Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Special issue on JSME symposium: Sports engineering and human dynamics","authors":"K. Seo","doi":"10.1177/17543371231169447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231169447","url":null,"abstract":"The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME) was founded in 1897 to ‘‘advance science and technology, and thereby contribute to the development of industries.’’ Today, its membership exceeds 34,000, making it Japan’s leading engineering society. JSME is comprised of 22 technical divisions. The activities of each technical division are similar to that of an independent society, where each division has its own budget, can host conferences and various meetings, and can conduct research activities. Sports Engineering and Human Dynamics (SHD) is the newest division, which was launched in April 2015. SHD was a professional committee in the JSME before being developed into a technical division. SHD’s objectives include to make our leisure and everyday life safer and more comfortable, and to develop a new field of mechanical engineering. The SHD Symposium is an annual conference and has been held every Autumn since 1986. Recently, the average number of papers and participants have been in the 100s and 200s, respectively. In every symposium, presented papers are evaluated to encourage young researchers, the best of which are awarded prizes. During the process, a Top 10 list of best papers is developed which includes papers from veteran authors. The authors from the Top 10 list are then encouraged to publish papers in the journal, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"237 1","pages":"77 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45716475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concurrent validity of the Polar Precision Prime® photoplethysmographic system to measure heart rate during a tennis training session","authors":"E. Ruiz-Malagón, Santiago Castro-Infantes, Maximiliano Ritaco-Real, V. Soto-Hermoso","doi":"10.1177/17543371231165102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231165102","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring heart rates has always been important for coaches and athletes. Photoplet-ismographic systems (PPG) are supposed to be less capable of determining heart rate measure in activities with high upper limb movement, such as tennis. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the concurrent validity of the Polar Precision Prime® (PPP®) system existing in the Polar Ignite® sports watch. This was accomplished by measuring averaged heart rates during a tennis training session, divided in three parts (warm-up, main-part and cool-down) and averaged per 10 s intervals by comparing data with the Polar H-10® chest strap synchronised with the Polar V800® (criterion measure). A group of 40 tennis players (32 males, 8 females) took part in the study. Mean average values and between-systems differences and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) were obtained (<4.04 bpm; <5.03%), reporting small differences in all session parts and 10 s intervals. The PPP® system reported high correlation ( r > 0.89) and excellent ICC (ICC > 0.96) in all session parts except the 10 s intervals where the ICC were good (0.85). The systematic bias and random error during the warm-up and 10 s intervals were greater (−0.99 ± 6.02 bpm and −2.41 ± 5.86 bpm, respectively) than the main-part and cool-down (−0.51 ± 1.16 bpm and −0.44 ± 4.02 bpm, respectively). Results suggest that the PPP® system precision is not altered despite upper limb movements during 1-h tennis training sessions. In conclusion, the Polar Ignite® PPG system is a valid tool for monitoring heart rate during a tennis training session.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48077169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Head Impact Exposure in Youth Soccer: Comparing across Activity Types","authors":"N. Pritchard, Tanner M. Filben, Sebastian J Haja, L. Miller, M. Espeland, Joel Stitzel, J. Urban","doi":"10.1177/17543371231158669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231158669","url":null,"abstract":"Soccer is a popular youth sport in the United States, but the effect of repetitive head impacts experienced during training on neurocognitive outcomes is not well understood. Modifying practice structure may be an avenue for reducing head impact exposure and concussion risk in soccer, but research has yet to characterize head impact exposure across common soccer activities. The objective of this study was to compare head impact exposure across common training activities in soccer. Eight female soccer players practicing on an age 15 and under (U15) club team participated in this study for two soccer seasons. Players wore an instrumented mouthpiece sensor during all practice and game sessions. Research personnel recorded duration of all activities performed by each player to characterize player-specific exposure time. Film review was performed to identify head contact events during each session and classify events according to the activity and drill the player was performing. Head impact exposure for each athlete was quantified in terms of peak kinematics and impact rate. Mixed effects models were used to compare peak kinematics and generalized linear models were used to compare impact rates across drills and activity type. Drill and activity type were associated with peak kinematics and impact rate. Technical training activities accounted for the second-highest exposure time and were associated with higher impact rates and lower mean kinematics than other activity types. Team interaction activities and game play were associated with the highest rotational kinematics but the lowest impact rates. Head impact exposure in female youth soccer is influenced by the type of activity in which the athlete is engaged. Interventions designed to reduce head impact frequency in female youth soccer can benefit from targeting technical training activities; whereas, interventions designed to reduce head impact magnitude should target team interaction and game activities.