Polymer Testing最新文献_第4页

Melt strength enhancing additives for reactive extrusion of polylactide – a comparative study 聚乳酸反应挤出用增强熔体强度添加剂的比较研究

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109104

Franka Malsch

Polylactide (PLA) has a low inherent melt strength which is an obstacle to its use in film and blow-molding applications. This can be addressed through the use of reactive chain extension, but commercially available additives for this process vary widely in reactivity and chemical composition. This work compares the melt strength of polylactide modified with 11 different commercial additives marketed as chain extenders or viscosity enhancers for polyesters. To compare the effectiveness of these additives in enhancing PLA melt strength, blends were produced via both batch mixing and continuous extrusion using temperatures of 170–230 °C, processing times of 3–15 min and additive concentrations of 2–10 %. The melt strength of produced blends was evaluated using Rheotens draw-down measurement on a continuously extruded melt strand and changes to melt strength from reactive extrusion were determined through comparison with unmodified PLA processed under identical conditions. The effectiveness of melt strength enhancing additives was found to be dependent on functional group type and concentration within the additive. Maleic anhydride functionalized additives were shown to be completely ineffective. Epoxy-modified acrylates were demonstrated to provide only moderate melt strength enhancement at low functional group content but achieved up to 300 % melt strength and 400 % zero-shear viscosity over unmodified PLA when using additives with a functional group content of 15–20 %. Increasing additive concentration in the blend was found to only be an effective means of further viscosity enhancement for low-reactivity additives with a functional group content below 10 %.

聚乳酸（PLA）具有较低的固有熔体强度，这是其在薄膜和吹塑应用中的障碍。这可以通过使用反应性链延伸来解决，但是用于该工艺的市售添加剂在反应性和化学成分方面差异很大。本研究比较了用11种不同的商业添加剂作为扩链剂或聚酯增粘剂改性聚丙交酯的熔体强度。为了比较这些添加剂在提高PLA熔体强度方面的有效性，通过分批混合和连续挤出生产共混物，温度为170-230°C，加工时间为3-15分钟，添加剂浓度为2 - 10%。在连续挤压的熔体链上使用流变压降测量来评估所生产的共混物的熔体强度，并通过与在相同条件下加工的未改性PLA进行比较来确定反应挤出对熔体强度的变化。发现熔体强度增强添加剂的有效性取决于添加剂中官能团的类型和浓度。马来酸酐功能化添加剂是完全无效的。在低官能团含量的情况下，环氧改性丙烯酸酯只能提供适度的熔体强度增强，但当使用含有15 - 20%官能团的添加剂时，与未改性的PLA相比，熔体强度可达300%，零剪切粘度可达400%。增加共混物中添加剂的浓度只对官能团含量低于10%的低反应性添加剂是进一步增强粘度的有效手段。

{"title":"Melt strength enhancing additives for reactive extrusion of polylactide – a comparative study","authors":"Franka Malsch","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polylactide (PLA) has a low inherent melt strength which is an obstacle to its use in film and blow-molding applications. This can be addressed through the use of reactive chain extension, but commercially available additives for this process vary widely in reactivity and chemical composition. This work compares the melt strength of polylactide modified with 11 different commercial additives marketed as chain extenders or viscosity enhancers for polyesters. To compare the effectiveness of these additives in enhancing PLA melt strength, blends were produced via both batch mixing and continuous extrusion using temperatures of 170–230 °C, processing times of 3–15 min and additive concentrations of 2–10 %. The melt strength of produced blends was evaluated using Rheotens draw-down measurement on a continuously extruded melt strand and changes to melt strength from reactive extrusion were determined through comparison with unmodified PLA processed under identical conditions. The effectiveness of melt strength enhancing additives was found to be dependent on functional group type and concentration within the additive. Maleic anhydride functionalized additives were shown to be completely ineffective. Epoxy-modified acrylates were demonstrated to provide only moderate melt strength enhancement at low functional group content but achieved up to 300 % melt strength and 400 % zero-shear viscosity over unmodified PLA when using additives with a functional group content of 15–20 %. Increasing additive concentration in the blend was found to only be an effective means of further viscosity enhancement for low-reactivity additives with a functional group content below 10 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109104"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Interface-dominated environmental stress cracking in PMMA automotive lamps: From field analysis to component- and specimen-level evaluation PMMA车灯界面主导的环境应力开裂：从现场分析到部件和样品级评价

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109102

Gyu-Hyun Lim , Min-Jin Choi , Choon-Ho Lee , Na-Im Kim , Jung-Wook Wee

This study investigates the field cracking phenomenon of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) used in automotive rear lamps and establishes systematic evaluation methods to reproduce these failures. To clarify the crack formation mechanism, rear lamps that exhibited cracking during service were collected and analyzed. Surface analysis revealed that the cracks typically propagated along the dual-bonded interface. To reproduce these field cracks under laboratory conditions, actual rear lamps were immersed in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) at two temperatures (22 and 40 °C). The results confirmed that lamps exposed to IPA exhibited crack propagation along the dual-bonded interface, identical to the field failures, which was attributed to environmental stress cracking (ESC). Additionally, ESC tests were conducted on dual-bonded dog-bone specimens under varying temperatures and bending strains. Notably, quantitative analysis revealed that the crack initiation time for dual-bonded specimens was approximately 7 times faster than that for single materials (e.g., 2.33 s vs. 16.3 s at 22 °C), providing definitive evidence of the structural vulnerability of the interface. Surface analysis of these specimens showed crack morphology consistent with both component-level tests and field failures. By effectively correlating specimen-level quantification with actual component behavior, this study demonstrates that laboratory-scale evaluations can accurately replicate complex field phenomena. This systematic framework provides a robust scientific basis for predicting long-term durability and facilitates early-stage material selection and design optimization to prevent field failures in transparent or translucent polymer-based components.

