In many economies, a fragmented and uncoordinated approach exists across the multifarious government bodies responsible for tackling undeclared work and limited integration of social partners, as well as an incomplete range of policy measures used. The aim of this toolkit is to set out the steps required to develop a holistic integrated strategic approach towards undeclared work. A holistic integrated strategic approach is: where governments use a whole government approach to tackle undeclared work, by joining-up on the policy and enforcement level of both strategy and operations the fields of labour, tax and social security law, and involve and cooperate with social partners and other stakeholders. This approach involves using the full range of direct and indirect policy measures available to enhance the power of, and trust in, authorities respectively. The objective is to transform undeclared work into declared work in an effective manner. Therefore, breaking this definition down into its component parts, there are three major components: • The strategic objective of transforming undeclared work into declared work; • Developing a whole government coordinated approach, and • Implementing the full range of direct and indirect tools. This toolkit addresses each component in turn.
{"title":"Developing a Holistic Integrated Strategic Approach Towards Undeclared Work: A Toolkit","authors":"Colin Williams","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3730934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3730934","url":null,"abstract":"In many economies, a fragmented and uncoordinated approach exists across the multifarious government bodies responsible for tackling undeclared work and limited integration of social partners, as well as an incomplete range of policy measures used. The aim of this toolkit is to set out the steps required to develop a holistic integrated strategic approach towards undeclared work. \u0000A holistic integrated strategic approach is: \u0000 \u0000where governments use a whole government approach to tackle undeclared work, by joining-up on the policy and enforcement level of both strategy and operations the fields of labour, tax and social security law, and involve and cooperate with social partners and other stakeholders. This approach involves using the full range of direct and indirect policy measures available to enhance the power of, and trust in, authorities respectively. The objective is to transform undeclared work into declared work in an effective manner. \u0000 \u0000Therefore, breaking this definition down into its component parts, there are three major components: \u0000 \u0000• The strategic objective of transforming undeclared work into declared work; \u0000• Developing a whole government coordinated approach, and \u0000• Implementing the full range of direct and indirect tools. \u0000 \u0000This toolkit addresses each component in turn.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"18 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120983863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose a new and simple method to study intergenerational wealth correlation between two generations, which is easy to implement in wealth (and housing) surveys and aims at overcoming the strong data limitation faced in most of the countries. We show that the ownership of housing assets can be used to proxy for three wealth groups for all cohorts. Misclassification induces a low and downward bias in the estimate of the intergenerational correlation. Using France as an example, we estimate intergenerational wealth correlation for cohorts covering the 20th century and focus on the wealth positions measured at the mid-life cycle of both children and parents. First, probabilities to belong to top wealth groups are increasing with the wealth of the parents. This intergenerational correlation has increased over time for most of the top wealth groups. Second, the higher we move up along the children’s wealth distribution, the larger the role of parental wealth: the persistence in the top 50% is 38% higher than under perfect mobility and the deviations from perfect mobility are larger in higher top wealth groups. Third, 50 to 60% of the correlation is accounted for by a mix of intergenerational wealth transfers, fathers’ occupation and children’s education. Fourth, gifts and bequests explain a larger share of the link between parental wealth and the probability to belong to the top 10% compared to larger top wealth groups. We also find evidence of persistence of the effect of parental wealth over the life-cycle.
