Polymer Testing最新文献_第6页

Detection of damage in a rotating glass fibre-reinforced polymer disc using swept-source optical coherence tomography 扫描源光学相干层析成像检测旋转玻璃纤维增强聚合物光盘的损伤

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109021

C. Habenicht , T. Wollmann , C. Ebert , J. Lich , R. Kuschmierz , J. Czarske , C. Schnabel , E. Koch , M. Gude

Glass fibre-reinforced polymer composites exhibit attractive properties, such as a high strength-to-weight ratio. They can also be customized through manufacturing conditions and composition. However, to ensure reliability, measurement testing under realistic conditions is essential. A swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) system was used to evaluate the development of the damage behaviour of a polar-orthotropically reinforced multi-layered composite rotor in situ under rotational loading conditions. The experiment was carried out at various rotational velocities up to 165 rotations per second, corresponding to a linear speed of 259.2 m s^-1 at the outer edge of the rotor. The 3-dimensional data enable studying of the rotor’s textile architecture, in-plane and out-of-plane deformations as well as the crack growth over the entire accessible disc volume up to a depth of 2.5 mm even at the highest applied rotational speeds. In contrast to previous OCT investigations conducted on stationary composite structures, this study demonstrated that this method is also suitable for acquiring volumetric images of fast-moving objects. This is important because the increasing radial loads resulting from higher rotation frequency are incorporated into reliability studies. Unlike OCT, other in situ measurement methods, such as Doppler distance sensors, diffraction grating sensors, and strain gauges, do not provide direct information about the inner material structure of the rotor. Furthermore, the work demonstrates that OCT can detect thin cracks and polyester threads not resolvable by computer tomography, another 3-dimensional imaging technique. Consequently, swept-source optical coherence tomography may be used to enhance the understanding and modelling of the damage behaviour of composite materials under load.

玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料表现出吸引人的性能，如高强度重量比。它们也可以通过制造条件和组成来定制。然而，为了确保可靠性，在实际条件下进行测量测试是必不可少的。利用扫描源光学相干层析成像（OCT）系统评估了旋转载荷条件下原位极化正交热带增强多层复合材料转子损伤行为的发展。实验在不同转速下进行，最高转速为165转/秒，对应转子外缘线速度为259.2 m s-1。三维数据可以研究转子的纺织结构，面内和面外变形，以及在整个可访问的圆盘体积上的裂纹增长，即使在最高的应用转速下，深度也可达2.5毫米。与之前对静止复合结构进行的OCT研究相比，本研究表明该方法也适用于获取快速运动物体的体积图像。这一点很重要，因为更高的旋转频率导致的径向载荷增加被纳入可靠性研究。与OCT不同，其他原位测量方法，如多普勒距离传感器、衍射光栅传感器和应变片，不能提供转子内部材料结构的直接信息。此外，研究表明，OCT可以检测到计算机断层扫描（另一种三维成像技术）无法分辨的薄裂纹和聚酯线。因此，扫描源光学相干层析成像可用于增强对复合材料在载荷作用下损伤行为的理解和建模。

{"title":"Detection of damage in a rotating glass fibre-reinforced polymer disc using swept-source optical coherence tomography","authors":"C. Habenicht , T. Wollmann , C. Ebert , J. Lich , R. Kuschmierz , J. Czarske , C. Schnabel , E. Koch , M. Gude","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glass fibre-reinforced polymer composites exhibit attractive properties, such as a high strength-to-weight ratio. They can also be customized through manufacturing conditions and composition. However, to ensure reliability, measurement testing under realistic conditions is essential. A swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) system was used to evaluate the development of the damage behaviour of a polar-orthotropically reinforced multi-layered composite rotor in situ under rotational loading conditions. The experiment was carried out at various rotational velocities up to 165 rotations per second, corresponding to a linear speed of 259.2ms<sup>-1</sup> at the outer edge of the rotor. The 3-dimensional data enable studying of the rotor’s textile architecture, in-plane and out-of-plane deformations as well as the crack growth over the entire accessible disc volume up to a depth of 2.5mm even at the highest applied rotational speeds. In contrast to previous OCT investigations conducted on stationary composite structures, this study demonstrated that this method is also suitable for acquiring volumetric images of fast-moving objects. This is important because the increasing radial loads resulting from higher rotation frequency are incorporated into reliability studies. Unlike OCT, other in situ measurement methods, such as Doppler distance sensors, diffraction grating sensors, and strain gauges, do not provide direct information about the inner material structure of the rotor. Furthermore, the work demonstrates that OCT can detect thin cracks and polyester threads not resolvable by computer tomography, another 3-dimensional imaging technique. Consequently, swept-source optical coherence tomography may be used to enhance the understanding and modelling of the damage behaviour of composite materials under load.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 109021"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermal and mechanical properties of sustainable rigid polyurethane foam composites reinforced with coffee husk fillers 咖啡壳填料增强可持续硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的热力学性能

