The goals in front of each business organization could be achieved only as a result of the joint efforts of the members of its personnel. They are achieved as more effectively as more adequately they are conformed to the external environment and the factors functioning in it, as better the cadres in the company are motivated, but also, as better the personnel is selected or as more objectively its abilities are considered. The basic but underestimated factors for increasing the effectiveness of work are ensuring health and safety at work. Their provision within the organization’s context leads to decreasing expenses of any nature, to improving the organization’s image before the competitors and not last to increasing the effectiveness of labour. Keywords: health and safety, organization, labor activity, work.
{"title":"Preconditions for Increasing the Effectiveness of Work Activity According to the Health and Safety at Work","authors":"V. Terziev, B. Sotirov, S. Boris","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3477175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3477175","url":null,"abstract":"The goals in front of each business organization could be achieved only as a result of the joint efforts of the members of its personnel. They are achieved as more effectively as more adequately they are conformed to the external environment and the factors functioning in it, as better the cadres in the company are motivated, but also, as better the personnel is selected or as more objectively its abilities are considered.\u0000The basic but underestimated factors for increasing the effectiveness of work are ensuring health and safety at work. Their provision within the organization’s context leads to decreasing expenses of any nature, to improving the organization’s image before the competitors and not last to increasing the effectiveness of labour.\u0000Keywords: health and safety, organization, labor activity, work.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116631360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We exploit the opening of a large bridge to study how access to a larger labor market affects economic efficiency, and how these potential efficiency gains are distributed across workers. The bridge we study connected the third largest city of Sweden to the capital of Denmark, and led to a substantial increase in the labor market opportunities of Swedes. Using unique cross-country matched registry data, we find that the bridge led to a large increase in cross-country commuting among Swedes, driven both by extensive and intensive employment responses. This commuting effect translates into a significant increase in the average wage of Swedes residing close to the bridge, providing strong evidence of an efficiency gain for individuals in Sweden. However, these efficiency gains are unevenly distributed across workers: the effect is largest for high-educated men and smallest for low-educated women. Thus, the efficiency gains come at the cost of rising income inequality and an increase in the gender wage gap, both within- and across-households. These equity effects are driven not only by differences in the propensity to commute, but also by occupational segregation.
{"title":"Building Bridges and Widening Gaps: Efficiency Gains and Equity Concerns of Labor Market Expansions","authors":"A. Butikofer, K. Løken, A. Willén","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3472984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3472984","url":null,"abstract":"We exploit the opening of a large bridge to study how access to a larger labor market affects economic efficiency, and how these potential efficiency gains are distributed across workers. The bridge we study connected the third largest city of Sweden to the capital of Denmark, and led to a substantial increase in the labor market opportunities of Swedes. Using unique cross-country matched registry data, we find that the bridge led to a large increase in cross-country commuting among Swedes, driven both by extensive and intensive employment responses. This commuting effect translates into a significant increase in the average wage of Swedes residing close to the bridge, providing strong evidence of an efficiency gain for individuals in Sweden. However, these efficiency gains are unevenly distributed across workers: the effect is largest for high-educated men and smallest for low-educated women. Thus, the efficiency gains come at the cost of rising income inequality and an increase in the gender wage gap, both within- and across-households. These equity effects are driven not only by differences in the propensity to commute, but also by occupational segregation.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121078524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The share of overtime hours within total hours worked in Britain has declined from 4.8% to 2.9% between 1999 and 2018. This is equivalent to 321 thousand full-time jobs. We investigate this decline focussing on full-time and part-time males and females together with overtime pay effects that include the implications for the gender pay gap. We test for economic, structural and cyclical influences via a two-part regression model that allows us to differentiate between the incidence of overtime working and the average weekly hours of overtime workers. This investigation features collective bargaining coverage, job mobility, the minimum wage, industrial composition and the public/private sector dichotomy. The analysis covers the whole economy embracing nineteen 1-digit industries as well as a separate insight into the manufacturing industry where we feature vehicle manufacture.
