Polymer Testing最新文献

Unraveling the distinct dynamic mechanical responses and damage mechanisms of two typical polymers across wide strain-rate and temperature ranges 揭示了两种典型聚合物在宽应变速率和温度范围内不同的动态力学响应和损伤机制

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109099

Xiang Gao , Tao Liu , Jianqiang Deng , Xin Pan , Hangyu Fan , Shuyan Nie , Jia Chen , Jin Jiang , Beicheng Lin , Liming Chen

Rigid-chain and flexible-chain polymers are both widely employed in protective engineering, yet their mechanical responses under dynamic loading differ substantially. A comprehensive understanding of these differences is essential for developing high-performance materials. In this study, we comparatively investigate the dynamic mechanical responses and damage mechanisms of two typical polymers—polyimide (PI) and Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE)—across a wide strain-rate range (10⁻³–10⁴ s⁻¹), using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) system and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results reveal that UHMWPE undergoes two distinct strain-rate-dependent damage stages under dynamic loading: (i) a wrinkle-dominated stage, where dense wrinkle structures facilitate stress transmission and the stress–strain response transform from smooth yielding to stress plateau, and (ii) a crack-dominated stage, where microcrack formation produces opaque fibrous morphologies, leading to strength degradation and overlapping stress–strain curves of different strain rate within the 0–0.2 strain range. In contrast, PI consistently exhibits microcrack-driven failure across all loading conditions, with stress–strain curves characteristic of brittle polymers, including high modulus and yield strength. Temperature effects further distinguish the two polymers: PI maintains remarkable thermal stability at elevated temperatures (>473 K), showing negligible variation in mechanical response and damage mode, whereas UHMWPE demonstrates pronounced temperature sensitivity, with significantly reduced yield strength and more prominent wrinkle morphologies at elevated temperatures. To quantitatively capture these behaviors, we establish a modified G'Sell–Jonas constitutive model, enabling accurate description of the dynamic responses of both polymers. This work provides new mechanistic insights into the contrasting strain-rate and temperature-dependent behaviors of rigid-chain and flexible-chain polymers, offering a scientific basis for the design and optimization of high-performance polymers.

刚性链聚合物和柔性链聚合物都广泛应用于防护工程中，但它们在动载荷作用下的力学响应存在很大差异。全面了解这些差异对于开发高性能材料至关重要。在这项研究中，我们比较研究了两种典型的聚合物-聚酰亚胺（PI）和超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE) -在宽应变速率范围（10−3-104 s−1）内的动态力学响应和损伤机制，使用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）系统和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）。结果表明，在动载荷作用下，超高分子量聚乙烯经历了两个不同的应变率相关损伤阶段：(1)以褶皱为主阶段，密集的褶皱结构有利于应力传递，应力-应变响应由平滑屈服转变为应力平台；(2)以裂纹为主阶段，微裂纹形成不透明的纤维状形态，导致强度退化，在0-0.2应变范围内不同应变速率的应力-应变曲线重叠。相比之下，PI在所有加载条件下都表现出微裂纹驱动的破坏，具有脆性聚合物的应力-应变曲线特征，包括高模量和屈服强度。温度效应进一步区分了这两种聚合物：PI在高温下（>473 K）保持着显著的热稳定性，机械响应和损伤模式的变化可以忽略不计，而UHMWPE表现出明显的温度敏感性，在高温下屈服强度显著降低，皱纹形态更加突出。为了定量地捕捉这些行为，我们建立了一个改进的G 'Sell-Jonas本构模型，能够准确地描述两种聚合物的动态响应。本研究为刚性链和柔性链聚合物的应变速率和温度依赖行为的对比提供了新的机理见解，为高性能聚合物的设计和优化提供了科学依据。

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引用次数: 0

Melt strength enhancing additives for reactive extrusion of polylactide – a comparative study 聚乳酸反应挤出用增强熔体强度添加剂的比较研究