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49097530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acceleration spikes and attenuation response in the trunk in amateur tennis players during real game actions","authors":"G. Delgado-García, J. Vanrenterghem, Alejandro Molina-Molina, V. Soto-Hermoso","doi":"10.1177/17543371231157959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231157959","url":null,"abstract":"Although there are numerous locomotion studies analyzing the degree of attenuation of the acceleration spikes in the lower limbs and the trunk, few of these studies relate to tennis, where a high percentage of injuries occur in these body segments. The aim of this study was to describe the acceleration spikes and the attenuation response along the trunk, in real game actions. For this purpose, accelerometers were placed on the lower trunk, the upper trunk, and the head on a sample of 19 players while playing tennis matches. An average of 530 ± 146 acceleration spikes per match were selected in the upper trunk and a clear attenuation response between the upper trunk and the head was found (acceleration spike magnitude was approximately 25 m/s2 in the upper trunk and approximately 20 m/s2 in the head; p < 0.05; with attenuation percentages above 15%). In all players acceleration spikes of the head were below lower and upper trunk acceleration ( p < 0.05 in all repeated measures ANOVAs and effect sizes were above 0.8, or large effect sizes). However, between the lower trunk and upper trunk no clear attenuation was found and although in some players the impact peaks were higher in the lower trunk ( p < 0.05) the effect sizes were negligible or medium (Cohen d < 0.5). In other players the upper trunk peaks were higher than the lower trunk peaks ( p < 0.05) and in a few players there was no significant difference ( p > 0.05). The attenuation in the upper trunk, probably serves as a head protection/stabilization mechanism and more studies are needed to analyze the biomechanics actions underlying this attenuation response.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44617649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field-based upper-body motor variability as determinant of stroke performance in the main tennis strokes","authors":"E. Ruiz-Malagón, J. Vanrenterghem, Maximiliano Ritacco-Real, F. González-Férnandez, V. Soto-Hermoso, G. Delgado-García","doi":"10.1177/17543371231156266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231156266","url":null,"abstract":"Performance in tennis relies heavily on the skilful repetition of several types of tennis strokes, yet the role of motor variability has still received little scientific attention – especially at the within subject level. The present study aims to evaluate the role of motor variability depending on the strokes/body segment and the level of expertise. Thirty-five players performed a field test (including first and second serves, forehand and backhand strokes) with four synchronized gyroscopes placed on the trunk, head, upper arm and forearm. Variability was measured based on the coefficient of variation (CV) of the angular velocity peaks per stroke in each body segment. MANOVA revealed greater motor variability in the forehand and backhand than in the serve ( p < 0.001), with head and forearm segments showing the highest variability (CV > 15% in some cases). This result also translated to differences in variability between levels of expertise, with variability being greater among lower level players ( p < 0.02 in all strokes, with Cohen d > 1 in some cases). Summarized, groundstrokes could imply more compensatory kinematic movements to keep the result of the action stable. Motor variability must be considered to evaluate performance, as a reduced motor variability was found in players with higher level of expertise. The compensatory action of the body segments (especially in groundstrokes and in the forearm and head, where the coefficients of variation were high) should be studied in depth because it can help design motor tasks, making them more specific.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42352668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical (mechanical) models for sports equipment research, development and testing","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/17543371231158896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231158896","url":null,"abstract":"One of the finest scientists in the field of (sports) biomechanics, Professor Herbert Hatze who died in 2002 much too young at the of age 65, was a mathematician. In his famous manuscript ‘‘Myocybernetic Control Models of Skeletal Muscle,’’ he developed a mathematical description of human muscle contraction, buildingup a well-reflected system of side-long equations, which not only described the biochemical process of bridgebuilding in the muscle cells, but also considered the specific anatomical structures of different muscle types. He was very familiar with mathematics and certainly convinced of its power to increase our knowledge and understanding of the real world. Therefore, it is hard to