本文研究了汽车尾灯用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）的现场开裂现象，并建立了再现这些失效的系统评价方法。为了弄清裂纹的形成机理，对使用过程中出现裂纹的尾灯进行了收集和分析。表面分析表明，裂纹沿双键界面扩展。为了在实验室条件下重现这些现场裂缝，将实际的后灯在两种温度（22°C和40°C）下浸入异丙醇（IPA）中。结果证实，暴露于IPA的灯沿双键界面呈现裂纹扩展，与现场失效相同，这归因于环境应力开裂（ESC）。此外，还对双粘结犬骨试件进行了不同温度和弯曲应变下的ESC试验。值得注意的是，定量分析表明，双粘结试样的裂纹起裂时间比单材料的裂纹起裂时间快约7倍（例如，在22°C时为2.33 s对16.3 s），这为界面的结构脆弱性提供了明确的证据。这些试样的表面分析显示，裂纹形态与部件级试验和现场失效相一致。通过有效地将样品级定量与实际组分行为相关联，本研究表明，实验室规模的评估可以准确地复制复杂的场现象。该系统框架为预测长期耐久性提供了坚实的科学基础，并促进了早期材料选择和设计优化，以防止透明或半透明聚合物基组件的现场故障。

{"title":"Interface-dominated environmental stress cracking in PMMA automotive lamps: From field analysis to component- and specimen-level evaluation","authors":"Gyu-Hyun Lim , Min-Jin Choi , Choon-Ho Lee , Na-Im Kim , Jung-Wook Wee","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the field cracking phenomenon of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) used in automotive rear lamps and establishes systematic evaluation methods to reproduce these failures. To clarify the crack formation mechanism, rear lamps that exhibited cracking during service were collected and analyzed. Surface analysis revealed that the cracks typically propagated along the dual-bonded interface. To reproduce these field cracks under laboratory conditions, actual rear lamps were immersed in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) at two temperatures (22 and 40 °C). The results confirmed that lamps exposed to IPA exhibited crack propagation along the dual-bonded interface, identical to the field failures, which was attributed to environmental stress cracking (ESC). Additionally, ESC tests were conducted on dual-bonded dog-bone specimens under varying temperatures and bending strains. Notably, quantitative analysis revealed that the crack initiation time for dual-bonded specimens was approximately 7 times faster than that for single materials (e.g., 2.33 s vs. 16.3 s at 22 °C), providing definitive evidence of the structural vulnerability of the interface. Surface analysis of these specimens showed crack morphology consistent with both component-level tests and field failures. By effectively correlating specimen-level quantification with actual component behavior, this study demonstrates that laboratory-scale evaluations can accurately replicate complex field phenomena. This systematic framework provides a robust scientific basis for predicting long-term durability and facilitates early-stage material selection and design optimization to prevent field failures in transparent or translucent polymer-based components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109102"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanism characterization and multiphysics predictive modeling of photo-thermal coupled curing in GFRP GFRP光热耦合固化机理表征及多物理场预测建模

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109095

Yue Jiang , Jiazhong Xu , Kaixiang Xu , Meijun Liu

Photocuring is widely used in composite manufacturing for its efficiency, yet ultraviolet light attenuates inside fiber-reinforced composites due to fiber occlusion and scattering, limiting cure depth and causing local defects. To address this, we propose a light-initiated photo-thermal coupled curing approach. Combining differential scanning calorimetr, dielectric analysis, and in-situ optical monitoring with a multiscale representative volume element framework, we systematically characterize key parameters and their evolution in glass-fiber-reinforced polymer during photo-thermal coupled curing, and accordingly construct and validate an accurate finite-element multiphysics model. Based on the photo-thermal coupling mechanism, the curing process is decoupled into photopolymerization and thermal-curing subprocesses modeled separately, with bidirectional feedback achieved via dynamic linkage of key parameters. The model reliably predicts the spatiotemporal evolution of the light field, temperature field, and degree-of-cure field. Experiments and simulations jointly show that thermal curing significantly compensates shadowed regions, effectively expanding the manufacturable thickness window. This study provides a quantitative basis for process design of thick and highly opaque composite laminates.

光固化因其高能效而广泛应用于复合材料制造，但紫外光在纤维增强复合材料内部由于纤维的遮挡和散射而衰减，限制了固化深度并造成局部缺陷。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种光引发的光热耦合固化方法。结合差示扫描量热计、介电分析和现场光学监测，采用多尺度代表性体积元框架，系统表征了玻璃纤维增强聚合物在光热耦合固化过程中的关键参数及其演变，并据此建立和验证了精确的有限元多物理场模型。基于光热耦合机理，将固化过程解耦为分别建模的光聚合和热固化子过程，并通过关键参数的动态联动实现双向反馈。该模型可靠地预测了光场、温度场和固化度场的时空演变。实验和仿真结果表明，热固化能显著补偿阴影区，有效地扩大了可制造厚度窗口。本研究为厚、高不透明复合层压板的工艺设计提供了定量依据。