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109028

Kicoun Jean-Yves N’Zi Toure , Alassane Compaore , Desmond Klenam , Tabiri Kwayie Asumadu , John David Obayemi , Merenga Abdallah Sarroney , Edja Florentin Assanvo , Nima Rahbar , Winston Oluwole Soboyejo

Coffee husk waste fibers (CHWFs) offer a sustainable solution for reinforcing bio-based polyurethane foams. This study investigates the use of CHWFs in rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) synthesized from cashew nutshell-based polyol and evaluates mechanical, thermal, and combustion properties. Uniquely, three CHWF treatments based on untreated, mercerized, and grafted processes were comparatively analyzed to assess overall impact on foam performance. Mercerization increased cellulose content and crystallinity, whereas grafting enhanced moisture resistance and ash content. The CHWF addition reduced pore size and improved thermal stability, with onset temperature increasing from 279.9°C to 334.4°C for neat foam, whereas the peak decomposition temperatures from 318.7°C, 403.9°C, 449.2°C–321.5°C, 408.1°C, 459.9°C respectively for reinforced foams. Cone calorimeter tests at 30 kW/m² showed significant reduction in release rate of heat, CO/CO₂ emissions, and smoke with increasing fiber content. This work presents a novel dual-waste composite approach with enhanced fire safety and environmental value by combining two underutilized agro-wastes (coffee husks and cashew nutshells). Thus, these results highlight the potential of CHWFs as green reinforcements in high-performance, fire-safe RPUF composites.

咖啡壳废料纤维（CHWFs）为增强生物基聚氨酯泡沫提供了可持续的解决方案。本研究探讨了CHWFs在腰果壳多元醇合成的硬质聚氨酯泡沫（RPUFs）中的应用，并评估了其机械、热学和燃烧性能。独特的是，三种基于未经处理、丝光和接枝工艺的CHWF处理进行了比较分析，以评估对泡沫性能的总体影响。丝光处理提高了纤维素含量和结晶度，而接枝提高了抗湿性和灰分含量。CHWF的加入减小了孔隙尺寸，提高了热稳定性，纯泡沫的起始温度从279.9℃升高到334.4℃，而增强泡沫的峰值分解温度分别为318.7℃、403.9℃、449.2℃- 321.5℃、408.1℃、459.9℃。30 kW/m2的锥形量热计测试表明，随着纤维含量的增加，热量释放率、CO/CO2排放量和烟雾显著降低。这项工作提出了一种新的双废物复合方法，通过结合两种未充分利用的农业废物（咖啡壳和腰果壳），提高了消防安全和环境价值。因此，这些结果突出了CHWFs作为高性能，防火RPUF复合材料的绿色增强材料的潜力。

{"title":"Thermal and mechanical properties of sustainable rigid polyurethane foam composites reinforced with coffee husk fillers","authors":"Kicoun Jean-Yves N’Zi Toure , Alassane Compaore , Desmond Klenam , Tabiri Kwayie Asumadu , John David Obayemi , Merenga Abdallah Sarroney , Edja Florentin Assanvo , Nima Rahbar , Winston Oluwole Soboyejo","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coffee husk waste fibers (CHWFs) offer a sustainable solution for reinforcing bio-based polyurethane foams. This study investigates the use of CHWFs in rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) synthesized from cashew nutshell-based polyol and evaluates mechanical, thermal, and combustion properties. Uniquely, three CHWF treatments based on untreated, mercerized, and grafted processes were comparatively analyzed to assess overall impact on foam performance. Mercerization increased cellulose content and crystallinity, whereas grafting enhanced moisture resistance and ash content. The CHWF addition reduced pore size and improved thermal stability, with onset temperature increasing from 279.9°C to 334.4°C for neat foam, whereas the peak decomposition temperatures from 318.7°C, 403.9°C, 449.2°C–321.5°C, 408.1°C, 459.9°C respectively for reinforced foams. Cone calorimeter tests at 30 kW/m<sup>2</sup> showed significant reduction in release rate of heat, CO/CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, and smoke with increasing fiber content. This work presents a novel dual-waste composite approach with enhanced fire safety and environmental value by combining two underutilized agro-wastes (coffee husks and cashew nutshells). Thus, these results highlight the potential of CHWFs as green reinforcements in high-performance, fire-safe RPUF composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 109028"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Scaffold-engineered PVDF–graphene oxide membranes for gel and quasi-solid electrolytes in lithium metal batteries 支架工程pvdf -氧化石墨烯膜用于锂金属电池中的凝胶和准固体电解质

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109034

Wei-Fan Kuan , Meng-Wen Chiu , Ting-Syuan Huang , Nguyen Thuy Dung

In this study, asymmetric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes incorporating graphene oxide (GO) are developed as multifunctional electrolyte scaffolds for both gel and quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Introduction of GO is found to enhance β-phase crystalline of PVDF, thereby improving the ion transport properties. At an optimal loading, the GO-modified PVDF (PVDF-GO₁₀₀) membrane achieves a favorable performance, including low interfacial resistance, high Li⁺ transference number, and reduced nucleation overpotential, which collectively promote uniform Li deposition and suppress dendrite growth. In Li||LiFePO₄ full cells, gel electrolytes based on PVDF-GO₁₀₀ enable excellent rate capability of 100 mAh g⁻¹ at 10C and 80 % capacity retention after 300 cycles at 0.5C. When employed as a porous scaffold for in-situ polymerization of 1,3-dioxolane (DOL), the resulting PVDF-GO₁₀₀-polyDOL quasi-solid electrolyte further demonstrates superior cycling performance, maintaining 77 mAh g⁻¹ at 10C and 77 % capacity retention after 300 cycles under 0.5C at room temperature. These findings highlight GO-modified PVDF membranes as a versatile and durable platform for high-performance gel and quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries with enhanced stability and prolonged cycle life.

