European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal最新文献

英文中文

The PEPP Contribution to the Capital Markets Union (CMU) pep对资本市场联盟(CMU)的贡献

European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal

Pub Date : 2021-02-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3785317

J. van Zanden, H. V. Meerten, Andrea Minto

The EU has several ‘pension problems, for example ageing, poor portability and the lack of consumer protection. Furthermore, the EU internal market for pensions is not sufficiently developed. This not only prevents, for example, a cost-efficient pension build-up of an employee working abroad, but the differences among national rule also restrict a local pension participant in choosing a pension fund established abroad.

All these problems have been recently pointed out in the new action plan to achieve the Capital Markets Union. The European Commission in fact deems the introduction and adoption of the PEPP as integral part of a truly single market for capital across the EU.

The PEPP can help break down these barriers as well as contribute to a high level of consumer protection, for example via limiting the costs and providing detailed information requirements. This article contains a description on the PEPP and its consumer protection elements, potential uses and its Level 2 measures.

欧盟的养老金存在一些问题，例如老龄化、流动性差和缺乏消费者保护。此外，欧盟内部的养老金市场还不够发达。举例来说，这不仅阻碍了在国外工作的雇员建立具有成本效益的养老金，而且各国规定的差异也限制了当地养老金参与者选择在国外设立的养老基金。所有这些问题最近都在实现资本市场联盟的新行动计划中被指出。事实上，欧盟委员会认为，引入和采用PEPP是整个欧盟真正单一资本市场的组成部分。pep可以帮助打破这些障碍，并有助于高水平的消费者保护，例如通过限制成本和提供详细的信息要求。本文包含对pep及其消费者保护要素、潜在用途及其2级措施的描述。

引用次数: 1

The Effects of Minimum Wage Increases in the Czech Republic 捷克共和国最低工资增长的影响

European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal

Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3784096

Jakub Grossmann

This paper analyzes employment effects of four minimum wage increases implemented in the Czech Republic during 2012-2017, which cumulatively increased the national minimum wage by 37 percent. We analyze outcomes at the level of firm-occupation-county-specific job cells and apply an intensity-treatment estimator similar to that of Machin et al. (2003). Our preferred specifications suggest that minimum wage increases led to higher wages for low-paid workers and did not have significant impacts on their employment.

本文分析了捷克共和国在2012-2017年间实施的四次最低工资上调对就业的影响，这四次上调累计将全国最低工资提高了37%。我们分析了公司-职业-国家特定工作单元水平上的结果，并应用了类似于Machin等人(2003)的强度处理估计器。我们的首选规范表明，最低工资的增加导致低收入工人的工资上涨，并没有对他们的就业产生显著影响。

引用次数: 3

Urban Air Pollution and Sick Leaves: Evidence from Social Security Data 城市空气污染与病假:来自社会保障数据的证据

European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal

Pub Date : 2020-12-29 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3572565

Felix Holub, Laura Hospido, U. Wagner

We estimate the causal impact of air pollution on the incidence of sick leaves in a representative panel of employees affiliated to the Spanish social security system. Using over 100 million worker-by-week observations from the period 2005-2014, we estimate the relationship between the share of days an individual is on sick leave in a given week and exposure to particulate matter (PM10) at the place of residence, controlling for weather, individual effects, and a wide range of time-by-location controls. We exploit quasi-experimental variation in PM10 that is due to Sahara dust advection in order to instrument for local PM10 concentrations. We estimate that the causal effect of PM10 on sick leaves is positive and varies with respect to worker and job characteristics. The effect is stronger for workers with pre-existing medical conditions, and weaker for workers with low job security. Our estimates are instrumental for quantifying air pollution damages due to changes in labor supply. We estimate that improved ambient air quality in urban Spain between 2005 and 2014 saved at least €503 million in foregone production by reducing worker absence by more than 5.55 million days.