{"title":"Mechanism characterization and multiphysics predictive modeling of photo-thermal coupled curing in GFRP","authors":"Yue Jiang , Jiazhong Xu , Kaixiang Xu , Meijun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photocuring is widely used in composite manufacturing for its efficiency, yet ultraviolet light attenuates inside fiber-reinforced composites due to fiber occlusion and scattering, limiting cure depth and causing local defects. To address this, we propose a light-initiated photo-thermal coupled curing approach. Combining differential scanning calorimetr, dielectric analysis, and in-situ optical monitoring with a multiscale representative volume element framework, we systematically characterize key parameters and their evolution in glass-fiber-reinforced polymer during photo-thermal coupled curing, and accordingly construct and validate an accurate finite-element multiphysics model. Based on the photo-thermal coupling mechanism, the curing process is decoupled into photopolymerization and thermal-curing subprocesses modeled separately, with bidirectional feedback achieved via dynamic linkage of key parameters. The model reliably predicts the spatiotemporal evolution of the light field, temperature field, and degree-of-cure field. Experiments and simulations jointly show that thermal curing significantly compensates shadowed regions, effectively expanding the manufacturable thickness window. This study provides a quantitative basis for process design of thick and highly opaque composite laminates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109095"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Improved thermal oxidative aging resistance of silicone rubber via incorporation with Fe-MOFs fe - mof掺入提高硅橡胶耐热氧化老化性能

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109096

Fangchao Zhao , Zeyu Ren , Hulin Wu , Hongming Zhang , Xiaohui Gu , Yanchun Li

Under harsh service conditions, room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (RTV) is required to exhibit excellent thermal-oxidative aging resistance while maintaining its mechanical performance. To meet this demand, iron-based metal–organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) were synthesized and incorporated into the RTV matrix. The influence of three different fillers — Fe-MOFs, graphene, and Fe-MOFs/graphene — on the thermal oxidative stability and mechanical properties of RTV was systematically investigated and compared. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) was employed to probe the evolution of crosslink density at the molecular level during thermal-oxidative aging, while the thermal degradation behavior was comprehensively characterized using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC)-FTIR. The results revealed that Fe-MOFs can elevate the thermal decomposition temperature of RTV silicone rubber by 42 °C, while simultaneously enhancing its tensile strength by 1.7 times and increasing its elongation at break by 14.6 %. During the thermal oxidative aging process, Fe-MOFs effectively suppress the premature degradation of RTV and the associated deterioration of mechanical properties. This protective effect is primarily attributed to two factors: first, Fe-MOFs increase the crosslinking density of RTV by 13.6 %; second, the organic framework structure of Fe-MOFs efficiently scavenges free radicals, thereby retarding the progression of oxidative reactions.

在恶劣的使用条件下，要求室温硫化硅橡胶（RTV）在保持其机械性能的同时表现出优异的抗热氧化老化性能。为了满足这一需求，铁基金属有机骨架（Fe-MOFs）被合成并加入到RTV矩阵中。系统研究并比较了Fe-MOFs、石墨烯和Fe-MOFs/石墨烯三种不同填料对RTV热氧化稳定性和力学性能的影响。采用低场核磁共振（LF-NMR）在分子水平上探讨了热氧化老化过程中交联密度的演变，并采用热重分析、差示扫描量热法(TGA/DSC)-FTIR综合表征了热降解行为。结果表明，fe - mof能使RTV硅橡胶的热分解温度提高42℃，同时使其抗拉强度提高1.7倍，断裂伸长率提高14.6%。在热氧化老化过程中，Fe-MOFs有效地抑制了RTV的过早降解和相关力学性能的恶化。这种保护作用主要归因于两个因素：第一，fe - mof使RTV的交联密度提高了13.6%；其次，fe - mof的有机骨架结构能有效清除自由基，从而延缓氧化反应的进行。

{"title":"Improved thermal oxidative aging resistance of silicone rubber via incorporation with Fe-MOFs","authors":"Fangchao Zhao , Zeyu Ren , Hulin Wu , Hongming Zhang , Xiaohui Gu , Yanchun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under harsh service conditions, room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (RTV) is required to exhibit excellent thermal-oxidative aging resistance while maintaining its mechanical performance. To meet this demand, iron-based metal–organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) were synthesized and incorporated into the RTV matrix. The influence of three different fillers — Fe-MOFs, graphene, and Fe-MOFs/graphene — on the thermal oxidative stability and mechanical properties of RTV was systematically investigated and compared. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) was employed to probe the evolution of crosslink density at the molecular level during thermal-oxidative aging, while the thermal degradation behavior was comprehensively characterized using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC)-FTIR. The results revealed that Fe-MOFs can elevate the thermal decomposition temperature of RTV silicone rubber by 42 °C, while simultaneously enhancing its tensile strength by 1.7 times and increasing its elongation at break by 14.6 %. During the thermal oxidative aging process, Fe-MOFs effectively suppress the premature degradation of RTV and the associated deterioration of mechanical properties. This protective effect is primarily attributed to two factors: first, Fe-MOFs increase the crosslinking density of RTV by 13.6 %; second, the organic framework structure of Fe-MOFs efficiently scavenges free radicals, thereby retarding the progression of oxidative reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109096"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermoporosimetry and 1H solid-state NMR for the monitoring of heterogeneous thermo-oxidation of polyisoprene: a critical study 热孔法和1H固态核磁共振监测聚异戊二烯的非均相热氧化：一个关键的研究