在这项研究中，不对称聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）膜结合氧化石墨烯（GO）被开发为凝胶和准固态锂金属电池的多功能电解质支架。发现氧化石墨烯的引入增强了PVDF的β相结晶，从而改善了离子输运性能。在最佳负载下，氧化石墨烯修饰的PVDF （PVDF- go100）膜具有较低的界面电阻、较高的Li+转移数和较低的成核过电位，共同促进了均匀的Li沉积，抑制了枝晶的生长。在Li b| |LiFePO4充满电池中，基于PVDF-GO100的凝胶电解质在10C下具有100 mAh g - 1的优异倍率能力，在0.5C下循环300次后容量保持率为80%。作为原位聚合1,3-二氧唑烷（DOL）的多孔支架，所制备的PVDF-GO100-polyDOL准固体电解质进一步表现出优异的循环性能，在10C下保持77 mAh g−1，在室温0.5C下循环300次后保持77%的容量。这些发现强调了氧化石墨烯修饰的PVDF膜作为高性能凝胶和准固态锂金属电池的通用和耐用平台，具有更高的稳定性和更长的循环寿命。

{"title":"Scaffold-engineered PVDF–graphene oxide membranes for gel and quasi-solid electrolytes in lithium metal batteries","authors":"Wei-Fan Kuan , Meng-Wen Chiu , Ting-Syuan Huang , Nguyen Thuy Dung","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, asymmetric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes incorporating graphene oxide (GO) are developed as multifunctional electrolyte scaffolds for both gel and quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Introduction of GO is found to enhance β-phase crystalline of PVDF, thereby improving the ion transport properties. At an optimal loading, the GO-modified PVDF (PVDF-GO<sub>100</sub>) membrane achieves a favorable performance, including low interfacial resistance, high Li<sup>+</sup> transference number, and reduced nucleation overpotential, which collectively promote uniform Li deposition and suppress dendrite growth. In Li||LiFePO<sub>4</sub> full cells, gel electrolytes based on PVDF-GO<sub>100</sub> enable excellent rate capability of 100 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 10C and 80 % capacity retention after 300 cycles at 0.5C. When employed as a porous scaffold for in-situ polymerization of 1,3-dioxolane (DOL), the resulting PVDF-GO<sub>100</sub>-polyDOL quasi-solid electrolyte further demonstrates superior cycling performance, maintaining 77 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 10C and 77 % capacity retention after 300 cycles under 0.5C at room temperature. These findings highlight GO-modified PVDF membranes as a versatile and durable platform for high-performance gel and quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries with enhanced stability and prolonged cycle life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 109034"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145468100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Triboresponsive behavior of mechanochromic luminescent molecule containing polymers 含聚合物的机械致变色发光分子的摩擦响应行为

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109033

Chenglong Lu , Jiayi Li , Weijun Zhao , Zhe Zhang

Mechanochromic luminescent (MCL) materials have recently garnered significant attention in intelligent sensing, information encryption, and flexible displays. Although plenty of MCL polymer blends have been reported, but the investigations of the effects of the loading conditions on MCL behavior are still inadequate, which highly restricts the further engineering applications. In this study, a MCL molecule doped polyurethane film was fabricated. The effects of luminogen content, applied force, and sliding linear velocity on triboluminescence (TL) performance were investigated using a tribological testing platform. The results indicate that both luminogen content and morphology have significant influence on TL intensity. The uniformly distributed fine luminogen particles can provide high effectively MCL response. The overloaded applied force squeezes the MCL luminogens from the center to the edge of the friction track and cause the damage of the film surface, restricting the TL intensity. Furthermore, an increased sliding linear velocity leads to a reduced TL intensity.

