Photocuring is widely used in composite manufacturing for its efficiency, yet ultraviolet light attenuates inside fiber-reinforced composites due to fiber occlusion and scattering, limiting cure depth and causing local defects. To address this, we propose a light-initiated photo-thermal coupled curing approach. Combining differential scanning calorimetr, dielectric analysis, and in-situ optical monitoring with a multiscale representative volume element framework, we systematically characterize key parameters and their evolution in glass-fiber-reinforced polymer during photo-thermal coupled curing, and accordingly construct and validate an accurate finite-element multiphysics model. Based on the photo-thermal coupling mechanism, the curing process is decoupled into photopolymerization and thermal-curing subprocesses modeled separately, with bidirectional feedback achieved via dynamic linkage of key parameters. The model reliably predicts the spatiotemporal evolution of the light field, temperature field, and degree-of-cure field. Experiments and simulations jointly show that thermal curing significantly compensates shadowed regions, effectively expanding the manufacturable thickness window. This study provides a quantitative basis for process design of thick and highly opaque composite laminates.
{"title":"Mechanism characterization and multiphysics predictive modeling of photo-thermal coupled curing in GFRP","authors":"Yue Jiang , Jiazhong Xu , Kaixiang Xu , Meijun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photocuring is widely used in composite manufacturing for its efficiency, yet ultraviolet light attenuates inside fiber-reinforced composites due to fiber occlusion and scattering, limiting cure depth and causing local defects. To address this, we propose a light-initiated photo-thermal coupled curing approach. Combining differential scanning calorimetr, dielectric analysis, and in-situ optical monitoring with a multiscale representative volume element framework, we systematically characterize key parameters and their evolution in glass-fiber-reinforced polymer during photo-thermal coupled curing, and accordingly construct and validate an accurate finite-element multiphysics model. Based on the photo-thermal coupling mechanism, the curing process is decoupled into photopolymerization and thermal-curing subprocesses modeled separately, with bidirectional feedback achieved via dynamic linkage of key parameters. The model reliably predicts the spatiotemporal evolution of the light field, temperature field, and degree-of-cure field. Experiments and simulations jointly show that thermal curing significantly compensates shadowed regions, effectively expanding the manufacturable thickness window. This study provides a quantitative basis for process design of thick and highly opaque composite laminates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109095"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109094
Ruichao Zu , Guangyu Sun , Qunfu Fan , Seong-Ho Yoon , Minghao Li , Xichen Yang , Yujie Chen , Hezhou Liu
Owing to its tunable molecular structure and processability, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is extensively applied as an ideal damping material and employed in 3D printing. However, conventional damping TPUs lack sufficient stiffness for the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process, and commercially available 3D printable TPU filaments typically exhibit poor damping performance, which limits the applicability and scalability of damping TPU materials. To resolve the intrinsic antagonism, this study engineered three distinct types of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) to modify TPU damping materials, developing a series of TPU/CNF composites suitable for FDM. The results indicated that platelet carbon nanofiber (P-CNF) provided a superior modification effect on TPU compared with tubular and herringbone counterparts. With the 1 wt % P-CNF content and 3.0-curing coefficient TPU, the prepared TPU/CNF composite exhibited a broad damping temperature range exceeding 80 °C and an elastic modulus of 18.08 MPa, demonstrating excellent damping performance and 3D printability. Compared to commercial filaments, the samples printed using TPU/P-CNF damping composite exhibit superior vibration reduction effects, highlighting the material's application potential in the field of damping and vibration reduction. This work established a nano-reinforcement strategy for next-generation 3D printing of high-performance damping materials toward customization, functionality, and scalability.