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109106

Chloé Ferran , Pierre Pubellier , David Bourgogne , Pierre-Olivier Bussière , Yaël Israëli

In this paper, thermoporosimetry and ¹H DQ NMR were implemented to investigate elastomeric network changes (chain scission and cross-linking reaction) of crosslinked polyisoprene upon thermo-oxidation. We aimed to evaluate not only how these techniques could probe network structural changes but also their limits when used in aging monitoring. Insoluble fraction measurements unambiguously point out that chain scissions are predominant until 50 h of aging. In agreement, the thermoporosimetry shows that the average mesh radius <R_P> value increases while the derived mesh size distribution broadens more and more. ¹H DQ NMR measurements, performed on dried extracted samples, greatly mitigates this last result. This feature is ascribed to a heterogeneous aging process generating chain scissions mainly at the surface of the sample. The extraction procedure thus removes most of the surface. As the result, ¹H NMR performed on the extracted samples tends to underestimate chain scission degradation, depicting a less modified sample core. After 50 h of aging, cross-linking reactions become predominant as highlighted by an increase of the insoluble fraction and a shift of <R_P> to lower values. NMR measurements surprisingly exhibit a similar trend but a significantly less modified network through the monitoring of ν_(NMR). Furthermore, a significant increase of the dangling chain fraction, not observed through the other approaches, is evidenced. Such results underline that aging is heterogeneous in the considered sample due to an oxidation gradient (the core of the sample is slowly oxidized while its surface becomes “glassy” due to cross-linking). This assumption is confirmed by FTIR mapping and ¹H solid-echo experiments, showing a strong mobility restriction at the surface of the sample. The combination of the two approaches, thermoporosimetry and NMR measurements, seems relevant to carefully monitor heterogeneous aging processes in elastomeric networks.

本文采用热孔法和1H DQ NMR研究了交联聚异戊二烯在热氧化作用下的弹性网络变化（链断裂和交联反应）。我们的目的不仅是评估这些技术如何探测网络结构变化，而且还评估它们在老化监测中使用时的局限性。不溶性分数的测量明确地指出，在老化50小时之前，链断裂是主要的。热孔测量结果表明，平均网格半径<；RP>；值逐渐增大，所得网格尺寸分布越来越宽。1H DQ核磁共振测量，在干燥提取的样品上进行，大大减轻了最后的结果。这一特征归因于非均匀时效过程，主要在样品表面产生链断裂。因此，提取过程可以去除大部分表面。因此，对提取样品进行的1H NMR往往低估了链裂降解，描绘了较少修饰的样品核心。时效50 h后，交联反应成为主导反应，突出表现为不溶性分数的增加和<；RP>；的降低。核磁共振测量出人意料地显示出类似的趋势，但通过监测ν（核磁共振）得到的网络修改要少得多。此外，通过其他方法未观察到的悬垂链分数的显著增加得到了证明。这些结果强调，由于氧化梯度（样品的核心被缓慢氧化，而其表面由于交联而变得“玻璃状”），所考虑的样品中的老化是不均匀的。FTIR成像和1H固体回波实验证实了这一假设，表明样品表面有很强的迁移率限制。热孔隙法和核磁共振测量这两种方法的结合，似乎与仔细监测弹性体网络中的非均匀老化过程有关。

{"title":"Thermoporosimetry and 1H solid-state NMR for the monitoring of heterogeneous thermo-oxidation of polyisoprene: a critical study","authors":"Chloé Ferran , Pierre Pubellier , David Bourgogne , Pierre-Olivier Bussière , Yaël Israëli","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, thermoporosimetry and <sup>1</sup>H DQ NMR were implemented to investigate elastomeric network changes (chain scission and cross-linking reaction) of crosslinked polyisoprene upon thermo-oxidation. We aimed to evaluate not only how these techniques could probe network structural changes but also their limits when used in aging monitoring. Insoluble fraction measurements unambiguously point out that chain scissions are predominant until 50 h of aging. In agreement, the thermoporosimetry shows that the average mesh radius <R<sub>P</sub>> value increases while the derived mesh size distribution broadens more and more. <sup>1</sup>H DQ NMR measurements, performed on dried extracted samples, greatly mitigates this last result. This feature is ascribed to a heterogeneous aging process generating chain scissions mainly at the surface of the sample. The extraction procedure thus removes most of the surface. As the result, <sup>1</sup>H NMR performed on the extracted samples tends to underestimate chain scission degradation, depicting a less modified sample core. After 50 h of aging, cross-linking reactions become predominant as highlighted by an increase of the insoluble fraction and a shift of <R<sub>P</sub>> to lower values. NMR measurements surprisingly exhibit a similar trend but a significantly less modified network through the monitoring of ν<sub>(NMR).</sub> Furthermore, a significant increase of the dangling chain fraction, not observed through the other approaches, is evidenced. Such results underline that aging is heterogeneous in the considered sample due to an oxidation gradient (the core of the sample is slowly oxidized while its surface becomes “glassy” due to cross-linking). This assumption is confirmed by FTIR mapping and <sup>1</sup>H solid-echo experiments, showing a strong mobility restriction at the surface of the sample. The combination of the two approaches, thermoporosimetry and NMR measurements, seems relevant to carefully monitor heterogeneous aging processes in elastomeric networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109106"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Insight into kinetic and diffusion phenomena in solvent-free poly(hydroxy-urethane) synthesis through applied step-growth modeling 通过应用阶梯生长模型深入了解无溶剂聚羟基聚氨酯合成过程中的动力学和扩散现象