机械致变色发光（MCL）材料近年来在智能传感、信息加密和柔性显示等领域引起了广泛的关注。虽然已经报道了大量的MCL共混物，但对加载条件对MCL性能影响的研究仍然不足，这极大地限制了其进一步的工程应用。本研究制备了一种掺杂MCL分子的聚氨酯薄膜。在摩擦学测试平台上研究了发光材料含量、施加的作用力和滑动线速度对摩擦发光性能的影响。结果表明，发光物质的含量和形态对发光强度有显著影响。均匀分布的发光微粒可以提供高效的MCL响应。过载的施加力将MCL发光源从摩擦轨迹的中心挤压到边缘，造成薄膜表面的损伤，限制了TL强度。此外，滑动线速度的增加导致TL强度的降低。

引用次数: 0

Design of 3D-Printed strain-responsive TPU/WS2/CB nanocomposites as dual-function flexible supercapacitor electrodes 3d打印应变响应TPU/WS2/CB纳米复合材料双功能柔性超级电容器电极设计

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109031

Subramanian Praveenkumar , Jong Seob Choi , Jin-Heong Yim

In this study, a multifunctional strain-responsive supercapacitor (SC) was developed by integrating tungsten disulfide (WS₂) and carbon black (CB) into a 3D-printed thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix. This device simultaneously serves as an energy storage unit and a strain sensor. The incorporation of 1.5 wt% WS₂ into TPU and treating with 0.5 wt% CB in ethanol within the TPU framework significantly enhanced the electrochemical and mechanical properties, achieving an areal capacitance of 206.5 mF cm⁻², outstanding cyclic stability of 98 % over 10,000 charge-discharge cycles, and superior strain sensitivity. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge-discharge analysis confirmed the high charge storage capability and low internal resistance of the composite electrodes. Additionally, strain-sensing experiments demonstrated a strong linear correlation between mechanical deformation and electrical resistance, with a gauge factor in the range of 1000–1500 and an R² value of 0.939, validating the exceptional strain sensitivity and reliability of the sensor. By combining mechanical flexibility, superior electrochemical performance, and real-time strain sensing capabilities, the 3D-printed TPU/WS₂/CB composite offers a highly adaptable and efficient solution for health monitoring devices, smart textiles, and next-generation electronic interfaces. This 3D-printed work advances dual-function energy storage and sensing systems, eliminating the need for separate sensing components while enhancing space utilization and reducing system complexity.

在这项研究中，通过将二硫化钨（WS2）和炭黑（CB）集成到3d打印热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）基体中，开发了多功能应变响应超级电容器（SC）。该装置同时作为能量存储单元和应变传感器。将1.5 wt% WS2掺入TPU中，并在TPU框架内用0.5 wt% CB在乙醇中处理，显著提高了TPU的电化学和机械性能，实现了206.5 mF cm - 2的面电容，在10,000次充放电循环中具有98%的优异循环稳定性，以及优异的应变灵敏度。电化学阻抗谱、循环伏安法和恒流充放电分析证实了复合电极具有较高的电荷存储能力和较低的内阻。此外，应变传感实验表明，机械变形与电阻之间存在较强的线性相关性，测量因子在1000-1500之间，R2值为0.939，验证了该传感器卓越的应变灵敏度和可靠性。通过结合机械灵活性、卓越的电化学性能和实时应变传感能力，3d打印TPU/WS2/CB复合材料为健康监测设备、智能纺织品和下一代电子接口提供了高度适应性和高效的解决方案。这项3d打印工作推进了双功能储能和传感系统，消除了对单独传感组件的需求，同时提高了空间利用率并降低了系统复杂性。

{"title":"Design of 3D-Printed strain-responsive TPU/WS2/CB nanocomposites as dual-function flexible supercapacitor electrodes","authors":"Subramanian Praveenkumar , Jong Seob Choi , Jin-Heong Yim","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a multifunctional strain-responsive supercapacitor (SC) was developed by integrating tungsten disulfide (WS<sub>2</sub>) and carbon black (CB) into a 3D-printed thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix. This device simultaneously serves as an energy storage unit and a strain sensor. The incorporation of 1.5 wt% WS<sub>2</sub> into TPU and treating with 0.5 wt% CB in ethanol within the TPU framework significantly enhanced the electrochemical and mechanical properties, achieving an areal capacitance of 206.5 mF cm<sup>−2</sup>, outstanding cyclic stability of 98 % over 10,000 charge-discharge cycles, and superior strain sensitivity. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge-discharge analysis confirmed the high charge storage capability and low internal resistance of the composite electrodes. Additionally, strain-sensing experiments demonstrated a strong linear correlation between mechanical deformation and electrical resistance, with a gauge factor in the range of 1000–1500 and an R<sup>2</sup> value of 0.939, validating the exceptional strain sensitivity and reliability of the sensor. By combining mechanical flexibility, superior electrochemical performance, and real-time strain sensing capabilities, the 3D-printed TPU/WS<sub>2</sub>/CB composite offers a highly adaptable and efficient solution for health monitoring devices, smart textiles, and next-generation electronic interfaces. This 3D-printed work advances dual-function energy storage and sensing systems, eliminating the need for separate sensing components while enhancing space utilization and reducing system complexity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 109031"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Water vapor diffusion in cracked HDPE sheaths of bridge cables under ultraviolet radiation, coupled environmental temperature-humidity and alternating strain 紫外线辐射、环境温湿度和交变应变耦合作用下桥梁电缆HDPE裂纹护套中的水蒸气扩散

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109030

Qingling Meng , Haochen Duan , Sen Lu , Yuzhu Wen , Peipeng Wang , Hailiang Wang , Huayong Wu , Xiaoyu Guo , Yang Qian , Minzhuo Liang , Xin Liu