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109104

Franka Malsch

Polylactide (PLA) has a low inherent melt strength which is an obstacle to its use in film and blow-molding applications. This can be addressed through the use of reactive chain extension, but commercially available additives for this process vary widely in reactivity and chemical composition. This work compares the melt strength of polylactide modified with 11 different commercial additives marketed as chain extenders or viscosity enhancers for polyesters. To compare the effectiveness of these additives in enhancing PLA melt strength, blends were produced via both batch mixing and continuous extrusion using temperatures of 170–230 °C, processing times of 3–15 min and additive concentrations of 2–10 %. The melt strength of produced blends was evaluated using Rheotens draw-down measurement on a continuously extruded melt strand and changes to melt strength from reactive extrusion were determined through comparison with unmodified PLA processed under identical conditions. The effectiveness of melt strength enhancing additives was found to be dependent on functional group type and concentration within the additive. Maleic anhydride functionalized additives were shown to be completely ineffective. Epoxy-modified acrylates were demonstrated to provide only moderate melt strength enhancement at low functional group content but achieved up to 300 % melt strength and 400 % zero-shear viscosity over unmodified PLA when using additives with a functional group content of 15–20 %. Increasing additive concentration in the blend was found to only be an effective means of further viscosity enhancement for low-reactivity additives with a functional group content below 10 %.

聚乳酸（PLA）具有较低的固有熔体强度，这是其在薄膜和吹塑应用中的障碍。这可以通过使用反应性链延伸来解决，但是用于该工艺的市售添加剂在反应性和化学成分方面差异很大。本研究比较了用11种不同的商业添加剂作为扩链剂或聚酯增粘剂改性聚丙交酯的熔体强度。为了比较这些添加剂在提高PLA熔体强度方面的有效性，通过分批混合和连续挤出生产共混物，温度为170-230°C，加工时间为3-15分钟，添加剂浓度为2 - 10%。在连续挤压的熔体链上使用流变压降测量来评估所生产的共混物的熔体强度，并通过与在相同条件下加工的未改性PLA进行比较来确定反应挤出对熔体强度的变化。发现熔体强度增强添加剂的有效性取决于添加剂中官能团的类型和浓度。马来酸酐功能化添加剂是完全无效的。在低官能团含量的情况下，环氧改性丙烯酸酯只能提供适度的熔体强度增强，但当使用含有15 - 20%官能团的添加剂时，与未改性的PLA相比，熔体强度可达300%，零剪切粘度可达400%。增加共混物中添加剂的浓度只对官能团含量低于10%的低反应性添加剂是进一步增强粘度的有效手段。

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引用次数: 0

Interface-dominated environmental stress cracking in PMMA automotive lamps: From field analysis to component- and specimen-level evaluation PMMA车灯界面主导的环境应力开裂：从现场分析到部件和样品级评价

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109102

Gyu-Hyun Lim , Min-Jin Choi , Choon-Ho Lee , Na-Im Kim , Jung-Wook Wee

This study investigates the field cracking phenomenon of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) used in automotive rear lamps and establishes systematic evaluation methods to reproduce these failures. To clarify the crack formation mechanism, rear lamps that exhibited cracking during service were collected and analyzed. Surface analysis revealed that the cracks typically propagated along the dual-bonded interface. To reproduce these field cracks under laboratory conditions, actual rear lamps were immersed in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) at two temperatures (22 and 40 °C). The results confirmed that lamps exposed to IPA exhibited crack propagation along the dual-bonded interface, identical to the field failures, which was attributed to environmental stress cracking (ESC). Additionally, ESC tests were conducted on dual-bonded dog-bone specimens under varying temperatures and bending strains. Notably, quantitative analysis revealed that the crack initiation time for dual-bonded specimens was approximately 7 times faster than that for single materials (e.g., 2.33 s vs. 16.3 s at 22 °C), providing definitive evidence of the structural vulnerability of the interface. Surface analysis of these specimens showed crack morphology consistent with both component-level tests and field failures. By effectively correlating specimen-level quantification with actual component behavior, this study demonstrates that laboratory-scale evaluations can accurately replicate complex field phenomena. This systematic framework provides a robust scientific basis for predicting long-term durability and facilitates early-stage material selection and design optimization to prevent field failures in transparent or translucent polymer-based components.