{"title":"Stiff 3D-Printable TPU/CNF composite materials for damping and vibration reduction","authors":"Ruichao Zu , Guangyu Sun , Qunfu Fan , Seong-Ho Yoon , Minghao Li , Xichen Yang , Yujie Chen , Hezhou Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Owing to its tunable molecular structure and processability, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is extensively applied as an ideal damping material and employed in 3D printing. However, conventional damping TPUs lack sufficient stiffness for the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process, and commercially available 3D printable TPU filaments typically exhibit poor damping performance, which limits the applicability and scalability of damping TPU materials. To resolve the intrinsic antagonism, this study engineered three distinct types of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) to modify TPU damping materials, developing a series of TPU/CNF composites suitable for FDM. The results indicated that platelet carbon nanofiber (P-CNF) provided a superior modification effect on TPU compared with tubular and herringbone counterparts. With the 1 wt % P-CNF content and 3.0-curing coefficient TPU, the prepared TPU/CNF composite exhibited a broad damping temperature range exceeding 80 °C and an elastic modulus of 18.08 MPa, demonstrating excellent damping performance and 3D printability. Compared to commercial filaments, the samples printed using TPU/P-CNF damping composite exhibit superior vibration reduction effects, highlighting the material's application potential in the field of damping and vibration reduction. This work established a nano-reinforcement strategy for next-generation 3D printing of high-performance damping materials toward customization, functionality, and scalability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109094"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109093
Chao Kang , Yoichi Okamoto , Ming Ji , Keiyu Ikeda , Yu Sekiguchi , Masanobu Naito , Chiaki Sato
Characterizing the temperature-dependent mechanical properties of structural adhesives is critical for industrial applications in aerospace, automotive, and electronics. The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in material discovery has amplified the demand for large, high-quality datasets, which conventional mechanical testing methods often cannot efficiently provide. In this study, a novel micro-indentation method is introduced that enables rapid and accurate evaluation of static and dynamic mechanical properties of structural adhesives across a wide temperature range. A 3-mm spherical indenter is utilized to perform both quasi-static and dynamic loading on flat bulk samples, enabling accurate multi-modal measurement through independent and precise temperature control of both the indenter and the bulk material, thereby ensuring reliable measurements with minimal sample preparation. Static indentation tests on epoxy and acrylic samples demonstrated that the elastic modulus can be accurately obtained from unloading data, even with plastic deformation, using the Oliver–Pharr method. Dynamic testing further revealed that the epoxy exhibited higher storage and loss moduli than the acrylic adhesive, indicating superior mechanical performance at elevated temperatures. Conversely, the acrylic adhesive exhibited a lower glass transition temperature, indicating a narrower operational temperature range, and a higher loss factor, reflecting greater energy dissipation. The proposed method enhances the efficiency and accuracy of mechanical characterization, enabling the high-throughput testing necessary to generate datasets for AI-driven material development. By enabling rapid design and optimization of polymers, this technique is promising for advancing material discovery with tailored properties.
{"title":"High-throughput micro-indentation method for temperature-dependent static and dynamic characterization of structural adhesives","authors":"Chao Kang , Yoichi Okamoto , Ming Ji , Keiyu Ikeda , Yu Sekiguchi , Masanobu Naito , Chiaki Sato","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Characterizing the temperature-dependent mechanical properties of structural adhesives is critical for industrial applications in aerospace, automotive, and electronics. The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in material discovery has amplified the demand for large, high-quality datasets, which conventional mechanical testing methods often cannot efficiently provide. In this study, a novel micro-indentation method is introduced that enables rapid and accurate evaluation of static and dynamic mechanical properties of structural adhesives across a wide temperature range. A 3-mm spherical indenter is utilized to perform both quasi-static and dynamic loading on flat bulk samples, enabling accurate multi-modal measurement through independent and precise temperature control of both the indenter and the bulk material, thereby ensuring reliable measurements with minimal sample preparation. Static indentation tests on epoxy and acrylic samples demonstrated that the elastic modulus can be accurately obtained from unloading data, even with plastic deformation, using the Oliver–Pharr method. Dynamic testing further revealed that the epoxy exhibited higher storage and loss moduli than the acrylic adhesive, indicating superior mechanical performance at elevated temperatures. Conversely, the acrylic adhesive exhibited a lower glass transition temperature, indicating a narrower operational temperature range, and a higher loss factor, reflecting greater energy dissipation. The proposed method enhances the efficiency and accuracy of mechanical characterization, enabling the high-throughput testing necessary to generate datasets for AI-driven material development. By enabling rapid design and optimization of polymers, this technique is promising for advancing material discovery with tailored properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109093"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109084