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109084

Weronika Małgorzata Milanowska , Aleksandra Marta Fage , Felix Brabender , Ulrich Förter-Barth , Subrajeet Deshmukh , Sergio Lucia , Robert Brüll , Dominik Wołosz , Paweł Grzegorz Parzuchowski

Understanding the factors which determine the course of solvent-free cyclic carbonate aminolysis is critical for advancing the development of poly(hydroxy-urethane) (PHU) systems as sustainable alternatives to conventional, isocyanate-derived materials. In this work, we present an empirical model supporting the study of temperature- and conversion-dependent phenomena that influence PHU formation from oligomeric poly(propylene glycol)-based bis(cyclic carbonate) and short-chain 4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-tridecanediamine. For this purpose, the uncatalyzed synthesis experiments were conducted at 80–140 °C in a plate-plate rheometer, continuously monitoring the reaction in a melt through real-time viscosity measurements. Subsequent spectroscopic characterization verified that the dynamic rheological response can be ascribed to the formation of PHU materials free of side products. The resulting dataset was linked to molar mass evolution through a supplementary viscosity model and used to parameterize a step-growth polymerization model for cyclic carbonate aminolysis, integrating both mixing limitations at early stages and subsequent mass transfer phenomena. The model accurately reproduced experimental data in the low-temperature regime, demonstrating that linear step-growth with diffusion limitation adequately describes the reaction under given conditions and allows identification of physical effects causing deviations in predictions at elevated temperatures. These results highlight that, beyond reaction kinetics, diffusion phenomena critically shape PHU polymerization behavior, determining temporal chain extension progress. Consequently, the proposed modeling framework enables the deconvolution of distinct reaction regimes, providing crucial insight for optimizing PHU synthesis.

了解决定无溶剂环碳酸酯氨解过程的因素对于推进聚（羟基-氨基甲酸酯）（PHU）体系作为传统异氰酸酯衍生材料的可持续替代品的发展至关重要。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个经验模型，支持温度和转化依赖现象的研究，这些现象影响聚（丙二醇）基双（环碳酸酯）和短链4,7,10-三氧-1,13-三胺形成PHU。为此，非催化合成实验在80-140°C的板-板流变仪中进行，通过实时粘度测量连续监测熔体中的反应。随后的光谱表征证实，动态流变响应可以归因于PHU材料的形成，没有副产物。结果数据集通过补充粘度模型与摩尔质量演化相关联，并用于参数化环碳酸盐氨解的阶梯生长聚合模型，整合了早期阶段的混合限制和随后的传质现象。该模型准确地再现了低温条件下的实验数据，表明具有扩散限制的线性阶跃增长充分描述了给定条件下的反应，并允许识别在高温下导致预测偏差的物理效应。这些结果强调，除了反应动力学之外，扩散现象对PHU聚合行为的影响至关重要，决定了时间链延伸的进展。因此，所提出的建模框架能够实现不同反应体系的反卷积，为优化PHU合成提供关键的见解。

{"title":"Insight into kinetic and diffusion phenomena in solvent-free poly(hydroxy-urethane) synthesis through applied step-growth modeling","authors":"Weronika Małgorzata Milanowska , Aleksandra Marta Fage , Felix Brabender , Ulrich Förter-Barth , Subrajeet Deshmukh , Sergio Lucia , Robert Brüll , Dominik Wołosz , Paweł Grzegorz Parzuchowski","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the factors which determine the course of solvent-free cyclic carbonate aminolysis is critical for advancing the development of poly(hydroxy-urethane) (PHU) systems as sustainable alternatives to conventional, isocyanate-derived materials. In this work, we present an empirical model supporting the study of temperature- and conversion-dependent phenomena that influence PHU formation from oligomeric poly(propylene glycol)-based bis(cyclic carbonate) and short-chain 4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-tridecanediamine. For this purpose, the uncatalyzed synthesis experiments were conducted at 80–140 °C in a plate-plate rheometer, continuously monitoring the reaction in a melt through real-time viscosity measurements. Subsequent spectroscopic characterization verified that the dynamic rheological response can be ascribed to the formation of PHU materials free of side products. The resulting dataset was linked to molar mass evolution through a supplementary viscosity model and used to parameterize a step-growth polymerization model for cyclic carbonate aminolysis, integrating both mixing limitations at early stages and subsequent mass transfer phenomena. The model accurately reproduced experimental data in the low-temperature regime, demonstrating that linear step-growth with diffusion limitation adequately describes the reaction under given conditions and allows identification of physical effects causing deviations in predictions at elevated temperatures. These results highlight that, beyond reaction kinetics, diffusion phenomena critically shape PHU polymerization behavior, determining temporal chain extension progress. Consequently, the proposed modeling framework enables the deconvolution of distinct reaction regimes, providing crucial insight for optimizing PHU synthesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109084"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Silane-modified phenolic resin for enhancing mechanical and thermal properties of quartz knitted fabric 硅烷改性酚醛树脂用于提高石英针织物的力学和热性能

