzyko narażenia zdrowia ludzi i zwierząt. obecność niepożądanych związków, takich jak alkaloidy, mykotoksyny czy pozostałości środków ochrony roślin (ś.o.r.) stwarza potrzebę poszukiwania metod oznaczania wymagających intensywnego przygotowania i oczyszczania próbek w celu oddzielenia analitów od matrycy, jak również opracowania skutecznych strategii eliminacji substancji celem zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa żywności. Procesy technologiczne są efektywnym narzędziem wpływającym na zmianę poziomu stężeń substancji toksycznych, zarówno toksyn naturalnego pochodzenia (alkaloidy, mykotoksyny), jak i będących wynikiem zanieczyszczenia roślin rolniczych pozostałościami ś.o.r. W przemyśle przetwórczym wykorzystuje się szereg metod fizycznych, chemicznych i biologicznych lub ich kombinacji, skutecznych w usuwaniu, przekształcaniu, detoksyfikacji i dekontaminacji toksycznych substancji występujących w roślinach. W pracy podsumowano metody przetwarzania roślin rolniczych oraz metody oznaczania substancji toksycznych opublikowane w ciągu ostatnich lat. omówiono wpływ metod biologicznych, chemicznych i fizycznych na poziomy stężeń alkaloidów, mykotoksyn i pozostałości ś.o.r. w roślinach rolniczych i ich produktach.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cereal leaf beetle (CLB, Oulema spp.) are economically important pests of cereals, because their feeding, especially at the larval stage may significantly reduce the quality and quantity of the obtained crop. The aim of the study was explanation the expression level of PPO and PAL genes involved in the secondary metabolites production in response to feeding of CLB larvae with a reduced or not reduced bacterial component. It was indicated that bacteria associated with CLB larvae supressed wheat response to CLB feeding to the benefit of insect host. Each of the three wheat varieties developed a unique defence mechanism against tested stress factors (including mechanical damage or damage caused by larvae feeding). The Arkadia variety reacted much faster and stronger to treatments in comparison to the other two wheat varieties. Understanding of the expression of genes involved in the plant defence response against herbivory pests is very important from an ecological point of view and has a great potential for use in plant protection.
{"title":"Expression of genes encoding polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in wheat in response to Oulema spp. larvae feeding","authors":"","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-033","url":null,"abstract":"Cereal leaf beetle (CLB, Oulema spp.) are economically important pests of cereals, because their feeding, especially at the larval stage may significantly reduce the quality and quantity of the obtained crop. The aim of the study was explanation the expression level of PPO and PAL genes involved in the secondary metabolites production in response to feeding of CLB larvae with a reduced or not reduced bacterial component. It was indicated that bacteria associated with CLB larvae supressed wheat response to CLB feeding to the benefit of insect host. Each of the three wheat varieties developed a unique defence mechanism against tested stress factors (including mechanical damage or damage caused by larvae feeding). The Arkadia variety reacted much faster and stronger to treatments in comparison to the other two wheat varieties. Understanding of the expression of genes involved in the plant defence response against herbivory pests is very important from an ecological point of view and has a great potential for use in plant protection.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Basic substances – an effective supplement to crop protection methods","authors":"J. Kowalska, S. Roszkowski, J. Krzymińska","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The studies carried out in the years of 2014–2017 at the Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice were aimed to compare the biological effectiveness of foliar applied herbicides: oxyfluorfen, prosulfocarb, bromoxynil, pyridate and their mixtures, as well as assessment of suitability of these substances for weeds control in sowed onion. Herbicides were applied with the split application method, in three treatments, every 5–8 days from 1‒2 true leaves stage of onion or in two treatments from 2–3 leaves of onion. The studies assessed the effect of herbicides and their mixtures on the degree of weed damage, secondary weed infestation, selectivity, as well as onion growth, development and yield. The results showed that the greatest reduction of weeds and the highest yield, with slight, transient phytotoxicity symptoms, were obtained after 3 times spraying with oxyfluorofen in a mixture with bromoxynil. The weakest weed control and the lowest onion yield were obtained after applying oxyfluorfen in two treatments, in a mixture with pyridate.
{"title":"The influence of selected herbicides and their mixtures used with split application method on weed infestation growth and yield of onion","authors":"Z. Anyszka, J. Golian, J. Kwiatkowska","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-020","url":null,"abstract":"The studies carried out in the years of 2014–2017 at the Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice were aimed to compare the biological effectiveness of foliar applied herbicides: oxyfluorfen, prosulfocarb, bromoxynil, pyridate and their mixtures, as well as assessment of suitability of these substances for weeds control in sowed onion. Herbicides were applied with the split application method, in three treatments, every 5–8 days from 1‒2 true leaves stage of onion or in two treatments from 2–3 leaves of onion. The studies assessed the effect of herbicides and their mixtures on the degree of weed damage, secondary weed infestation, selectivity, as well as onion growth, development and yield. The results showed that the greatest reduction of weeds and the highest yield, with slight, transient phytotoxicity symptoms, were obtained after 3 times spraying with oxyfluorofen in a mixture with bromoxynil. The weakest weed control and the lowest onion yield were obtained after applying oxyfluorfen in two treatments, in a mixture with pyridate.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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