Weronika Małgorzata Milanowska , Aleksandra Marta Fage , Felix Brabender , Ulrich Förter-Barth , Subrajeet Deshmukh , Sergio Lucia , Robert Brüll , Dominik Wołosz , Paweł Grzegorz Parzuchowski
Understanding the factors which determine the course of solvent-free cyclic carbonate aminolysis is critical for advancing the development of poly(hydroxy-urethane) (PHU) systems as sustainable alternatives to conventional, isocyanate-derived materials. In this work, we present an empirical model supporting the study of temperature- and conversion-dependent phenomena that influence PHU formation from oligomeric poly(propylene glycol)-based bis(cyclic carbonate) and short-chain 4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-tridecanediamine. For this purpose, the uncatalyzed synthesis experiments were conducted at 80–140 °C in a plate-plate rheometer, continuously monitoring the reaction in a melt through real-time viscosity measurements. Subsequent spectroscopic characterization verified that the dynamic rheological response can be ascribed to the formation of PHU materials free of side products. The resulting dataset was linked to molar mass evolution through a supplementary viscosity model and used to parameterize a step-growth polymerization model for cyclic carbonate aminolysis, integrating both mixing limitations at early stages and subsequent mass transfer phenomena. The model accurately reproduced experimental data in the low-temperature regime, demonstrating that linear step-growth with diffusion limitation adequately describes the reaction under given conditions and allows identification of physical effects causing deviations in predictions at elevated temperatures. These results highlight that, beyond reaction kinetics, diffusion phenomena critically shape PHU polymerization behavior, determining temporal chain extension progress. Consequently, the proposed modeling framework enables the deconvolution of distinct reaction regimes, providing crucial insight for optimizing PHU synthesis.
{"title":"Insight into kinetic and diffusion phenomena in solvent-free poly(hydroxy-urethane) synthesis through applied step-growth modeling","authors":"Weronika Małgorzata Milanowska , Aleksandra Marta Fage , Felix Brabender , Ulrich Förter-Barth , Subrajeet Deshmukh , Sergio Lucia , Robert Brüll , Dominik Wołosz , Paweł Grzegorz Parzuchowski","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2026.109084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the factors which determine the course of solvent-free cyclic carbonate aminolysis is critical for advancing the development of poly(hydroxy-urethane) (PHU) systems as sustainable alternatives to conventional, isocyanate-derived materials. In this work, we present an empirical model supporting the study of temperature- and conversion-dependent phenomena that influence PHU formation from oligomeric poly(propylene glycol)-based bis(cyclic carbonate) and short-chain 4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-tridecanediamine. For this purpose, the uncatalyzed synthesis experiments were conducted at 80–140 °C in a plate-plate rheometer, continuously monitoring the reaction in a melt through real-time viscosity measurements. Subsequent spectroscopic characterization verified that the dynamic rheological response can be ascribed to the formation of PHU materials free of side products. The resulting dataset was linked to molar mass evolution through a supplementary viscosity model and used to parameterize a step-growth polymerization model for cyclic carbonate aminolysis, integrating both mixing limitations at early stages and subsequent mass transfer phenomena. The model accurately reproduced experimental data in the low-temperature regime, demonstrating that linear step-growth with diffusion limitation adequately describes the reaction under given conditions and allows identification of physical effects causing deviations in predictions at elevated temperatures. These results highlight that, beyond reaction kinetics, diffusion phenomena critically shape PHU polymerization behavior, determining temporal chain extension progress. Consequently, the proposed modeling framework enables the deconvolution of distinct reaction regimes, providing crucial insight for optimizing PHU synthesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109084"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109079
Waqas Khalid , Ahmed N.M. Alahmadi , Mehran Saeed , Muhammad I. Masud , Shumaila Karamat , Muhammad Kashif , Sajid Khan
The synergetic effect of conducting polymer and MXenes-based electrodes can pave the way to achieve high specific capacitance, power density, and stability in supercapacitors. This work is a step towards the search for a new pseudocapacitive electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors, where double transition metal carbide (Mo2Ti2C3Tx) MXene is combined with polyaniline (PANI). A binary composite of Mo2Ti2C3Tx and PANI was synthesized using an ex-situ oxidative polymerization technique. Structural, morphological, and compositional characterizations were performed using XRD, FESEM, EDX, and XPS, confirming successful composite formation. The electrochemical properties of the electrode material were analyzed using cyclic voltametry(CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Mo2Ti2C3Tx/PANI composite exhibited a high specific capacitance (CSP) of 908.1 F g−1 at 1 Ag-1, with an enhanced energy density of 45.4 Whkg−1 and power density of 300 W kg−1, significantly outperforming pristine MXene. The Mo2Ti2C3Tx/PANI composite demonstrated 80.2 % capacitance retention up to 3000 cycles. The electrochemical study indicates that the synergistic blend of Mo2Ti2C3Tx and PANI improves the charge transport and storage properties, making the nanocomposite an attractive choice for a supercapacitor electrode material.