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109100

Baolu Shi, Baosheng Xu

Fabrics are widely utilized in various fields, including aerospace due to their outstanding properties such as lightweight and flexibility. However, under high-temperature conditions, fabrics face challenges including property degradation and reduced structural stability, while the practical application for large deformation is seriously underestimated. To develop a deformable ablative thermal insulation material, silane-modified phenolic resin (PR) reinforced quartz knitted fabric (PR-Si/QKF) was fabricated, and its mechanical and thermal properties were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the maximum decomposition temperature of PR-Si resin increased from 504 °C to 583 °C, while the residual carbon content increased from 47 % to 58 %. The PR-Si/QKF exhibited a fracture load of approximately 400 N and an elongation at break of about 240%. Compared with untreated QKF, the tensile strength was significantly enhanced by up to 304%, accompanied by a marked reduction in plastic deformation. Moreover, PR-Si/QKF demonstrated excellent fatigue resistance after 10 cycles to 20% tensile strain, and large out-of-plane bulging deformation capability. In addition, it showed superior thermal insulation, oxidation and ablative resistance properties under high-temperature and oxygen-rich environments. The PR-Si/QKF provides a promising approach for deformable ablative thermal insulation applications and is suitable for flexible thermal protection systems.

织物由于其优异的性能，如轻质和柔韧性，被广泛应用于包括航空航天在内的各个领域。然而，在高温条件下，织物面临着性能退化和结构稳定性降低的挑战，而在大变形情况下的实际应用被严重低估。为研制一种可变形烧蚀保温材料，制备了硅烷改性酚醛树脂增强石英针织物（PR- si /QKF），并对其力学性能和热性能进行了系统研究。结果表明，PR-Si树脂的最高分解温度从504℃提高到583℃，残余碳含量从47%提高到58%。PR-Si/QKF的断裂载荷约为400 N，断裂伸长率约为240%。与未经处理的QKF相比，抗拉强度显著提高了304%，同时塑性变形显著减少。此外，PR-Si/QKF在20%拉伸应变下，在10次循环后表现出优异的抗疲劳性能，并具有较大的面外胀形变形能力。此外，在高温富氧环境下，它还表现出优异的隔热、抗氧化和抗烧蚀性能。PR-Si/QKF为可变形烧蚀隔热应用提供了一种很有前途的方法，适用于柔性热保护系统。

{"title":"Silane-modified phenolic resin for enhancing mechanical and thermal properties of quartz knitted fabric","authors":"Baolu Shi, Baosheng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fabrics are widely utilized in various fields, including aerospace due to their outstanding properties such as lightweight and flexibility. However, under high-temperature conditions, fabrics face challenges including property degradation and reduced structural stability, while the practical application for large deformation is seriously underestimated. To develop a deformable ablative thermal insulation material, silane-modified phenolic resin (PR) reinforced quartz knitted fabric (PR-Si/QKF) was fabricated, and its mechanical and thermal properties were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the maximum decomposition temperature of PR-Si resin increased from 504 °C to 583 °C, while the residual carbon content increased from 47 % to 58 %. The PR-Si/QKF exhibited a fracture load of approximately 400 N and an elongation at break of about 240%. Compared with untreated QKF, the tensile strength was significantly enhanced by up to 304%, accompanied by a marked reduction in plastic deformation. Moreover, PR-Si/QKF demonstrated excellent fatigue resistance after 10 cycles to 20% tensile strain, and large out-of-plane bulging deformation capability. In addition, it showed superior thermal insulation, oxidation and ablative resistance properties under high-temperature and oxygen-rich environments. The PR-Si/QKF provides a promising approach for deformable ablative thermal insulation applications and is suitable for flexible thermal protection systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109100"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanical performance and failure analysis of functionally graded Nanoclay-GFRP composites under flexural and shear loading 纳米粘土-玻璃钢功能梯度复合材料在弯剪载荷下的力学性能及破坏分析

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109101

Abdel-Halim Saber Salem Said , Amr Seif , A.M. Sadoun , S. Thiru , Majed Melibary , Mohamed Mouldi Hamdi , Waleed Mohammed Abdelfattah , A.A. Megahed

This study provides a novel gradation-based design for tailoring flexural and shear performances, offering a thorough experimental and statistical examination of the mechanical behavior of functionally graded nanoclay-reinforced glass fiber composites. Instead of traditional uniform composites, the proposed laminates adopt stepwise and continuous nanoclay gradation through the thickness to improve stress distribution and interfacial bonding. Five different laminates were produced utilizing a hand lay-up method accompanied by vacuum-bagging. The fabricated laminates include Control (neat composite), Homogeneous-Graded (HG), Stepwise-Graded (SG and CG), and Functionally-Graded (FG). The mechanical examination included three-point flexural, interlaminar shear (ILS), and in-plane shear testing. The results indicated that nanoclay addition improved interfacial interaction, limited crack growth, and facilitated entire load transfer. The FG laminate had the maximum flexural strength and stiffness, whereas the CG laminate produced 20.7 % increased toughness and failure strain. The SG laminate produced the highest in-plane shear

τ_{x y}

and load, achieving 71.56 % and 93.8 %, respectively. Fractographic analysis revealed a transition from brittle, delamination-dominated fracture in the control to tough, gradual modes in graded laminates. A multi-objective (TOPSIS) determined that the SG laminate was the best design for global performance. This study indicates functional gradation's practical value in producing multipurpose effective, robust composite structures for modern structural and engineering applications.