{"title":"Accounting for Intergenerational Wealth Mobility in France over the 20th Century: Method and Estimations","authors":"Bertrand Garbinti, Frédérique Savignac","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3659270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3659270","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a new and simple method to study intergenerational wealth correlation between two generations, which is easy to implement in wealth (and housing) surveys and aims at overcoming the strong data limitation faced in most of the countries. We show that the ownership of housing assets can be used to proxy for three wealth groups for all cohorts. Misclassification induces a low and downward bias in the estimate of the intergenerational correlation. Using France as an example, we estimate intergenerational wealth correlation for cohorts covering the 20th century and focus on the wealth positions measured at the mid-life cycle of both children and parents. First, probabilities to belong to top wealth groups are increasing with the wealth of the parents. This intergenerational correlation has increased over time for most of the top wealth groups. Second, the higher we move up along the children’s wealth distribution, the larger the role of parental wealth: the persistence in the top 50% is 38% higher than under perfect mobility and the deviations from perfect mobility are larger in higher top wealth groups. Third, 50 to 60% of the correlation is accounted for by a mix of intergenerational wealth transfers, fathers’ occupation and children’s education. Fourth, gifts and bequests explain a larger share of the link between parental wealth and the probability to belong to the top 10% compared to larger top wealth groups. We also find evidence of persistence of the effect of parental wealth over the life-cycle.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"2518 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131346709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The successful European Union (EU) and Member States Cohesion Policy requires an in deep analysis in which different approaches can be used. This study is focused only on the potential of the rating analysis. For this purpose firstly there is an attempt to create two basic ratings. These are the Cohesion rating of the economic and social situation of the EU countries and the investment rating for their investment expenses. For the construction of these ratings are used selected absolute and relative indicators. On this basis, the possibility of averaging of their values is treated. The ascending or descending ranking of the average indicators is made in order to rank the different countries of EU by each indicator. After that, the possibility of creating the two ratings is shown. This study shows the inverse dependency between the investment and the Cohesion ratings. It is assumed that inverse dependency is based on the fact that better economic and social conditions of a given country need less investments expenses for meeting Cohesion policy goals and vice versa. The degree of the dependency is also treated. It is assumed that it can be evaluated by the differences between the values of the two ratings. It is also concluded that measurement of the degree of dependency is possible to be made by the percentage representation of these differences. The conclusion of this study supports the view that the use of the Cohesion Policy rating analysis should be combined with the use of other statistical, mathematical and econometric methods and approaches.
{"title":"Rating Analysis of Cohesion Policy of the European Union and the Member Countries","authors":"Metodi Hristov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3637950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3637950","url":null,"abstract":"The successful European Union (EU) and Member States Cohesion Policy requires an in deep analysis in which different approaches can be used. This study is focused only on the potential of the rating analysis. For this purpose firstly there is an attempt to create two basic ratings. These are the Cohesion rating of the economic and social situation of the EU countries and the investment rating for their investment expenses. For the construction of these ratings are used selected absolute and relative indicators. On this basis, the possibility of averaging of their values is treated. The ascending or descending ranking of the average indicators is made in order to rank the different countries of EU by each indicator. After that, the possibility of creating the two ratings is shown. This study shows the inverse dependency between the investment and the Cohesion ratings. It is assumed that inverse dependency is based on the fact that better economic and social conditions of a given country need less investments expenses for meeting Cohesion policy goals and vice versa. The degree of the dependency is also treated. It is assumed that it can be evaluated by the differences between the values of the two ratings. It is also concluded that measurement of the degree of dependency is possible to be made by the percentage representation of these differences. The conclusion of this study supports the view that the use of the Cohesion Policy rating analysis should be combined with the use of other statistical, mathematical and econometric methods and approaches.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130558151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 50plus1-rule in German football is a controversially discussed institution that regulates investment behavior of professional football teams. This paper discusses from a sports economics perspective the suspected market failures that the 50plus1-rule is expected to prevent. To examine the effects of the regulation empirically, we gathered panel data on 47 teams in the German Major League Football ("Erste Bundesliga") from the seasons 1989/90 until 2018/2019. Applying various approaches to measure financial and competitive imbalance in the league, we derive a growing trend of imbalance since the introduction of the 50plus1-rule. We employ a Difference-in-Differences approach to examine investment behavior in budgets and sporting success between afflicted competitors and those exempted from the rule. Our results do not suggest any equalizing properties of the regulation. We find anticompetitive effects and distorting properties of the regulation.