The diffusion mechanism of water vapor in cracked high-density polyethylene (HDPE) sheaths of cable-stayed bridges under alternating strain remains unclear, limiting durability assessments. Here we investigate vapor diffusion in cracked HDPE sheaths under coupled temperature–humidity and alternating strain using a custom gravimetric penetration device; cracks were introduced via alternating UV–fatigue pretreatment. Experiments show that UV degradation reduces mechanical integrity and increases microchannel density, enhancing vapor ingress; the diffusion flux J scales linearly with the inside–outside RH difference ΔRH, while the diffusion coefficient D exhibits an Arrhenius temperature dependence. Alternating strain widens crack micro-pores and raises D by 6–10 % via an influence factor f(ε). Integrating Fick's law with measurements, we formulate a diffusion-coefficient model D (T, ΔRH, ε, A) that incorporates temperature–humidity coupling, strain effects, and equivalent crack area; multivariate analysis ranks governing factors as temperature > strain magnitude > crack area > strain period > RH difference. The model predicts time-to-critical humidity from environmental conditions and A, directly informing sheath sealing/coating and maintenance decisions and bridging key gaps in environmental–load coupled degradation of cable sheaths.

在交变应变作用下，水蒸气在开裂的高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）斜拉桥护套中的扩散机制尚不清楚，这限制了耐久性评估。本文采用自定义的重力穿透装置，研究了温度-湿度耦合和交变应变作用下HDPE裂纹鞘层中的蒸汽扩散；通过交变紫外疲劳预处理引入裂纹。实验表明，紫外降解降低了机械完整性，增加了微通道密度，增加了水蒸气的进入；扩散通量J与内外RH差成线性关系ΔRH，扩散系数D与阿累尼乌斯温度相关。交变应变通过影响因子f（ε）使裂纹微孔变宽，使D增大6 ~ 10%。将菲克定律与测量相结合，我们建立了一个包含温度-湿度耦合、应变效应和等效裂纹面积的扩散系数模型D (T， ΔRH, ε, a)；多变量分析将影响因素分为温度>、应变大小>、裂纹面积>、应变周期>、相对湿度差。该模型根据环境条件和A预测达到临界湿度的时间，直接为护套密封/涂层和维护决策提供信息，并弥补环境载荷耦合电缆护套退化的关键空白。

{"title":"Water vapor diffusion in cracked HDPE sheaths of bridge cables under ultraviolet radiation, coupled environmental temperature-humidity and alternating strain","authors":"Qingling Meng , Haochen Duan , Sen Lu , Yuzhu Wen , Peipeng Wang , Hailiang Wang , Huayong Wu , Xiaoyu Guo , Yang Qian , Minzhuo Liang , Xin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The diffusion mechanism of water vapor in cracked high-density polyethylene (HDPE) sheaths of cable-stayed bridges under alternating strain remains unclear, limiting durability assessments. Here we investigate vapor diffusion in cracked HDPE sheaths under coupled temperature–humidity and alternating strain using a custom gravimetric penetration device; cracks were introduced via alternating UV–fatigue pretreatment. Experiments show that UV degradation reduces mechanical integrity and increases microchannel density, enhancing vapor ingress; the diffusion flux <em>J</em> scales linearly with the inside–outside RH difference Δ<em>RH</em>, while the diffusion coefficient <em>D</em> exhibits an Arrhenius temperature dependence. Alternating strain widens crack micro-pores and raises <em>D</em> by 6–10 % via an influence factor <em>f</em>(<em>ε</em>). Integrating Fick's law with measurements, we formulate a diffusion-coefficient model <em>D</em> (T, ΔRH, <em>ε</em>, <em>A</em>) that incorporates temperature–humidity coupling, strain effects, and equivalent crack area; multivariate analysis ranks governing factors as temperature > strain magnitude > crack area > strain period > RH difference. The model predicts time-to-critical humidity from environmental conditions and <em>A</em>, directly informing sheath sealing/coating and maintenance decisions and bridging key gaps in environmental–load coupled degradation of cable sheaths.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 109030"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Flexible PVDF/ZnO/rGO and PVDF/ZnO/CNT electrodes designed for piezoelectric nanogenerators 用于压电纳米发电机的柔性PVDF/ZnO/rGO和PVDF/ZnO/CNT电极

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109023

Zohreh Moarref , Majid Montazer , Roohollah Bagherzadeh (.) , Nahid Hemmatinejad , Sara Ziaee

The newly interesting topics about wearable electronics and smart textiles usually require a pair of flexible conductive electrodes. As far as conductivity is concerned, carbon nanomaterials are of particular interest. This study aimed to design flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with carbon-based electrodes. Here, two different types of electrodes were fabricated using composites of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) in one and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in the other. The PENGs were structured by placing a piezo-active nanofibrous mat of PVDF and ZnO nanopowder between each pair of electrodes. The optimal PENGs were then integrated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The piezoelectric voltage constant (g₃₃) of rGO-contained samples was approximately 5 times higher than that of samples with CNT. However, the opposite results were obtained in their tensile stress by a declining factor of 1.35. The piezoelectric sensitivity was enhanced by 5–9 % after integration. Finally, these flexible PENGs can be promising candidates for harvesting energy through textiles.