本文研究了汽车尾灯用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）的现场开裂现象，并建立了再现这些失效的系统评价方法。为了弄清裂纹的形成机理，对使用过程中出现裂纹的尾灯进行了收集和分析。表面分析表明，裂纹沿双键界面扩展。为了在实验室条件下重现这些现场裂缝，将实际的后灯在两种温度（22°C和40°C）下浸入异丙醇（IPA）中。结果证实，暴露于IPA的灯沿双键界面呈现裂纹扩展，与现场失效相同，这归因于环境应力开裂（ESC）。此外，还对双粘结犬骨试件进行了不同温度和弯曲应变下的ESC试验。值得注意的是，定量分析表明，双粘结试样的裂纹起裂时间比单材料的裂纹起裂时间快约7倍（例如，在22°C时为2.33 s对16.3 s），这为界面的结构脆弱性提供了明确的证据。这些试样的表面分析显示，裂纹形态与部件级试验和现场失效相一致。通过有效地将样品级定量与实际组分行为相关联，本研究表明，实验室规模的评估可以准确地复制复杂的场现象。该系统框架为预测长期耐久性提供了坚实的科学基础，并促进了早期材料选择和设计优化，以防止透明或半透明聚合物基组件的现场故障。

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引用次数: 0

In situ forming injectable and self-healing gelatin/oxidized hyaluronic acid hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties for biomedical applications 具有增强机械性能的生物医学应用的原位成型可注射和自愈明胶/氧化透明质酸水凝胶

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109098

Min Hee Cho , Hoang-Minh Pham , Israr Ali , Dahong Kim , Su A. Park , Kang Moo Huh

In situ forming injectable and self-healing hydrogels hold considerable attention in biomedical applications due to their ease of administration with minimal invasiveness and ability to recover functionality after mechanical damage. However, achieving a balance between dynamic properties and mechanical strength remains challenging, and the preparation processes are often complex and require external crosslinkers. In this study, we developed a facile and efficient strategy to fabricate an in situ forming hydrogel based on gelatin and oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA) without using external crosslinker. OHA with varying oxidation degree was synthesized to introduce tunable aldehyde groups, which reacted with amine functionalities of gelatin via dynamic Schiff base covalent bonding. The Gel/OHA hydrogels exhibited tunable gelation kinetics, enhanced compressive strength, and excellent self-healing, while maintaining a stable three-dimensional structure under physiological conditions. Furthermore, the degradation rate of the hydrogels could be modulated via the oxidation degree of OHA. In vitro biocompatibility test confirmed high cell viability and proliferation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts. These findings highlight the potential of Gel/OHA hydrogels as a versatile and tunable platform for various biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and wound healing.

原位成形可注射和自愈水凝胶在生物医学应用中引起了相当大的关注，因为它们易于给药，侵入性最小，并且能够在机械损伤后恢复功能。然而，实现动态性能和机械强度之间的平衡仍然具有挑战性，制备过程通常很复杂，需要外部交联剂。在这项研究中，我们开发了一种简单有效的策略来制备基于明胶和氧化透明质酸（OHA）的原位形成水凝胶，而不使用外部交联剂。合成了不同氧化度的OHA，引入可调醛基团，通过动态希夫碱共价键与明胶的胺官能团发生反应。凝胶/OHA水凝胶表现出可调节的凝胶动力学、增强的抗压强度和出色的自我修复能力，同时在生理条件下保持稳定的三维结构。此外，水凝胶的降解速率可以通过OHA的氧化程度来调节。体外生物相容性试验证实NIH3T3成纤维细胞具有较高的细胞活力和增殖能力。这些发现突出了凝胶/OHA水凝胶作为各种生物医学应用的多功能和可调平台的潜力，包括组织工程和伤口愈合。