{"title":"Promoting or Restricting Competition? – The 50plus1-Rule in German Football","authors":"Oliver Budzinski, Philipp Kunz-Kaltenhäuser","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3623779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3623779","url":null,"abstract":"The 50plus1-rule in German football is a controversially discussed institution that regulates investment behavior of professional football teams. This paper discusses from a sports economics perspective the suspected market failures that the 50plus1-rule is expected to prevent. To examine the effects of the regulation empirically, we gathered panel data on 47 teams in the German Major League Football (\"Erste Bundesliga\") from the seasons 1989/90 until 2018/2019. Applying various approaches to measure financial and competitive imbalance in the league, we derive a growing trend of imbalance since the introduction of the 50plus1-rule. We employ a Difference-in-Differences approach to examine investment behavior in budgets and sporting success between afflicted competitors and those exempted from the rule. Our results do not suggest any equalizing properties of the regulation. We find anticompetitive effects and distorting properties of the regulation.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123193388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesco Campo, M. Mendola, A. Morrison, G. Ottaviano
A possible unintended but damaging consequence of anti-immigrant rhetoric, and the policies it inspires, is that they may put high-skilled immigrants off more than low-skilled ones at times when countries and businesses intensify their competition for global talent. We investigate this argument following the location choices of thousands of immigrant inventors across US counties during the Age of Mass Migration. To do so we combine a unique USPTO historical patent dataset with Census data and exploit exogenous variation in both immigration flows and diversity induced by former settlements, WWI and the 1920s Immigration Acts. We find that co-ethnic networks play an important role in attracting immigrant inventors. However, we also find that immigrant diversity acts as an additional significant pull factor. This is mainly due to externalities that foster immigrant inventors’ innovativeness. These findings are relevant for today’s advanced economies that have become major receivers of migrant flows and, in a long-term perspective, have started thinking about immigration in terms of not only level but also composition.
{"title":"Immigrant Inventors and Diversity in the Age of Mass Migration","authors":"Francesco Campo, M. Mendola, A. Morrison, G. Ottaviano","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3634545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3634545","url":null,"abstract":"A possible unintended but damaging consequence of anti-immigrant rhetoric, and the policies it inspires, is that they may put high-skilled immigrants off more than low-skilled ones at times when countries and businesses intensify their competition for global talent. We investigate this argument following the location choices of thousands of immigrant inventors across US counties during the Age of Mass Migration. To do so we combine a unique USPTO historical patent dataset with Census data and exploit exogenous variation in both immigration flows and diversity induced by former settlements, WWI and the 1920s Immigration Acts. We find that co-ethnic networks play an important role in attracting immigrant inventors. However, we also find that immigrant diversity acts as an additional significant pull factor. This is mainly due to externalities that foster immigrant inventors’ innovativeness. These findings are relevant for today’s advanced economies that have become major receivers of migrant flows and, in a long-term perspective, have started thinking about immigration in terms of not only level but also composition.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130317508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we investigate whether gender differences in the willingness to commute may explain part of the gender pay gap. To test whether women tend to favor jobs with shorter commutes at the expense of pay, we examine whether the reasons for job separation differ between men and women, focusing on the role of hourly pay and commuting time. We find that commuting time has a greater impact on the decision to leave one’s job for women than men whereas hourly rate has a greater impact for men than women. Addressing the gender pay gap would involve tackling the reasons why women accept lower wages in exchange for greater flexibility and shorter commutes.
{"title":"Commuting Behaviours and the Gender Pay Gap","authors":"V. Nafilyan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3614527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3614527","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate whether gender differences in the willingness to commute may explain part of the gender pay gap. To test whether women tend to favor jobs with shorter commutes at the expense of pay, we examine whether the reasons for job separation differ between men and women, focusing on the role of hourly pay and commuting time. We find that commuting time has a greater impact on the decision to leave one’s job for women than men whereas hourly rate has a greater impact for men than women. Addressing the gender pay gap would involve tackling the reasons why women accept lower wages in exchange for greater flexibility and shorter commutes.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129029972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a periodic cash payment to all residents in a jurisdiction without any obligations to fulfill. Universalism and unconditionality distinguish UBI from other redistributive policies that require means testing and behavioral conditions for cash benefits. Despite the increased interest in UBI, it is poorly understood how these two critical features influence public attitudes toward UBI. This paper uses the 8th round of the European Social Survey and finds that people who support unconditionality are more likely to support UBI, as expected. However, support for UBI is associated with helping low-income individuals instead of instituting universal cash transfers.