我们估计了空气污染对西班牙社会保障系统下属员工的代表性小组病假发生率的因果影响。利用2005年至2014年期间超过1亿次的按周观察数据，我们在控制天气、个人影响和广泛的按时间地点控制的情况下，估计了一个人在给定周内请病假的天数与居住地颗粒物(PM10)暴露之间的关系。我们利用准实验变化的PM10，这是由于撒哈拉沙尘平流，以仪器为当地的PM10浓度。我们估计PM10对病假的因果效应是积极的，并且随着工人和工作特征的不同而变化。这种影响对先前有疾病的工人更强，对工作不稳定的工人更弱。我们的估计是量化由于劳动力供给变化造成的空气污染损害的工具。我们估计，2005年至2014年间，西班牙城市环境空气质量的改善，通过减少工人缺勤555万多天，节省了至少5.03亿欧元的损失生产。

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引用次数: 60

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Technological Platforms as a Technology Transfer Tool: The Impact of French Technological Research Institutes on the Socio-Economic Performance of SMEs 技术平台作为技术转移工具的有效性评价:法国技术研究机构对中小企业社会经济绩效的影响

European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal

Pub Date : 2020-11-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3728017

Ruben Fotso

This objective of this paper is to evaluate and examine the impact of technological platforms used as technology transfer tools on the financial and employment variables of SMEs. To do so, it considers the French Technological Research Institute (TRI) known as “Nanoelec”, which is an interdisciplinary thematic institute which uses technological platforms to accelerate the transfer of innovation in companies. Using a matched difference-in-difference approach with the individual effects on panel data observed over the 2008–2016 period, empirical analysis shows that the TRI had a homogenous and significant effect on equity but no effect on employment variables. When cross-referenced against the length of participation in the TRI however, more heterogenous results emerged, showing that the TRI had an additional effect on all financial variables (turnover, equity and financial autonomy) and that this effect appears to concentrate on companies which have participated for longer (two to three years). Furthermore, the evaluation shows a clear positive effect on equity and financial autonomy among firms that collaborate with an Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) laboratory and a weak negative effect on net turnover for firms which receive “expertise” type treatment. Additional analysis indicates that the type of treatment has a more significant role to play than the length of involvement in the TRI.

本文的目的是评估和检验作为技术转移工具的技术平台对中小企业财务和就业变量的影响。为此，它考虑了被称为“纳米电子”的法国技术研究所(TRI)，这是一个跨学科的专题研究所，利用技术平台加速公司创新的转移。利用匹配的差异中差异方法，结合2008-2016年期间观察到的面板数据中的个体效应，实证分析表明，TRI对公平具有同质性且显著的影响，但对就业变量没有影响。然而，当对参与TRI的时间长短进行交叉参考时，出现了更多不同的结果，表明TRI对所有财务变量(营业额、股权和财务自主权)都有额外的影响，而且这种影响似乎集中在参与时间较长的公司(两到三年)。此外，评价表明，与原子能委员会(CEA)实验室合作的公司对股权和财务自主权有明显的积极影响，而接受“专门知识”类型治疗的公司对净营业额有微弱的负面影响。进一步的分析表明，在TRI中，治疗类型比参与时间的长短发挥更重要的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Poverty as Misrecognition: What Role for Anti-discrimination Law in Europe? 贫穷是一种误解:欧洲反歧视法的角色是什么?

European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal

Pub Date : 2020-10-19 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3715003

Sarah Ganty

It is widely agreed that victims of discrimination on traditional status grounds such as gender and race are overrepresented among the poor and undereducated. People living in poverty also face discrimination because of their socioeconomic situation. Many national, European and international antidiscrimination provisions prohibit discrimination on grounds that are related to a person’s socioeconomic situation. It is striking, however, that this is hardly applied in practice. On the basis of domestic—Belgian, French and British—and European material, this paper argues that the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of social condition is an empowering legal tool in the protection of disadvantaged people, especially regarding issues of misrecognition. Four reasons for this are considered: the determining role of the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of social condition in applying a direct scrutiny of the socioeconomic underprivileged situation of the applicants, its role in combating stereotypes and stigma against poor people, its important cross-cutting function in cases of multiple discrimination, and its exclusive applicability in some occurrences of discrimination.