本研究提供了一种新颖的基于梯度的设计，用于定制弯曲和剪切性能，为功能梯度纳米粘土增强玻璃纤维复合材料的力学行为提供了彻底的实验和统计检验。与传统的均匀复合材料不同，本文提出的层压板采用纳米粘土在厚度上逐级连续渐变的方法，以改善应力分布和界面结合。五种不同的层压板生产利用手铺法伴随真空装袋。所制备的层压板包括Control（纯复合材料）、均质渐变（HG）、逐步渐变（SG和CG）和功能渐变（FG）。力学检查包括三点弯曲、层间剪切（ILS）和面内剪切测试。结果表明，纳米粘土的加入改善了界面相互作用，限制了裂纹扩展，促进了整个载荷传递。FG层压板具有最大的抗弯强度和刚度，而CG层压板的韧性和破坏应变增加了20.7%。SG层合板产生的面内剪切τxy和载荷最高，分别达到71.56%和93.8%。断口分析显示，在分级层压板中，从对照组的脆性、分层为主的断裂转变为韧性、渐进模式。一个多目标（TOPSIS）确定了SG层压板是全球性能的最佳设计。该研究表明，功能分级在现代结构和工程应用中制造多用途、有效、坚固的复合结构方面具有实用价值。

{"title":"Mechanical performance and failure analysis of functionally graded Nanoclay-GFRP composites under flexural and shear loading","authors":"Abdel-Halim Saber Salem Said , Amr Seif , A.M. Sadoun , S. Thiru , Majed Melibary , Mohamed Mouldi Hamdi , Waleed Mohammed Abdelfattah , A.A. Megahed","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides a novel gradation-based design for tailoring flexural and shear performances, offering a thorough experimental and statistical examination of the mechanical behavior of functionally graded nanoclay-reinforced glass fiber composites. Instead of traditional uniform composites, the proposed laminates adopt stepwise and continuous nanoclay gradation through the thickness to improve stress distribution and interfacial bonding. Five different laminates were produced utilizing a hand lay-up method accompanied by vacuum-bagging. The fabricated laminates include Control (neat composite), Homogeneous-Graded (HG), Stepwise-Graded (SG and CG), and Functionally-Graded (FG). The mechanical examination included three-point flexural, interlaminar shear (ILS), and in-plane shear testing. The results indicated that nanoclay addition improved interfacial interaction, limited crack growth, and facilitated entire load transfer. The FG laminate had the maximum flexural strength and stiffness, whereas the CG laminate produced 20.7 % increased toughness and failure strain. The SG laminate produced the highest in-plane shear <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>τ</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and load, achieving 71.56 % and 93.8 %, respectively. Fractographic analysis revealed a transition from brittle, delamination-dominated fracture in the control to tough, gradual modes in graded laminates. A multi-objective (TOPSIS) determined that the SG laminate was the best design for global performance. This study indicates functional gradation's practical value in producing multipurpose effective, robust composite structures for modern structural and engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109101"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pseudocapacitive behavior of 2D molybdenum titanium carbide MXene and polyaniline based nanocomposites electrodes 二维碳化钼钛MXene和聚苯胺基纳米复合材料电极的赝电容行为

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109079

Waqas Khalid , Ahmed N.M. Alahmadi , Mehran Saeed , Muhammad I. Masud , Shumaila Karamat , Muhammad Kashif , Sajid Khan

The synergetic effect of conducting polymer and MXenes-based electrodes can pave the way to achieve high specific capacitance, power density, and stability in supercapacitors. This work is a step towards the search for a new pseudocapacitive electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors, where double transition metal carbide (Mo₂Ti₂C₃T_x) MXene is combined with polyaniline (PANI). A binary composite of Mo₂Ti₂C₃T_x and PANI was synthesized using an ex-situ oxidative polymerization technique. Structural, morphological, and compositional characterizations were performed using XRD, FESEM, EDX, and XPS, confirming successful composite formation. The electrochemical properties of the electrode material were analyzed using cyclic voltametry(CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Mo₂Ti₂C₃T_x/PANI composite exhibited a high specific capacitance (C_SP) of 908.1 F g⁻¹ at 1 Ag^-1, with an enhanced energy density of 45.4 Whkg⁻¹ and power density of 300 W kg⁻¹, significantly outperforming pristine MXene. The Mo₂Ti₂C₃T_x/PANI composite demonstrated 80.2 % capacitance retention up to 3000 cycles. The electrochemical study indicates that the synergistic blend of Mo₂Ti₂C₃T_x and PANI improves the charge transport and storage properties, making the nanocomposite an attractive choice for a supercapacitor electrode material.

导电聚合物与mxenes电极的协同效应为超级电容器实现高比电容、功率密度和稳定性铺平了道路。这项工作是为高性能超级电容器寻找一种新的假电容电极材料的一步，其中双过渡金属碳化物（Mo2Ti2C3Tx） MXene与聚苯胺（PANI）结合。采用原位氧化聚合技术合成了Mo2Ti2C3Tx和聚苯胺二元复合材料。利用XRD、FESEM、EDX和XPS进行了结构、形态和成分表征，证实了复合材料的成功形成。采用循环伏安法（CV）、恒流充放电法（GCD）和电化学阻抗谱法（EIS）分析了电极材料的电化学性能。Mo2Ti2C3Tx/PANI复合材料在1 Ag-1时具有908.1 F g−1的高比电容（CSP），增强的能量密度为45.4 Whkg−1，功率密度为300 W kg−1，显著优于原始MXene。Mo2Ti2C3Tx/PANI复合材料在3000次循环内的电容保持率为80.2%。电化学研究表明，Mo2Ti2C3Tx和PANI的协同共混改善了电荷传输和存储性能，使纳米复合材料成为超级电容器电极材料的一个有吸引力的选择。