{"title":"The Decline of Overtime Working in Britain","authors":"D. Bell, R. Hart","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3468599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3468599","url":null,"abstract":"The share of overtime hours within total hours worked in Britain has declined from 4.8% to 2.9% between 1999 and 2018. This is equivalent to 321 thousand full-time jobs. We investigate this decline focussing on full-time and part-time males and females together with overtime pay effects that include the implications for the gender pay gap. We test for economic, structural and cyclical influences via a two-part regression model that allows us to differentiate between the incidence of overtime working and the average weekly hours of overtime workers. This investigation features collective bargaining coverage, job mobility, the minimum wage, industrial composition and the public/private sector dichotomy. The analysis covers the whole economy embracing nineteen 1-digit industries as well as a separate insight into the manufacturing industry where we feature vehicle manufacture.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132080483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mancur Olson’s stationary bandit model of government sees a ruler provide public goods in the form of protection from roving bandits, in exchange for the right to monopolise tax theft from a population. As it stands, this model implicitly treats the exchange as one between ruler, and homogenous citizenry. Yet it is obvious that a citizenry is made up of a heterogeneous group of individuals who have very different capacities to provide labour and other tribute. As such, rulers must be able to distinguish between these individuals. Using this expanded model, I show the way in which states have used means of administrative identity to distinguish between individuals for extractive and other purposes.
{"title":"The Stationary Bandit and His Stationary Captives","authors":"Alastair Berg","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3474083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3474083","url":null,"abstract":"Mancur Olson’s stationary bandit model of government sees a ruler provide public goods in the form of protection from roving bandits, in exchange for the right to monopolise tax theft from a population. As it stands, this model implicitly treats the exchange as one between ruler, and homogenous citizenry. Yet it is obvious that a citizenry is made up of a heterogeneous group of individuals who have very different capacities to provide labour and other tribute. As such, rulers must be able to distinguish between these individuals. Using this expanded model, I show the way in which states have used means of administrative identity to distinguish between individuals for extractive and other purposes.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114296913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social entrepreneurship is identified at European Union (EU) as a key instrument for regional cohesion and overcoming the problems of poverty and social exclusion. As part of its policy to promote the social economy and social innovation, social entrepreneurship contribute to achieving the strategic goals set in 2020 . Legally binding definition for social enterprise at EU level has not been introduced. However, in the last 5 years we have seen that the leading strategic and normative documents define uniformly key elements in the definition.
{"title":"Social Entrepreneurship: Support for Social Enterprises in Bulgaria","authors":"V. Terziev, Marin Georgiev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3449938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3449938","url":null,"abstract":"Social entrepreneurship is identified at European Union (EU) as a key instrument for regional cohesion and overcoming the problems of poverty and social exclusion. As part of its policy to promote the social economy and social innovation, social entrepreneurship contribute to achieving the strategic goals set in 2020 . Legally binding definition for social enterprise at EU level has not been introduced. However, in the last 5 years we have seen that the leading strategic and normative documents define uniformly key elements in the definition.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124922083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marco Bertoni, G. Brunello, Marco Alberto De Benedetto, M. De Paola
We use the repeated random assignment of external examiners to school institutes in Italy to investigate whether the effect of external monitoring on test score manipulation persists over time. We find that this effect is still present in the tests taken one year after exposure to the examiners, and is stronger for open-ended questions, for small school institutes, and for institutes located in the northern and central regions of the country. In the second year after exposure, however, this effect disappears, suggesting that monitoring is a symptomatic treatment rather than a cure of score manipulation. We discuss learning, reputational concerns, peer pressure and teacher preferences as potential mechanisms behind our findings, and present some evidence on the role played by social capital and high stakes.