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引用次数: 0

Silane-modified phenolic resin for enhancing mechanical and thermal properties of quartz knitted fabric 硅烷改性酚醛树脂用于提高石英针织物的力学和热性能

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109100

Baolu Shi, Baosheng Xu

Fabrics are widely utilized in various fields, including aerospace due to their outstanding properties such as lightweight and flexibility. However, under high-temperature conditions, fabrics face challenges including property degradation and reduced structural stability, while the practical application for large deformation is seriously underestimated. To develop a deformable ablative thermal insulation material, silane-modified phenolic resin (PR) reinforced quartz knitted fabric (PR-Si/QKF) was fabricated, and its mechanical and thermal properties were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the maximum decomposition temperature of PR-Si resin increased from 504 °C to 583 °C, while the residual carbon content increased from 47 % to 58 %. The PR-Si/QKF exhibited a fracture load of approximately 400 N and an elongation at break of about 240%. Compared with untreated QKF, the tensile strength was significantly enhanced by up to 304%, accompanied by a marked reduction in plastic deformation. Moreover, PR-Si/QKF demonstrated excellent fatigue resistance after 10 cycles to 20% tensile strain, and large out-of-plane bulging deformation capability. In addition, it showed superior thermal insulation, oxidation and ablative resistance properties under high-temperature and oxygen-rich environments. The PR-Si/QKF provides a promising approach for deformable ablative thermal insulation applications and is suitable for flexible thermal protection systems.

织物由于其优异的性能，如轻质和柔韧性，被广泛应用于包括航空航天在内的各个领域。然而，在高温条件下，织物面临着性能退化和结构稳定性降低的挑战，而在大变形情况下的实际应用被严重低估。为研制一种可变形烧蚀保温材料，制备了硅烷改性酚醛树脂增强石英针织物（PR- si /QKF），并对其力学性能和热性能进行了系统研究。结果表明，PR-Si树脂的最高分解温度从504℃提高到583℃，残余碳含量从47%提高到58%。PR-Si/QKF的断裂载荷约为400 N，断裂伸长率约为240%。与未经处理的QKF相比，抗拉强度显著提高了304%，同时塑性变形显著减少。此外，PR-Si/QKF在20%拉伸应变下，在10次循环后表现出优异的抗疲劳性能，并具有较大的面外胀形变形能力。此外，在高温富氧环境下，它还表现出优异的隔热、抗氧化和抗烧蚀性能。PR-Si/QKF为可变形烧蚀隔热应用提供了一种很有前途的方法，适用于柔性热保护系统。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanical performance and failure analysis of functionally graded Nanoclay-GFRP composites under flexural and shear loading 纳米粘土-玻璃钢功能梯度复合材料在弯剪载荷下的力学性能及破坏分析

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109101

Abdel-Halim Saber Salem Said , Amr Seif , A.M. Sadoun , S. Thiru , Majed Melibary , Mohamed Mouldi Hamdi , Waleed Mohammed Abdelfattah , A.A. Megahed

This study provides a novel gradation-based design for tailoring flexural and shear performances, offering a thorough experimental and statistical examination of the mechanical behavior of functionally graded nanoclay-reinforced glass fiber composites. Instead of traditional uniform composites, the proposed laminates adopt stepwise and continuous nanoclay gradation through the thickness to improve stress distribution and interfacial bonding. Five different laminates were produced utilizing a hand lay-up method accompanied by vacuum-bagging. The fabricated laminates include Control (neat composite), Homogeneous-Graded (HG), Stepwise-Graded (SG and CG), and Functionally-Graded (FG). The mechanical examination included three-point flexural, interlaminar shear (ILS), and in-plane shear testing. The results indicated that nanoclay addition improved interfacial interaction, limited crack growth, and facilitated entire load transfer. The FG laminate had the maximum flexural strength and stiffness, whereas the CG laminate produced 20.7 % increased toughness and failure strain. The SG laminate produced the highest in-plane shear

τ_{x y}

and load, achieving 71.56 % and 93.8 %, respectively. Fractographic analysis revealed a transition from brittle, delamination-dominated fracture in the control to tough, gradual modes in graded laminates. A multi-objective (TOPSIS) determined that the SG laminate was the best design for global performance. This study indicates functional gradation's practical value in producing multipurpose effective, robust composite structures for modern structural and engineering applications.