{"title":"Pseudocapacitive behavior of 2D molybdenum titanium carbide MXene and polyaniline based nanocomposites electrodes","authors":"Waqas Khalid , Ahmed N.M. Alahmadi , Mehran Saeed , Muhammad I. Masud , Shumaila Karamat , Muhammad Kashif , Sajid Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The synergetic effect of conducting polymer and MXenes-based electrodes can pave the way to achieve high specific capacitance, power density, and stability in supercapacitors. This work is a step towards the search for a new pseudocapacitive electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors, where double transition metal carbide (Mo<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>T<sub>x</sub>) MXene is combined with polyaniline (PANI). A binary composite of Mo<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>T<sub>x</sub> and PANI was synthesized using an ex-situ oxidative polymerization technique. Structural, morphological, and compositional characterizations were performed using XRD, FESEM, EDX, and XPS, confirming successful composite formation. The electrochemical properties of the electrode material were analyzed using cyclic voltametry(CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Mo<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI composite exhibited a high specific capacitance (C<sub>SP</sub><em>)</em> of 908.1 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 1 Ag<sup>-1</sup>, with an enhanced energy density of 45.4 Whkg<sup>−1</sup> and power density of 300 W kg<sup>−1</sup>, significantly outperforming pristine MXene. The Mo<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI composite demonstrated 80.2 % capacitance retention up to 3000 cycles. The electrochemical study indicates that the synergistic blend of Mo<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>T<sub>x</sub> and PANI improves the charge transport and storage properties, making the nanocomposite an attractive choice for a supercapacitor electrode material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109079"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

New insights into resins behavior: Influence of resin softening point on in-rubber properties of carbon black-filled SBR compounds 树脂行为的新认识：树脂软化点对炭黑填充SBR化合物橡胶内性能的影响

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109050

Pilar Bernal-Ortega , Frances van Elburg , Javier Araujo-Morera , Elif Uzun , Brechtje van Biesbergen , Hubert Gojzewski , Anke Blume

Recent EU regulations have increased the demand for tire materials with improved performance and sustainability. In response, new hydrocarbon resins have been developed to optimize the balance between wet grip, rolling resistance, and wear resistance in tire tread compounds. One of the most important characteristics of resins is their softening point (SP). The softening point of resins plays a critical role in rubber performance due to their influence on the processability and compatibility with other materials. This study investigates the influence of five hydrocarbon resins with the same chemical base but different softening point (ranging from 10 to 160 °C), on the properties of a carbon black-filled styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compound. The increase in the SP of the resins resulted in higher Mooney viscosity, hardness, tensile strength and Payne effect, indicating a transition from plasticizing to reinforcing behavior. The results also revealed a strong temperature dependence: when the testing temperature exceeded the SP, the resins transitioned to a softened or liquid state, improving dispersion and mechanical performance. Overall, the SP and operating temperature are shown to be key design parameters for tailoring rubber compound properties to specific tire applications.

最近的欧盟法规增加了对性能和可持续性提高的轮胎材料的需求。因此，新的碳氢化合物树脂被开发出来，以优化轮胎胎面化合物在湿抓地力、滚动阻力和耐磨性之间的平衡。树脂最重要的特性之一是其软化点（SP）。树脂的软化点对橡胶的加工性能和与其他材料的相容性有着重要的影响。研究了5种化学碱相同但软化点（10 ~ 160℃）不同的烃树脂对炭黑填充丁苯橡胶（SBR）化合物性能的影响。随着SP的增加，树脂的穆尼粘度、硬度、抗拉强度和佩恩效应均有所提高，表明树脂的塑化行为向增强行为转变。结果还显示了强烈的温度依赖性：当测试温度超过SP时，树脂转变为软化或液态，从而改善了分散性和机械性能。总的来说，SP和工作温度是定制橡胶复合材料性能以适应特定轮胎应用的关键设计参数。

{"title":"New insights into resins behavior: Influence of resin softening point on in-rubber properties of carbon black-filled SBR compounds","authors":"Pilar Bernal-Ortega , Frances van Elburg , Javier Araujo-Morera , Elif Uzun , Brechtje van Biesbergen , Hubert Gojzewski , Anke Blume","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent EU regulations have increased the demand for tire materials with improved performance and sustainability. In response, new hydrocarbon resins have been developed to optimize the balance between wet grip, rolling resistance, and wear resistance in tire tread compounds. One of the most important characteristics of resins is their softening point (SP). The softening point of resins plays a critical role in rubber performance due to their influence on the processability and compatibility with other materials. This study investigates the influence of five hydrocarbon resins with the same chemical base but different softening point (ranging from 10 to 160 °C), on the properties of a carbon black-filled styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compound. The increase in the SP of the resins resulted in higher Mooney viscosity, hardness, tensile strength and Payne effect, indicating a transition from plasticizing to reinforcing behavior. The results also revealed a strong temperature dependence: when the testing temperature exceeded the SP, the resins transitioned to a softened or liquid state, improving dispersion and mechanical performance. Overall, the SP and operating temperature are shown to be key design parameters for tailoring rubber compound properties to specific tire applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109050"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145555141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0