人们普遍认为，由于性别和种族等传统地位原因而受到歧视的受害者在穷人和受教育程度较低的人群中所占比例过高。生活在贫困中的人也因其社会经济状况而面临歧视。许多国家、欧洲和国际反歧视条款禁止基于个人社会经济状况的歧视。然而，令人惊讶的是，这在实践中几乎没有得到应用。本文以国内——比利时、法国、英国和欧洲的材料为基础，认为禁止基于社会条件的歧视是一种授权的法律工具，可以保护弱势群体，特别是在误认问题上。考虑到四个原因:禁止基于社会条件的歧视在直接审查申请人的社会经济弱势状况方面的决定性作用，在反对对穷人的陈规定型观念和污名化方面的作用，在多重歧视情况下的重要交叉作用，以及在某些歧视事件中它的专属适用性。

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引用次数: 3

Developing a Holistic Integrated Strategic Approach Towards Undeclared Work: A Learning Resource 对未申报工作开发整体综合战略方法:一种学习资源

European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal

Pub Date : 2020-10-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3730937

Colin Williams

On 30th September 2020, the Western Balkan Network tackling undeclared work held an online meeting to discuss a holistic integrated strategic approach towards undeclared work. This learning resource documents for each component of this holistic integrated strategic approach: (i) the challenges that can be experienced; (ii) the ways forward, and (iii) examples of good practice potentially transferable to other economies both from the EU and Western Balkans.

2020年9月30日，处理未申报工作的西巴尔干网络举行了一次在线会议，讨论了针对未申报工作的整体综合战略方法。本学习资源记录了这一整体综合战略方法的每个组成部分:(i)可能遇到的挑战;(ii)前进的道路，(iii)可能向欧盟和西巴尔干其他经济体转移的良好做法的例子。

引用次数: 0

For Whom the Bell Tolls: The Effects of Automation on Wage and Gender Inequality Within Firms 丧钟为谁而鸣:自动化对企业内部工资和性别不平等的影响

European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal

Pub Date : 2020-10-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3701517

Giacomo Domini, Marco Grazzi, Daniele Moschella, Tania Treibich

This paper investigates the impact of investment in automation- and AI- related goods on within-firm wage inequality in the French economy during the period 2002-2017. We document that most of wage inequality in France is accounted for by differences among workers belonging to the same firm, rather than by differences between sectors, firms, and occupations. Using an event-study approach on a sample of firms importing automation and AI-related goods, we find that automation/AI spikes are not followed by an increase in within-firm wage and gender inequality. Instead, wages tend to increase at different percentiles of the distribution, revealing a relatively spread allocation of rents from automation/AI within the firm. This adds to previous findings showing picture of a `labor friendly' effect of the latest wave of new technologies.

本文研究了2002-2017年期间法国经济中自动化和人工智能相关商品投资对企业内部工资不平等的影响。我们发现，法国工资不平等的主要原因是同一家公司员工之间的差异，而不是部门、公司和职业之间的差异。对进口自动化和人工智能相关商品的公司样本使用事件研究方法，我们发现自动化/人工智能激增后，公司内部工资和性别不平等并未增加。相反，工资往往会以不同的百分比增长，这表明企业内部自动化/人工智能带来的租金分配相对分散。这进一步证实了之前的研究结果，显示了最新一波新技术对“劳工友好”的影响。

引用次数: 7

Holistic Approach to Tackling Undeclared Work and Developing National Strategies 全面处理未申报工作和制定国家战略

European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal

Pub Date : 2020-09-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3717403

Colin Williams

At the Plenary meeting on 25 October 2019, the Platform decided to set up a working group on 'Holistic approaches to tackling undeclared work and developing national strategies'.

The specific focus for this working group – as per activity 5 of the Platform's work programme 2019-2020 – is as follows: ‘Focusing on the importance of collaboration of key stakeholders/authorities, how this can be achieved cross-border and nationally, on developing national strategies and practical cooperation models and exploring how social partners can be more involved.‘

As per the Working Group’s mandate, its focus is on the three following elements:

1. Strategic shift from “reducing undeclared work” to “transforming undeclared work into declared work”.

2. Developing a whole government coordinated approach, including 1) Developing effective coordination across government departments, national enforcement agencies and with social partners 2) Coordination on operations.

3. Implementing the ‘tackling undeclared work approach’ as defined in the Platform decision. ‘Tackling’, in relation to undeclared work, means preventing, deterring and combating undeclared work as well as promoting the declaration of undeclared work

This Working Group report documents Platform members’ experiences and challenges faced in developing this holistic approach. To do so, each component of the holistic approach is considered in terms of: (i) the major challenges faced; (ii) tips for overcoming these challenges and (iii) examples of good practice that are potentially transferable to other Member States.