{"title":"Politics of Universalism and Unconditional Social Policy: Examining Attitudes Toward Universal Basic Income","authors":"Soomi Lee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3613239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3613239","url":null,"abstract":"Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a periodic cash payment to all residents in a jurisdiction without any obligations to fulfill. Universalism and unconditionality distinguish UBI from other redistributive policies that require means testing and behavioral conditions for cash benefits. Despite the increased interest in UBI, it is poorly understood how these two critical features influence public attitudes toward UBI. This paper uses the 8th round of the European Social Survey and finds that people who support unconditionality are more likely to support UBI, as expected. However, support for UBI is associated with helping low-income individuals instead of instituting universal cash transfers.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114159808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The vast majority of research focuses on the individual factors leading to coronavirus mortality Numerous studies have shown that the age of the population is
{"title":"Social Inequalities and Vulnerability of Population Facing the COVID-19: The Case of Seine-Saint-Denis in Ile-De-France.","authors":"Stéphane Goutte, Thomas Porcher, T. Péran","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3605881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3605881","url":null,"abstract":"The vast majority of research focuses on the individual factors leading to coronavirus mortality Numerous studies have shown that the age of the population is","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115084106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fact that multinational companies operate (MNCs) in more than one country can be expected to lead to a weaker bargaining position for labour. However, there are hopes that these companies may, under certain circumstances, transfer good employment practices from their home countries. This theory is investigated for the case of MNCs based in western Europe that invest in the countries of eastern and east-central Europe, where they dominate in several important economic sectors. The established legal and institutional frameworks in those countries give a degree of employment protection, but it is limited. Union recognition by MNCs is quite common, but collective bargaining often provides little beyond existing legal provisions. A series of case studies shows how unions can try to, and sometimes succeed in, getting better results from bargaining. The key conclusion is that international solidarity, contacts and publicity can help unions in host countries, but the ultimate determinant is the determination and organisational strength of employees.
{"title":"European Multinational Companies and Trade Unions in Eastern and East-Central Europe","authors":"M. Myant","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3593426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3593426","url":null,"abstract":"The fact that multinational companies operate (MNCs) in more than one country can be expected to lead to a weaker bargaining position for labour. However, there are hopes that these companies may, under certain circumstances, transfer good employment practices from their home countries. This theory is investigated for the case of MNCs based in western Europe that invest in the countries of eastern and east-central Europe, where they dominate in several important economic sectors. The established legal and institutional frameworks in those countries give a degree of employment protection, but it is limited. Union recognition by MNCs is quite common, but collective bargaining often provides little beyond existing legal provisions. A series of case studies shows how unions can try to, and sometimes succeed in, getting better results from bargaining. The key conclusion is that international solidarity, contacts and publicity can help unions in host countries, but the ultimate determinant is the determination and organisational strength of employees.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128122930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper investigates the relationship between services trade performance and employment characteristics in Italian firms. Our analysis is at the micro level and descriptive in nature. We merge micro data on services trade transactions with employment and wage variables at the level of the firm. We find that firms engaged in services trade tend to employ a larger share of managers and white collars and to pay higher average wages. They also exhibit systematically smaller shares of blue collars in their employment structure. These patterns hold qualitatively across all main sectors of firms' affiliation and across sectors of traded services. We find a strong and positive association between services exports and/or imports and total employment. Regression analysis confirms this last finding and shows it is robust to controlling for various confounding heterogeneity.
{"title":"Services Trade and Labour Market Outcomes: Evidence from Italian Firms","authors":"Omar Bamieh, Francesco Bripi, Matteo Fiorini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3607150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3607150","url":null,"abstract":"The paper investigates the relationship between services trade performance and employment characteristics in Italian firms. Our analysis is at the micro level and descriptive in nature. We merge micro data on services trade transactions with employment and wage variables at the level of the firm. We find that firms engaged in services trade tend to employ a larger share of managers and white collars and to pay higher average wages. They also exhibit systematically smaller shares of blue collars in their employment structure. These patterns hold qualitatively across all main sectors of firms' affiliation and across sectors of traded services. We find a strong and positive association between services exports and/or imports and total employment. Regression analysis confirms this last finding and shows it is robust to controlling for various confounding heterogeneity.","PeriodicalId":206501,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128568878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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