导电聚合物与mxenes电极的协同效应为超级电容器实现高比电容、功率密度和稳定性铺平了道路。这项工作是为高性能超级电容器寻找一种新的假电容电极材料的一步，其中双过渡金属碳化物（Mo2Ti2C3Tx） MXene与聚苯胺（PANI）结合。采用原位氧化聚合技术合成了Mo2Ti2C3Tx和聚苯胺二元复合材料。利用XRD、FESEM、EDX和XPS进行了结构、形态和成分表征，证实了复合材料的成功形成。采用循环伏安法（CV）、恒流充放电法（GCD）和电化学阻抗谱法（EIS）分析了电极材料的电化学性能。Mo2Ti2C3Tx/PANI复合材料在1 Ag-1时具有908.1 F g−1的高比电容（CSP），增强的能量密度为45.4 Whkg−1，功率密度为300 W kg−1，显著优于原始MXene。Mo2Ti2C3Tx/PANI复合材料在3000次循环内的电容保持率为80.2%。电化学研究表明，Mo2Ti2C3Tx和PANI的协同共混改善了电荷传输和存储性能，使纳米复合材料成为超级电容器电极材料的一个有吸引力的选择。
{"title":"Pseudocapacitive behavior of 2D molybdenum titanium carbide MXene and polyaniline based nanocomposites electrodes","authors":"Waqas Khalid , Ahmed N.M. Alahmadi , Mehran Saeed , Muhammad I. Masud , Shumaila Karamat , Muhammad Kashif , Sajid Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The synergetic effect of conducting polymer and MXenes-based electrodes can pave the way to achieve high specific capacitance, power density, and stability in supercapacitors. This work is a step towards the search for a new pseudocapacitive electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors, where double transition metal carbide (Mo<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>T<sub>x</sub>) MXene is combined with polyaniline (PANI). A binary composite of Mo<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>T<sub>x</sub> and PANI was synthesized using an ex-situ oxidative polymerization technique. Structural, morphological, and compositional characterizations were performed using XRD, FESEM, EDX, and XPS, confirming successful composite formation. The electrochemical properties of the electrode material were analyzed using cyclic voltametry(CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Mo<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI composite exhibited a high specific capacitance (C<sub>SP</sub><em>)</em> of 908.1 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 1 Ag<sup>-1</sup>, with an enhanced energy density of 45.4 Whkg<sup>−1</sup> and power density of 300 W kg<sup>−1</sup>, significantly outperforming pristine MXene. The Mo<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI composite demonstrated 80.2 % capacitance retention up to 3000 cycles. The electrochemical study indicates that the synergistic blend of Mo<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>T<sub>x</sub> and PANI improves the charge transport and storage properties, making the nanocomposite an attractive choice for a supercapacitor electrode material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109079"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109077
Kiwon Choi , Hyeryeon Jeon , Youngmin Kim , Yongju Kim , Pyong Hwa Hong , Jong Hyuk Park , Min Jae Ko , Sung Woo Hong
{"title":"Corrigendum to “A highly transparent and self-healing elastomer based on dynamically reversible heterocyclic interactions with enhanced toughness and outstanding rolling reliability” [Polymer Testing 147 (2025) 108803]","authors":"Kiwon Choi , Hyeryeon Jeon , Youngmin Kim , Yongju Kim , Pyong Hwa Hong , Jong Hyuk Park , Min Jae Ko , Sung Woo Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109077"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109081
Dihua Ouyang , Zhe Li , Qiantao Zhang , Yuhan Liu , Jiazheng Pan , Song Wang , Xingyu Liu
As a core equipment for anti-riot law enforcement, non-lethal kinetic energy projectiles do not cause penetrating injuries due to their blunt impact effect, but they tend to transfer kinetic energy to induce severe concave damage to human abdominal soft tissues, and even endanger the safety of internal organs. Aiming at the limitation in existing studies where the mesoscopic structure of fabrics and the dynamic response of human soft tissues are analyzed in isolation, this study innovatively constructs a dynamic coupling system of “3D mesoscopic yarn model - skin-fat-muscle layered biomechanical model”. For the first time in the research on blunt impact of non-lethal kinetic energy projectiles, it realizes the collaborative simulation of yarn interlacing effect and the biomechanical properties of soft tissues. Impact process simulations were carried out via LS-DYNA, which revealed the dual protective mechanisms of single-layer aramid fabric (“energy absorption + stress diffusion”) and the layered collaborative response law of soft tissues (“transmission - buffering - dispersion”), effectively controlling the degree of impact damage. This coupled model overcomes the simplification defects of traditional flat fabric models, fills the research gap in the coupling mechanism between mesoscopic yarns and soft tissues in the field of non-lethal kinetic energy projectile protection, and accurately captures the mesoscopic-macroscopic correlation of “yarn slippage - energy transmission - soft tissue response”. It provides a core modeling method for the optimal design of protective systems.