在2019年10月25日的全体会议上，平台决定设立一个关于“解决未申报工作和制定国家战略的整体方法”工作组。根据平台2019-2020年工作计划的活动5，该工作组的具体重点如下:“关注关键利益攸关方/当局合作的重要性，如何在跨境和国内实现这一目标，关注制定国家战略和务实合作模式，探索社会伙伴如何更多地参与。”根据工作组的任务规定，其重点是以下三个要素:从“减少未申报工作”到“化未申报工作为申报工作”的战略转变制定整个政府协调的方法，包括:1)发展政府部门、国家执法机构和社会伙伴之间的有效协调;2)行动协调。实施平台决定中定义的“处理未申报工作方法”。与未申报工作相关的“处理”意味着预防、制止和打击未申报工作，以及促进未申报工作的申报。工作组的报告记录了平台成员在制定这一整体方法时所面临的经验和挑战。为此，整体方法的每一个组成部分都要考虑到:(i)面临的主要挑战;(ii)克服这些挑战的提示和(iii)可向其他会员国转让的良好做法范例。

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引用次数: 4

The Spatial Distribution of Population in Spain: An Anomaly in European Perspective 西班牙人口的空间分布:欧洲视角下的异常现象

European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal

Pub Date : 2020-08-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3678495

Eduardo Gutiérrez, Enrique Moral-Benito, Daniel Oto-Peralías, Roberto Ramos

We exploit the GEOSTAT 2011 population grid to document that Spain presents the lowest density of settlements among European countries. Only a small fraction of the Spanish territory is inhabited, particularly in its southern half, which goes hand in hand with a high degree of population concentration. We uncover through standard regression analysis and spatial regression discontinuity that this anomaly cannot be accounted for by adverse geographic and climatic conditions. The second part of the paper takes a historical perspective on Spain's settlement patterns by showing that the spatial distribution of the population has been very persistent in the last two centuries, and that the abnormally low density of settlements with respect to European neighbors was already visible in the 19th century, which indicates that this phenomenon has not emerged recently as a consequence of the transformations associated with industrialization and tertiarization. Using data on ancient sites, we find that Spain did not feature scarcity of settlements in comparison to other countries in pre-medieval times, suggesting that its current anomalous settlement pattern has not always existed and is therefore not intrinsic to its geography.

我们利用GEOSTAT 2011人口网格来证明西班牙是欧洲国家中定居点密度最低的国家。西班牙只有一小部分领土有人居住，特别是在南半部，这与人口高度集中密切相关。我们通过标准回归分析和空间回归不连续发现，这种异常不能由不利的地理和气候条件来解释。论文的第二部分从历史的角度分析了西班牙的定居模式，表明在过去的两个世纪里，西班牙人口的空间分布一直非常持久，而与欧洲邻国相比，西班牙的定居密度异常低，这在19世纪就已经很明显了，这表明这种现象并不是最近出现的，而是与工业化和三化相关的转变的结果。利用古代遗址的数据，我们发现，与中世纪前的其他国家相比，西班牙的定居点并不稀缺，这表明其目前的异常定居点模式并非一直存在，因此不是其地理固有的。

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引用次数: 60

Germany's Capacities to Work from Home 德国在家工作的能力

European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal

Pub Date : 2020-07-30 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3578262

Jean-Victor Alipour, Oliver Falck, Simone Schüller

Due to the COVID-19 crisis and the related "social distancing" measures, working from home (WfH) has suddenly become a crucial lever of economic activity. This paper combines survey and administrative data to compute measures for the feasibility of working from home among German employees. Breaking down the data by occupation, region, industry, and employee characteristics, we document considerable variation in the potential to WfH across all dimensions. We find that WfH is feasible for roughly 56 percent of the overall German workforce, while less than half of this potential was exploited in the pre-pandemic economy.

由于新冠肺炎危机和相关的“社交距离”措施，在家工作(WfH)突然成为经济活动的一个关键杠杆。本文结合调查和管理数据来计算德国员工在家工作的可行性措施。将数据按职业、地区、行业和员工特征进行分解，我们在所有维度上都记录了WfH潜力的巨大差异。我们发现，对于德国大约56%的劳动力来说，WfH是可行的，而在大流行前的经济中，这种潜力还不到一半。

引用次数: 84

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