关于可穿戴电子产品和智能纺织品的新话题通常需要一对柔性导电电极。就导电性而言，碳纳米材料尤其令人感兴趣。本研究旨在设计具有碳基电极的柔性压电纳米发电机（peng）。在这里，两种不同类型的电极是用聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）复合材料制成的，其中一种是单壁碳纳米管（CNT），另一种是还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）。通过在每对电极之间放置PVDF和ZnO纳米粉末的压电活性纳米纤维垫来构建peng。然后用聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）对优化后的聚合物进行整合。含碳纳米管样品的压电电压常数（g33）约为含碳纳米管样品的5倍。然而，其拉应力以1.35的下降系数得到相反的结果。集成后的压电灵敏度提高了5 - 9%。最后，这些灵活的peng可以成为通过纺织品收集能量的有希望的候选者。

{"title":"Flexible PVDF/ZnO/rGO and PVDF/ZnO/CNT electrodes designed for piezoelectric nanogenerators","authors":"Zohreh Moarref , Majid Montazer , Roohollah Bagherzadeh (.) , Nahid Hemmatinejad , Sara Ziaee","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The newly interesting topics about wearable electronics and smart textiles usually require a pair of flexible conductive electrodes. As far as conductivity is concerned, carbon nanomaterials are of particular interest. This study aimed to design flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with carbon-based electrodes. Here, two different types of electrodes were fabricated using composites of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) in one and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in the other. The PENGs were structured by placing a piezo-active nanofibrous mat of PVDF and ZnO nanopowder between each pair of electrodes. The optimal PENGs were then integrated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The piezoelectric voltage constant (g<sub>33</sub>) of rGO-contained samples was approximately 5 times higher than that of samples with CNT. However, the opposite results were obtained in their tensile stress by a declining factor of 1.35. The piezoelectric sensitivity was enhanced by 5–9 % after integration. Finally, these flexible PENGs can be promising candidates for harvesting energy through textiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 109023"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimization of amine-based hydrogel sorbents for CO2 capture: The role of crosslinkers 胺基水凝胶吸附CO2的优化：交联剂的作用

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109017

Yiwei Long , Jieke Jiang , Wilko Rohlfs , Wim Brilman , Claas Willem Visser

Amine-based hydrogel sorbents are gaining increasing attention for CO₂ capture application due to their long-term stability, simple fabrication, and compatibility with humid environments. These hydrogels are solidified with crosslinkers, which have a potentially large but unstudied influence on both the production process and the CO₂ uptake of the sorbent. Therefore, in this study, we systematically investigate how different crosslinkers influence the performance of polyethylenimine (PEI)-based hydrogel sorbents. Six crosslinkers representing acids, epoxides, and vinyl-based agents are initially screened based on crosslinking time, toxicity, and material cost. Subsequently, epichlorohydrin (ECH)-, trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TTE)-, and 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS)-crosslinked particles are selected for detailed investigation on their CO₂ uptake and mechanical strength. Among the three, TTE-crosslinked particles show the highest CO₂ uptake, closely followed by GPTMS, with ECH significantly lower. All three crosslinkers result in sorbents with excellent cycling stability when using steam regeneration. GPTMS particles offer higher CO₂ uptake under low-humidity conditions and exhibit the best mechanical strength, which makes GPTMS as superior for the selected crosslinkers. Overall, the presented evaluation method provides practical guidelines for design and evaluation of durable, high-performance hydrogel sorbents for CO₂ capture.

胺基水凝胶吸附剂由于其长期稳定性、制造简单和与潮湿环境的兼容性，在二氧化碳捕集应用中越来越受到关注。这些水凝胶是用交联剂固化的，这对生产过程和吸附剂的二氧化碳吸收都有潜在的巨大影响，但尚未研究。因此，在本研究中，我们系统地研究了不同交联剂对聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）基水凝胶吸附剂性能的影响。六种交联剂代表酸，环氧化物和乙烯基剂最初筛选基于交联时间，毒性和材料成本。随后，选择环氧氯丙烷(ECH)-、三甲基丙烷三缩水甘油酯醚(TTE)-和3-缩水甘油酯氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(GPTMS)-交联颗粒，对其CO2吸收率和机械强度进行了详细的研究。其中，te交联颗粒的CO2吸收量最大，其次是GPTMS，其CO2吸收量显著低于GPTMS。当使用蒸汽再生时，所有三种交联剂都会产生具有优异循环稳定性的吸附剂。GPTMS颗粒在低湿度条件下具有更高的CO2吸收量，并表现出最佳的机械强度，这使得GPTMS成为所选交联剂的优势。总的来说，提出的评估方法为设计和评估耐用、高性能的水凝胶吸收剂提供了实用的指导方针。