{"title":"External Monitors and Score Manipulation in Italian Schools: Symptomatic Treatment or Cure?","authors":"Marco Bertoni, G. Brunello, Marco Alberto De Benedetto, M. De Paola","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3449585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3449585","url":null,"abstract":"We use the repeated random assignment of external examiners to school institutes in Italy to investigate whether the effect of external monitoring on test score manipulation persists over time. We find that this effect is still present in the tests taken one year after exposure to the examiners, and is stronger for open-ended questions, for small school institutes, and for institutes located in the northern and central regions of the country. In the second year after exposure, however, this effect disappears, suggesting that monitoring is a symptomatic treatment rather than a cure of score manipulation. We discuss learning, reputational concerns, peer pressure and teacher preferences as potential mechanisms behind our findings, and present some evidence on the role played by social capital and high stakes.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122599170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The term ‘social market economy’ was introduced in the Treaty on European Union in order to emphasise that social and economic objectives of the European Union are both important, and have to be reconciled with each other. This contribution describes how social objectives have been developed in EU law since the establishment of the European Economic Community. The Court of Justice of the European Union has interpreted Treaty provisions to give them maximum effect for the realization of these objectives. However, tensions with the economic objectives exist when economic freedoms are confronted with social rights. This contribution examines how the CJEU balances these interests, and how this relates to the social market economy. There are also areas where economic rights have no counterpart at the EU level, but where they interact with social policies of Member States. Here too, the concept of social market economy is relevant. After a discussion of these various dimensions of the term social market economy, the subsequent articles of this Special Issue are introduced.
{"title":"How do Social and Economic Rights Relate to Each Other in the Social Market Economy: An Introduction to this Special Issue","authors":"F. Pennings","doi":"10.18352/ulr.507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18352/ulr.507","url":null,"abstract":"The term ‘social market economy’ was introduced in the Treaty on European Union in order to emphasise that social and economic objectives of the European Union are both important, and have to be reconciled with each other. This contribution describes how social objectives have been developed in EU law since the establishment of the European Economic Community. The Court of Justice of the European Union has interpreted Treaty provisions to give them maximum effect for the realization of these objectives. However, tensions with the economic objectives exist when economic freedoms are confronted with social rights. This contribution examines how the CJEU balances these interests, and how this relates to the social market economy. There are also areas where economic rights have no counterpart at the EU level, but where they interact with social policies of Member States. Here too, the concept of social market economy is relevant. After a discussion of these various dimensions of the term social market economy, the subsequent articles of this Special Issue are introduced.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127619518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Berg, Ilke Van Beveren, O. Lemmers, Tommy Span, Adam N. Walker
This study assesses the contribution of the Dutch public export credit insurance facility (ECIF) to Dutch GDP and employment. Unlike previous studies concerning export credit insurance, which generally adopt the gravity model of trade, we adopt an input–output approach. The results show that the contribution of economic activity insured by the public ECIF to GDP averages 0.24% annually. This concerns value added generated both by exporters and by their domestic suppliers in the value chain. The contribution to employment shows an average of 0.27%, accumulating to 95,000 jobs (FTE) over 5 years. The estimated contribution of the public ECIF to the Dutch economy should be considered an upper boundary of its true contribution. Therefore, we examine the extent to which the above economic gains would be realised if the facility was unavailable using highly disaggregated trade data. The basic idea is that if certain products are only exported to certain destinations with the aid of the public ECIF, then this indicates a high degree of additionality. The inconclusiveness of our results underlines the difficulties in assessing the degree of additionality.
{"title":"Public Export Credit Insurance in the Netherlands: An Input–Output Approach","authors":"M. Berg, Ilke Van Beveren, O. Lemmers, Tommy Span, Adam N. Walker","doi":"10.1111/twec.12824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12824","url":null,"abstract":"This study assesses the contribution of the Dutch public export credit insurance facility (ECIF) to Dutch GDP and employment. Unlike previous studies concerning export credit insurance, which generally adopt the gravity model of trade, we adopt an input–output approach. The results show that the contribution of economic activity insured by the public ECIF to GDP averages 0.24% annually. This concerns value added generated both by exporters and by their domestic suppliers in the value chain. The contribution to employment shows an average of 0.27%, accumulating to 95,000 jobs (FTE) over 5 years. The estimated contribution of the public ECIF to the Dutch economy should be considered an upper boundary of its true contribution. Therefore, we examine the extent to which the above economic gains would be realised if the facility was unavailable using highly disaggregated trade data. The basic idea is that if certain products are only exported to certain destinations with the aid of the public ECIF, then this indicates a high degree of additionality. The inconclusiveness of our results underlines the difficulties in assessing the degree of additionality.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128094519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.19044/ESJ.2019.V15N19P99
Mohammed Alshahrani
This paper aims to explore the relationship that exists between the amount of hour’s employees in Northern Ireland, work per week, and their social wellbeing represented by the level of happiness and Health status. This study made use ofsecondary data adapted from the 2009 Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey (NILT). Also, the study provides an analytic account of factors that determine the number of hours spent at work. The paper indicates that in Northern Ireland, there is no significant correlation between the amount of hours employee spent at work and their social wellbeing. Also, the study found that other factors such as: care for someone at home, sex, employed or self-employed, employment status, thinking about work, and socio-economic group significantly predicts the amount of time an employee in Northern Ireland spends at work. The study concluded that the relationship between work hour and employee social wellbeing varies across countries and cultures.