本研究提供了一种新颖的基于梯度的设计，用于定制弯曲和剪切性能，为功能梯度纳米粘土增强玻璃纤维复合材料的力学行为提供了彻底的实验和统计检验。与传统的均匀复合材料不同，本文提出的层压板采用纳米粘土在厚度上逐级连续渐变的方法，以改善应力分布和界面结合。五种不同的层压板生产利用手铺法伴随真空装袋。所制备的层压板包括Control（纯复合材料）、均质渐变（HG）、逐步渐变（SG和CG）和功能渐变（FG）。力学检查包括三点弯曲、层间剪切（ILS）和面内剪切测试。结果表明，纳米粘土的加入改善了界面相互作用，限制了裂纹扩展，促进了整个载荷传递。FG层压板具有最大的抗弯强度和刚度，而CG层压板的韧性和破坏应变增加了20.7%。SG层合板产生的面内剪切τxy和载荷最高，分别达到71.56%和93.8%。断口分析显示，在分级层压板中，从对照组的脆性、分层为主的断裂转变为韧性、渐进模式。一个多目标（TOPSIS）确定了SG层压板是全球性能的最佳设计。该研究表明，功能分级在现代结构和工程应用中制造多用途、有效、坚固的复合结构方面具有实用价值。

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引用次数: 0

Improved thermal oxidative aging resistance of silicone rubber via incorporation with Fe-MOFs fe - mof掺入提高硅橡胶耐热氧化老化性能

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109096

Fangchao Zhao , Zeyu Ren , Hulin Wu , Hongming Zhang , Xiaohui Gu , Yanchun Li

Under harsh service conditions, room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (RTV) is required to exhibit excellent thermal-oxidative aging resistance while maintaining its mechanical performance. To meet this demand, iron-based metal–organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) were synthesized and incorporated into the RTV matrix. The influence of three different fillers — Fe-MOFs, graphene, and Fe-MOFs/graphene — on the thermal oxidative stability and mechanical properties of RTV was systematically investigated and compared. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) was employed to probe the evolution of crosslink density at the molecular level during thermal-oxidative aging, while the thermal degradation behavior was comprehensively characterized using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC)-FTIR. The results revealed that Fe-MOFs can elevate the thermal decomposition temperature of RTV silicone rubber by 42 °C, while simultaneously enhancing its tensile strength by 1.7 times and increasing its elongation at break by 14.6 %. During the thermal oxidative aging process, Fe-MOFs effectively suppress the premature degradation of RTV and the associated deterioration of mechanical properties. This protective effect is primarily attributed to two factors: first, Fe-MOFs increase the crosslinking density of RTV by 13.6 %; second, the organic framework structure of Fe-MOFs efficiently scavenges free radicals, thereby retarding the progression of oxidative reactions.

在恶劣的使用条件下，要求室温硫化硅橡胶（RTV）在保持其机械性能的同时表现出优异的抗热氧化老化性能。为了满足这一需求，铁基金属有机骨架（Fe-MOFs）被合成并加入到RTV矩阵中。系统研究并比较了Fe-MOFs、石墨烯和Fe-MOFs/石墨烯三种不同填料对RTV热氧化稳定性和力学性能的影响。采用低场核磁共振（LF-NMR）在分子水平上探讨了热氧化老化过程中交联密度的演变，并采用热重分析、差示扫描量热法(TGA/DSC)-FTIR综合表征了热降解行为。结果表明，fe - mof能使RTV硅橡胶的热分解温度提高42℃，同时使其抗拉强度提高1.7倍，断裂伸长率提高14.6%。在热氧化老化过程中，Fe-MOFs有效地抑制了RTV的过早降解和相关力学性能的恶化。这种保护作用主要归因于两个因素：第一，fe - mof使RTV的交联密度提高了13.6%；其次，fe - mof的有机骨架结构能有效清除自由基，从而延缓氧化反应的进行。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanism characterization and multiphysics predictive modeling of photo-thermal coupled curing in GFRP GFRP光热耦合固化机理表征及多物理场预测建模