{"title":"Optimization of amine-based hydrogel sorbents for CO2 capture: The role of crosslinkers","authors":"Yiwei Long , Jieke Jiang , Wilko Rohlfs , Wim Brilman , Claas Willem Visser","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amine-based hydrogel sorbents are gaining increasing attention for CO<sub>2</sub> capture application due to their long-term stability, simple fabrication, and compatibility with humid environments. These hydrogels are solidified with crosslinkers, which have a potentially large but unstudied influence on both the production process and the CO<sub>2</sub> uptake of the sorbent. Therefore, in this study, we systematically investigate how different crosslinkers influence the performance of polyethylenimine (PEI)-based hydrogel sorbents. Six crosslinkers representing acids, epoxides, and vinyl-based agents are initially screened based on crosslinking time, toxicity, and material cost. Subsequently, epichlorohydrin (ECH)-, trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TTE)-, and 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS)-crosslinked particles are selected for detailed investigation on their CO<sub>2</sub> uptake and mechanical strength. Among the three, TTE-crosslinked particles show the highest CO<sub>2</sub> uptake, closely followed by GPTMS, with ECH significantly lower. All three crosslinkers result in sorbents with excellent cycling stability when using steam regeneration. GPTMS particles offer higher CO<sub>2</sub> uptake under low-humidity conditions and exhibit the best mechanical strength, which makes GPTMS as superior for the selected crosslinkers. Overall, the presented evaluation method provides practical guidelines for design and evaluation of durable, high-performance hydrogel sorbents for CO<sub>2</sub> capture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 109017"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

PAM-co-VI-based bimetallic-doped single-network conductive hydrogel for stress sensing and ECG signal monitoring applications 基于pam -co- vi的双金属掺杂单网导电水凝胶用于应力传感和心电信号监测

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109025

Yingying Zhang , Cancan Yang , Chongyue Bai , Xuanye Wang , Chao Feng , Huige Wei

Polyacrylamide (PAM) based hydrogels are promising for soft strain sensor applications, while the incorporation of vinylimidazole (VI) endows the hydrogels with unique ion responsiveness and good biocompatibility. In this study, a high-performance PAM-co-VI/Ni/Co hydrogel was successfully fabricated through copolymerization of PAM with VI followed by modification with bimetallic nickel-cobalt ions. Experimental results demonstrate that when the VI content is 30 % with a Ni/Co ion ratio of 3:1, the hydrogel exhibits remarkable comprehensive properties, with a tensile fracture strength of 0.46 MPa, an ultrahigh fracture strain of 1800 %, a tensile sensitivity of 4.62, and long-term durability exceeding 1000 cycles. Furthermore, the hydrogel shows high pressure sensitivity (0.059 kPa⁻¹ in the 0–5 kPa range), enabling precise detection of various mechanical signals from acoustic vibrations to complex human motions. Owing to its superior conductivity and biocompatibility, the PAM-co-VI/Ni/Co hydrogel also functions as a flexible electrode for electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring, achieving conformal skin contact while stably acquiring high signal-to-noise ratio ECG waveforms with accurate identification of P-waves, Q, R, and S waves (QRS complexes), and other key features, demonstrating great potential for wearable health monitoring applications.

聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）为基础的水凝胶在软应变传感器领域具有广阔的应用前景，而乙烯酰咪唑（VI）的掺入使水凝胶具有独特的离子响应性和良好的生物相容性。在本研究中，通过PAM与VI的共聚，再用双金属镍钴离子改性，成功制备了高性能PAM- Co -VI/Ni/Co水凝胶。实验结果表明，当VI含量为30%，Ni/Co离子比为3:1时，水凝胶具有优异的综合性能，拉伸断裂强度为0.46 MPa，超高断裂应变为1800%，拉伸灵敏度为4.62，长期耐久性超过1000次。此外，水凝胶具有很高的压力敏感性（在0-5 kPa范围内为0.059 kPa−1），能够精确检测从声音振动到复杂人体运动的各种机械信号。PAM-co-VI/Ni/Co水凝胶由于其优异的导电性和生物相容性，还可作为心电图监测的柔性电极，在实现适形皮肤接触的同时，稳定地获得高信噪比的心电波形，准确识别p波、Q波、R波和S波（QRS复合物），以及其他关键特性，显示出可穿戴健康监测应用的巨大潜力。