{"title":"Impact response of dynamic coupling between aramid fabric mesoscopic model and soft tissue","authors":"Dihua Ouyang , Zhe Li , Qiantao Zhang , Yuhan Liu , Jiazheng Pan , Song Wang , Xingyu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a core equipment for anti-riot law enforcement, non-lethal kinetic energy projectiles do not cause penetrating injuries due to their blunt impact effect, but they tend to transfer kinetic energy to induce severe concave damage to human abdominal soft tissues, and even endanger the safety of internal organs. Aiming at the limitation in existing studies where the mesoscopic structure of fabrics and the dynamic response of human soft tissues are analyzed in isolation, this study innovatively constructs a dynamic coupling system of “3D mesoscopic yarn model - skin-fat-muscle layered biomechanical model”. For the first time in the research on blunt impact of non-lethal kinetic energy projectiles, it realizes the collaborative simulation of yarn interlacing effect and the biomechanical properties of soft tissues. Impact process simulations were carried out via LS-DYNA, which revealed the dual protective mechanisms of single-layer aramid fabric (“energy absorption + stress diffusion”) and the layered collaborative response law of soft tissues (“transmission - buffering - dispersion”), effectively controlling the degree of impact damage. This coupled model overcomes the simplification defects of traditional flat fabric models, fills the research gap in the coupling mechanism between mesoscopic yarns and soft tissues in the field of non-lethal kinetic energy projectile protection, and accurately captures the mesoscopic-macroscopic correlation of “yarn slippage - energy transmission - soft tissue response”. It provides a core modeling method for the optimal design of protective systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109081"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109074
Nanshin Nansak , Leo Creedon , Denis O’Mahoney , Ramen Ghosh , Marion McAfee
Bioresorbable polymers are widely used as temporary medical implants due to their biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and suitability as drug delivery systems. In some settings, in vivo degradation is enzyme-driven. It has been shown in vitro that accumulated degradation products can inhibit enzyme activity and slow subsequent degradation. We present a mechanistic model that extends the classical Michaelis–Menten kinetics to include reversible product inhibition. Calibrated to in vitro poly(lactic acid) degraded by Proteinase K with a mid-experiment buffer refresh, the model reproduces the observed biphasic mass-loss pattern and significantly outperforms a no-inhibition variant in terms of residual sum of squares and Bayesian Information Criterion. All five kinetic parameters were identified with high confidence using only eight mass-loss measurements from a 15-day experiment, and the model was validated against an independent dataset under two distinct buffer-change protocols without further parameter adjustment. Time-dependent Sobol sensitivity analysis shows that the catalytic and inhibition rate constants dominate degradation dynamics. Finally, we propose an extended formulation for in vivo conditions that introduces enzyme replenishment and product clearance terms to capture physiological processes. This framework provides a basis for predicting degradation kinetics in bioresorbable devices and motivates further in vivo studies on the build-up and clearance of acidic products under physiological conditions, given their critical role in bioresorption and drug delivery performance.