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109095

Yue Jiang , Jiazhong Xu , Kaixiang Xu , Meijun Liu

Photocuring is widely used in composite manufacturing for its efficiency, yet ultraviolet light attenuates inside fiber-reinforced composites due to fiber occlusion and scattering, limiting cure depth and causing local defects. To address this, we propose a light-initiated photo-thermal coupled curing approach. Combining differential scanning calorimetr, dielectric analysis, and in-situ optical monitoring with a multiscale representative volume element framework, we systematically characterize key parameters and their evolution in glass-fiber-reinforced polymer during photo-thermal coupled curing, and accordingly construct and validate an accurate finite-element multiphysics model. Based on the photo-thermal coupling mechanism, the curing process is decoupled into photopolymerization and thermal-curing subprocesses modeled separately, with bidirectional feedback achieved via dynamic linkage of key parameters. The model reliably predicts the spatiotemporal evolution of the light field, temperature field, and degree-of-cure field. Experiments and simulations jointly show that thermal curing significantly compensates shadowed regions, effectively expanding the manufacturable thickness window. This study provides a quantitative basis for process design of thick and highly opaque composite laminates.

光固化因其高能效而广泛应用于复合材料制造，但紫外光在纤维增强复合材料内部由于纤维的遮挡和散射而衰减，限制了固化深度并造成局部缺陷。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种光引发的光热耦合固化方法。结合差示扫描量热计、介电分析和现场光学监测，采用多尺度代表性体积元框架，系统表征了玻璃纤维增强聚合物在光热耦合固化过程中的关键参数及其演变，并据此建立和验证了精确的有限元多物理场模型。基于光热耦合机理，将固化过程解耦为分别建模的光聚合和热固化子过程，并通过关键参数的动态联动实现双向反馈。该模型可靠地预测了光场、温度场和固化度场的时空演变。实验和仿真结果表明，热固化能显著补偿阴影区，有效地扩大了可制造厚度窗口。本研究为厚、高不透明复合层压板的工艺设计提供了定量依据。

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引用次数: 0

Stiff 3D-Printable TPU/CNF composite materials for damping and vibration reduction 刚性3d打印TPU/CNF复合材料，用于阻尼和减振

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109094

Ruichao Zu , Guangyu Sun , Qunfu Fan , Seong-Ho Yoon , Minghao Li , Xichen Yang , Yujie Chen , Hezhou Liu

Owing to its tunable molecular structure and processability, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is extensively applied as an ideal damping material and employed in 3D printing. However, conventional damping TPUs lack sufficient stiffness for the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process, and commercially available 3D printable TPU filaments typically exhibit poor damping performance, which limits the applicability and scalability of damping TPU materials. To resolve the intrinsic antagonism, this study engineered three distinct types of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) to modify TPU damping materials, developing a series of TPU/CNF composites suitable for FDM. The results indicated that platelet carbon nanofiber (P-CNF) provided a superior modification effect on TPU compared with tubular and herringbone counterparts. With the 1 wt % P-CNF content and 3.0-curing coefficient TPU, the prepared TPU/CNF composite exhibited a broad damping temperature range exceeding 80 °C and an elastic modulus of 18.08 MPa, demonstrating excellent damping performance and 3D printability. Compared to commercial filaments, the samples printed using TPU/P-CNF damping composite exhibit superior vibration reduction effects, highlighting the material's application potential in the field of damping and vibration reduction. This work established a nano-reinforcement strategy for next-generation 3D printing of high-performance damping materials toward customization, functionality, and scalability.