{"title":"PAM-co-VI-based bimetallic-doped single-network conductive hydrogel for stress sensing and ECG signal monitoring applications","authors":"Yingying Zhang , Cancan Yang , Chongyue Bai , Xuanye Wang , Chao Feng , Huige Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyacrylamide (PAM) based hydrogels are promising for soft strain sensor applications, while the incorporation of vinylimidazole (VI) endows the hydrogels with unique ion responsiveness and good biocompatibility. In this study, a high-performance PAM-co-VI/Ni/Co hydrogel was successfully fabricated through copolymerization of PAM with VI followed by modification with bimetallic nickel-cobalt ions. Experimental results demonstrate that when the VI content is 30 % with a Ni/Co ion ratio of 3:1, the hydrogel exhibits remarkable comprehensive properties, with a tensile fracture strength of 0.46 MPa, an ultrahigh fracture strain of 1800 %, a tensile sensitivity of 4.62, and long-term durability exceeding 1000 cycles. Furthermore, the hydrogel shows high pressure sensitivity (0.059 kPa<sup>−1</sup> in the 0–5 kPa range), enabling precise detection of various mechanical signals from acoustic vibrations to complex human motions. Owing to its superior conductivity and biocompatibility, the PAM-co-VI/Ni/Co hydrogel also functions as a flexible electrode for electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring, achieving conformal skin contact while stably acquiring high signal-to-noise ratio ECG waveforms with accurate identification of P-waves, Q, R, and S waves (QRS complexes), and other key features, demonstrating great potential for wearable health monitoring applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 109025"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Viscoelastic interpretation of AFM nanoindentation for predicting nanoscale stiffness in soft biomaterials 预测柔软生物材料纳米级刚度的AFM纳米压痕的粘弹性解释

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109026

Antonio Minopoli , Davide Evangelista , Matteo Marras , Giordano Perini , Valentina Palmieri , Marco De Spirito , Massimiliano Papi

Precise characterization of biomechanical properties at the micro- and nanoscale is essential for developing biomaterials for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery. Traditional bulk techniques fail to capture the local mechanical heterogeneities of soft materials such as hydrogels, polymers, and biological tissues. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation enables high-resolution stiffness mapping under near-physiological conditions; however, the standard Hertz model assumes purely elastic behavior, overlooking the viscoelastic nature of most biological systems. This study relies on established viscoelastic models to better interpret rate-dependent mechanical responses in AFM nanoindentation experiments. Force-displacement curves were analyzed to separate elastic and viscous contributions and account for the effect of indentation speed. Experiments on four hydrogels (alginate, Cellink-RGD, GelMA, GelMA A) revealed nonlinear stiffening trends with increasing indentation rate, associated with polymer network dynamics and crosslinking density. Additional analyses on erythrocytes and zona pellucida confirmed their complex viscoelastic responses, highlighting physiological and pathological differences in cells and species-specific behavior in reproductive structures. Our approach provides a simple and effective method to predict nanoscale stiffness as a function of indentation rate, improving accuracy in nanomechanical characterization and supporting the design of advanced bioengineered constructs.

在微观和纳米尺度上精确表征生物力学特性对于开发用于组织工程、再生医学和药物输送的生物材料至关重要。传统的体块技术无法捕获软材料（如水凝胶、聚合物和生物组织）的局部机械异质性。原子力显微镜（AFM）纳米压痕实现了近生理条件下的高分辨率刚度映射；然而，标准赫兹模型假设纯弹性行为，忽略了大多数生物系统的粘弹性性质。本研究依靠已建立的粘弹性模型来更好地解释AFM纳米压痕实验中速率相关的机械反应。分析了力-位移曲线，分离了弹性和粘性贡献，并考虑了压痕速度的影响。对四种水凝胶（海藻酸盐、Cellink-RGD、GelMA、GelMA A）的实验表明，随着压痕率的增加，聚合物网络动力学和交联密度的增加，凝胶的非线性硬化趋势也随之增加。对红细胞和透明带的进一步分析证实了它们复杂的粘弹性反应，强调了生殖结构中细胞和物种特异性行为的生理和病理差异。我们的方法提供了一种简单有效的方法来预测纳米尺度刚度作为压痕率的函数，提高了纳米力学表征的准确性，并支持了先进生物工程结构的设计。

{"title":"Viscoelastic interpretation of AFM nanoindentation for predicting nanoscale stiffness in soft biomaterials","authors":"Antonio Minopoli , Davide Evangelista , Matteo Marras , Giordano Perini , Valentina Palmieri , Marco De Spirito , Massimiliano Papi","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precise characterization of biomechanical properties at the micro- and nanoscale is essential for developing biomaterials for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery. Traditional bulk techniques fail to capture the local mechanical heterogeneities of soft materials such as hydrogels, polymers, and biological tissues. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation enables high-resolution stiffness mapping under near-physiological conditions; however, the standard Hertz model assumes purely elastic behavior, overlooking the viscoelastic nature of most biological systems. This study relies on established viscoelastic models to better interpret rate-dependent mechanical responses in AFM nanoindentation experiments. Force-displacement curves were analyzed to separate elastic and viscous contributions and account for the effect of indentation speed. Experiments on four hydrogels (alginate, Cellink-RGD, GelMA, GelMA A) revealed nonlinear stiffening trends with increasing indentation rate, associated with polymer network dynamics and crosslinking density. Additional analyses on erythrocytes and zona pellucida confirmed their complex viscoelastic responses, highlighting physiological and pathological differences in cells and species-specific behavior in reproductive structures. Our approach provides a simple and effective method to predict nanoscale stiffness as a function of indentation rate, improving accuracy in nanomechanical characterization and supporting the design of advanced bioengineered constructs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 109026"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0