{"title":"Modeling product inhibition in enzymatic degradation of Polylactic Acid (PLA)","authors":"Nanshin Nansak , Leo Creedon , Denis O’Mahoney , Ramen Ghosh , Marion McAfee","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bioresorbable polymers are widely used as temporary medical implants due to their biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and suitability as drug delivery systems. In some settings, <em>in vivo</em> degradation is enzyme-driven. It has been shown <em>in vitro</em> that accumulated degradation products can inhibit enzyme activity and slow subsequent degradation. We present a mechanistic model that extends the classical Michaelis–Menten kinetics to include reversible product inhibition. Calibrated to <em>in vitro</em> poly(lactic acid) degraded by Proteinase K with a mid-experiment buffer refresh, the model reproduces the observed biphasic mass-loss pattern and significantly outperforms a no-inhibition variant in terms of residual sum of squares and Bayesian Information Criterion. All five kinetic parameters were identified with high confidence using only eight mass-loss measurements from a 15-day experiment, and the model was validated against an independent dataset under two distinct buffer-change protocols without further parameter adjustment. Time-dependent Sobol sensitivity analysis shows that the catalytic and inhibition rate constants dominate degradation dynamics. Finally, we propose an extended formulation for <em>in vivo</em> conditions that introduces enzyme replenishment and product clearance terms to capture physiological processes. This framework provides a basis for predicting degradation kinetics in bioresorbable devices and motivates further <em>in vivo</em> studies on the build-up and clearance of acidic products under physiological conditions, given their critical role in bioresorption and drug delivery performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109074"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109082
Sudarshini Nath , Heesun Hong , Ji-Hyun Jang , Moon Sik Oh , Sol Kim , Ok Joo Lee , Ji Seung Lee , Kyunghee Kim , Chul Hee Lee , Ki Hyun Kim , Yusang Son , Chan Hum Park , Soon Hee Kim
We developed a photocrosslinkable hydrogel, DbpGMA, by chemically functionalizing demineralized bone powder (DBP) with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). Bone particles smaller than 90 μm effectively preserved the collagenous matrix after demineralization, producing a uniform DBP sol with good processability. GMA modification was more efficient in HCl-based DBP sol than in acetic acid-based sol, resulting in a higher degree of methacrylation.
The DbpGMA hydrogels exhibited tunable mechanical and rheological properties depending on polymer concentration and UV exposure. Notably, increasing the concentration from 10 % to 30 % markedly reduced the gelation time from 130 s to 10 s, while extending the UV curing duration from 0 s to 10 s resulted in a substantial reduction in internal pore size from >75 μm to <12 μm. Among the tested formulations, 20 % DbpGMA provided an optimal balance between mechanical strength (compressive modulus of 150.3 ± 12.2 kPa at 10 % strain) and DLP print fidelity. Additionally, incorporating 0.1 % (w/v) tartrazine as a photoabsorber significantly improved shape fidelity by controlling light penetration, which facilitated the printing of delicate vascular channels with a 0.7 mm resolution.
DbpGMA demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility, supporting the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) even in the absence of external inducers. The combination of natural bone-derived extracellular matrix composition, photocurability, and high print resolution highlights the versatility of DbpGMA as a DLP bioink. Overall, DbpGMA represents a biologically functional and DLP-compatible platform for fabricating high-resolution, cell-laden constructs, offering significant potential for dentin-pulp regeneration and dental hard tissue engineering.