热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）由于其可调节的分子结构和可加工性，作为一种理想的阻尼材料被广泛应用于3D打印中。然而，传统的阻尼TPU在熔融沉积建模（FDM）过程中缺乏足够的刚度，而商用的3D打印TPU长丝通常表现出较差的阻尼性能，这限制了阻尼TPU材料的适用性和可扩展性。为了解决固有的对抗，本研究设计了三种不同类型的碳纳米纤维（CNF）来修饰TPU阻尼材料，开发了一系列适用于FDM的TPU/CNF复合材料。结果表明，血小板纳米碳纤维（P-CNF）对TPU的改性效果优于管状和人字形纳米碳纤维。当P-CNF含量为1 wt %， TPU固化系数为3.0时，所制备的TPU/CNF复合材料具有超过80℃的宽阻尼温度范围和18.08 MPa的弹性模量，具有优异的阻尼性能和3D打印性。与商用长丝相比，使用TPU/P-CNF阻尼复合材料打印的样品具有优越的减振效果，突出了该材料在阻尼和减振领域的应用潜力。这项工作为下一代3D打印高性能阻尼材料的定制化、功能性和可扩展性建立了纳米增强策略。

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引用次数: 0

High-throughput micro-indentation method for temperature-dependent static and dynamic characterization of structural adhesives 高通量微压痕法测定结构胶粘剂的静态和动态特性

IF 6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109093

Chao Kang , Yoichi Okamoto , Ming Ji , Keiyu Ikeda , Yu Sekiguchi , Masanobu Naito , Chiaki Sato

Characterizing the temperature-dependent mechanical properties of structural adhesives is critical for industrial applications in aerospace, automotive, and electronics. The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in material discovery has amplified the demand for large, high-quality datasets, which conventional mechanical testing methods often cannot efficiently provide. In this study, a novel micro-indentation method is introduced that enables rapid and accurate evaluation of static and dynamic mechanical properties of structural adhesives across a wide temperature range. A 3-mm spherical indenter is utilized to perform both quasi-static and dynamic loading on flat bulk samples, enabling accurate multi-modal measurement through independent and precise temperature control of both the indenter and the bulk material, thereby ensuring reliable measurements with minimal sample preparation. Static indentation tests on epoxy and acrylic samples demonstrated that the elastic modulus can be accurately obtained from unloading data, even with plastic deformation, using the Oliver–Pharr method. Dynamic testing further revealed that the epoxy exhibited higher storage and loss moduli than the acrylic adhesive, indicating superior mechanical performance at elevated temperatures. Conversely, the acrylic adhesive exhibited a lower glass transition temperature, indicating a narrower operational temperature range, and a higher loss factor, reflecting greater energy dissipation. The proposed method enhances the efficiency and accuracy of mechanical characterization, enabling the high-throughput testing necessary to generate datasets for AI-driven material development. By enabling rapid design and optimization of polymers, this technique is promising for advancing material discovery with tailored properties.

表征结构粘合剂的温度相关机械性能对于航空航天、汽车和电子等工业应用至关重要。人工智能（AI）在材料发现中的日益融合，扩大了对大型、高质量数据集的需求，而传统的机械测试方法往往无法有效地提供这些数据集。在这项研究中，介绍了一种新的微压痕方法，可以快速准确地评估结构粘合剂在宽温度范围内的静态和动态力学性能。利用一个3毫米的球形压头对平面散装样品进行准静态和动态加载，通过对压头和散装材料进行独立和精确的温度控制，实现精确的多模态测量，从而确保以最少的样品制备进行可靠的测量。对环氧树脂和丙烯酸样品的静态压痕试验表明，使用oliver - farr方法可以准确地从卸载数据中获得弹性模量，即使有塑性变形。动态测试进一步表明，环氧树脂比丙烯酸树脂具有更高的储存模量和损耗模量，表明在高温下具有更好的机械性能。相反，丙烯酸胶粘剂的玻璃化转变温度较低，表明工作温度范围较窄，损耗因子较高，反映出更大的能量耗散。所提出的方法提高了机械表征的效率和准确性，实现了为人工智能驱动的材料开发生成数据集所需的高通量测试。通过实现聚合物的快速设计和优化，该技术有望推进具有定制特性的材料发现。

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