{"title":"Impact of Work Hour on Employee Social Wellbeing in Northern Ireland","authors":"Mohammed Alshahrani","doi":"10.19044/ESJ.2019.V15N19P99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19044/ESJ.2019.V15N19P99","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to explore the relationship that exists between the amount of hour’s employees in Northern Ireland, work per week, and their social wellbeing represented by the level of happiness and Health status. This study made use ofsecondary data adapted from the 2009 Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey (NILT). Also, the study provides an analytic account of factors that determine the number of hours spent at work. The paper indicates that in Northern Ireland, there is no significant correlation between the amount of hours employee spent at work and their social wellbeing. Also, the study found that other factors such as: care for someone at home, sex, employed or self-employed, employment status, thinking about work, and socio-economic group significantly predicts the amount of time an employee in Northern Ireland spends at work. The study concluded that the relationship between work hour and employee social wellbeing varies across countries and cultures.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131330757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is growing evidence that foreign-born workers are over represented in physically demanding and dangerous jobs with relatively higher injury hazard rates. Given this pattern, do increasing inflows of foreign-born workers alleviate native workers' exposure to injuries? This paper provides evidence of the effects of immigration on the incidence and severity of workrelated accidents. We combine administrative data on work-place accidents in Italy with the Labour Force Survey from 2009 to 2017. Our approach exploits spatial and temporal variation in the distribution of foreign-born residents across provinces. Using province fixed-effects and an instrumental variable specification based on historical settlements of immigrants, we show that inflows of foreign-born residents drive reductions in the injury rate, paid sick leave, and severity of impairment for natives. Next, we investigate potential underlying mechanisms that could drive this effect, such as increased unemployment and selection of the workforce, and the sorting of native workers into less physically demanding jobs. Our results rule out that decreased injuries are driven by higher native unemployment. We find that employment rates are positively associated with immigration, in particular for workers with higher education. While not statistically significant at conventional levels, we also find that average occupational physical intensity for natives is lower in provinces that receive larger foreign-born inflows.
{"title":"Immigration and Work-Related Injuries: Evidence from Italian Administrative Data","authors":"Caterina Alacevich, C. Nicodemo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3435385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3435385","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing evidence that foreign-born workers are over represented in physically demanding and dangerous jobs with relatively higher injury hazard rates. Given this pattern, do increasing inflows of foreign-born workers alleviate native workers' exposure to injuries? This paper provides evidence of the effects of immigration on the incidence and severity of workrelated accidents. We combine administrative data on work-place accidents in Italy with the Labour Force Survey from 2009 to 2017. Our approach exploits spatial and temporal variation in the distribution of foreign-born residents across provinces. Using province fixed-effects and an instrumental variable specification based on historical settlements of immigrants, we show that inflows of foreign-born residents drive reductions in the injury rate, paid sick leave, and severity of impairment for natives. Next, we investigate potential underlying mechanisms that could drive this effect, such as increased unemployment and selection of the workforce, and the sorting of native workers into less physically demanding jobs. Our results rule out that decreased injuries are driven by higher native unemployment. We find that employment rates are positively associated with immigration, in particular for workers with higher education. While not statistically significant at conventional levels, we also find that average occupational physical intensity for natives is lower in provinces that receive larger foreign-born inflows.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":" 28","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120834715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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