{"title":"Demineralized bone bioinks with enhanced odontogenic differentiation: Synthesis and characterization","authors":"Sudarshini Nath , Heesun Hong , Ji-Hyun Jang , Moon Sik Oh , Sol Kim , Ok Joo Lee , Ji Seung Lee , Kyunghee Kim , Chul Hee Lee , Ki Hyun Kim , Yusang Son , Chan Hum Park , Soon Hee Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We developed a photocrosslinkable hydrogel, DbpGMA, by chemically functionalizing demineralized bone powder (DBP) with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). Bone particles smaller than 90 μm effectively preserved the collagenous matrix after demineralization, producing a uniform DBP sol with good processability. GMA modification was more efficient in HCl-based DBP sol than in acetic acid-based sol, resulting in a higher degree of methacrylation.</div><div>The DbpGMA hydrogels exhibited tunable mechanical and rheological properties depending on polymer concentration and UV exposure. Notably, increasing the concentration from 10 % to 30 % markedly reduced the gelation time from 130 s to 10 s, while extending the UV curing duration from 0 s to 10 s resulted in a substantial reduction in internal pore size from >75 μm to <12 μm. Among the tested formulations, 20 % DbpGMA provided an optimal balance between mechanical strength (compressive modulus of 150.3 ± 12.2 kPa at 10 % strain) and DLP print fidelity. Additionally, incorporating 0.1 % (w/v) tartrazine as a photoabsorber significantly improved shape fidelity by controlling light penetration, which facilitated the printing of delicate vascular channels with a 0.7 mm resolution.</div><div>DbpGMA demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility, supporting the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) even in the absence of external inducers. The combination of natural bone-derived extracellular matrix composition, photocurability, and high print resolution highlights the versatility of DbpGMA as a DLP bioink. Overall, DbpGMA represents a biologically functional and DLP-compatible platform for fabricating high-resolution, cell-laden constructs, offering significant potential for dentin-pulp regeneration and dental hard tissue engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109082"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109083
Qinqin Wang , Changgeng Shuai , Xue Yang , Xingying Zhang , Weibin Wu , Gang Lu
Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are promising electroactive polymers with large strain capability (100%) and high energy density, but commercial VHB materials require substantial pre-stretching (300%–500%) and exhibit high viscoelastic losses. This study systematically investigates CN9021 crosslinker content (30-100 wt%) effects on acrylate-based DE materials through UV photopolymerization. Crosslinking density was tuned from 1.42 10−5 to 5.12 10−5 mol/cm, enabling a 7.4-fold tuning of Young’s modulus (from 0.05 to 0.37 MPa). UB55 exhibited significantly lower energy dissipation (9.69%) compared to VHB4910 (29.82%). The third-order Ogden model accurately describes mechanical behavior (R). All materials demonstrated superior dielectric constants (5.8-6.4) versus VHB4910 (4.7). Medium crosslinking density UB55 achieved 198% area strain at 57.7 kV/mm under pre-stretch, while high crosslinking density UB82 enabled 15.6% strain at 21.7 kV/mm without pre-stretching. UB55 demonstrated excellent long-term stability with approximately 12% dynamic amplitude maintained over 10,000 cycles. Both materials maintained a dynamic amplitude approximately 5 times higher than VHB4910 at 30 Hz. This work establishes a systematic design strategy for tailoring DE performance to meet diverse operational requirements.
{"title":"Effect of CN9021 crosslinker content on mechanical and actuation properties of acrylic dielectric elastomers and their constitutive modeling","authors":"Qinqin Wang , Changgeng Shuai , Xue Yang , Xingying Zhang , Weibin Wu , Gang Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.109083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are promising electroactive polymers with large strain capability (<span><math><mo>></mo></math></span>100%) and high energy density, but commercial VHB materials require substantial pre-stretching (300%–500%) and exhibit high viscoelastic losses. This study systematically investigates CN9021 crosslinker content (30-100 wt%) effects on acrylate-based DE materials through UV photopolymerization. Crosslinking density was tuned from 1.42 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 10<sup>−5</sup> to 5.12 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 10<sup>−5</sup> mol/cm, enabling a 7.4-fold tuning of Young’s modulus (from 0.05 to 0.37 MPa). UB55 exhibited significantly lower energy dissipation (9.69%) compared to VHB4910 (29.82%). The third-order Ogden model accurately describes mechanical behavior (R<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>></mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9999</mn></mrow></math></span>). All materials demonstrated superior dielectric constants (5.8-6.4) versus VHB4910 (4.7). Medium crosslinking density UB55 achieved 198% area strain at 57.7 kV/mm under pre-stretch, while high crosslinking density UB82 enabled 15.6% strain at 21.7 kV/mm without pre-stretching. UB55 demonstrated excellent long-term stability with approximately 12% dynamic amplitude maintained over 10,000 cycles. Both materials maintained a dynamic amplitude approximately 5 times higher than VHB4910 at 30 Hz. This work establishes a systematic design strategy for tailoring DE performance to meet diverse operational requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109083"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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