believe that in their research to understand the tennis stroke, he and his team developed, manufactured, and used a mechanical replicate of the human arm. This device is shown in Figure 1. Hatze called this artificial arm for testing tennis rackets ‘‘Manu-Simulator,’’ and I was lucky to talk to him in person, discussing the advantages of this device. For him, the major benefit was not only the possibility to standardize boundary conditions, but even more so, the option to systematically redefine them both accurately and precisely. He dismissed counter arguments of limited external validity of his mechanical model and passionately criticized tennis racket tests, even with experienced tennis players, because of their inherent high variability and unidentified confounding variables raised by human material. In his journey to identify the best approach, he finally used both mathematical and mechanical models, combining them with athlete experiments in the field and in the lab. As a result, he was able to derive valuable insight into the few milliseconds prior to and after ball impact, showing the relationship between grip strength, transferred vibration to the hand-arm-system and oscillation-damping characteristics of tennis rackets. Despite the power of combining mathematical and mechanical models, this special section concentrates only on mechanical (physical) models. Why? One reason is that the application of mechanical models is so widespread. They are present in sport, exercise, and training science, as well as in the daily practice of many sports. The second motivation for focusing on mechanical models is the wide variety between simplicity and amazing complexity, raising the exciting question of how much complexity is needed and where simple models meet their limits. Lastly, a little bit of a secret reason is that mechanical/physical models for the application in sport present a wonderful playground for people who call themselves engineers. Designing and realizing these models bares enough challenge and requires all the knowledge we have learned in mechanics, thermodynamics, aerodynamics, material science and product design. We no longer need to limit our engineering skills for designing transmissions, turbines or tooling machines. Instead, we are allowed","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"237 1","pages":"3 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42903153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of preferred weight configuration for barebow shooting style","authors":"F. Pietra, P. Loveday, R. Reid","doi":"10.1177/17543371231155510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231155510","url":null,"abstract":"The barebow archery shooting style limits the stabilisation system to weights connected to the riser, which is the central part of the bow. No scientific study is available to guide the barebow archer in the choice of the best weight configuration. In the following work, a human-centred methodology was developed to address this problem from both a scientific and user-oriented perspective. The proposed methodology is based on subjective metrics (archers’ sensations using the equipment), objective metrics (measurable quantities) and precision. The study sought a correlation between the subjective and objective metrics to provide insight into the problem of configuring a bow. Eleven weight configurations were considered. The vibration was measured at five positions on the bow and the 3D dynamic motion was measured using an inertial measurement unit. Seven archers completed a questionnaire to evaluate the subjective shooting sensations. The results show that the two best weight configurations are the 250–200 g and the 350–200 g, at the central and lower attachment points, respectively. A strong correlation exists between the vibration level of the bow and the feeling archers associated with the shooting, and between the dynamic motion of the bow and the comfort of the shooting. No correlation was found between the vibration time and the physical sensations felt by the archers. Determining the influence of the weight configuration on shooting accuracy, with statistical significance, would require an impractically large number of arrows to be shot for each weight configuration. A new methodology was developed to correlate the archers’ physical sensations to measurable parameters and this was applied to understand the barebow weight selection problem. This methodology could be further developed to correlate additional subjective and objective metrics. An understanding of these correlations would allow objective metrics, which can be simulated in the design process, to be used to ensure satisfaction of subjective metrics by the final design.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47611936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy loss in oblique collisions","authors":"R. Cross","doi":"10.1177/17543371231151794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231151794","url":null,"abstract":"The decrease in kinetic energy of a ball incident vertically on a rigid horizontal surface depends on the normal coefficient of restitution, [Formula: see text]. It is shown in the present paper that if the ball is incident obliquely on the surface then the total decrease in kinetic energy has two independent contributions, one depending on [Formula: see text], the other depending on the tangential coefficient of restitution, [Formula: see text].","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45210739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bounce of a golf ball on the green","authors":"R. Cross","doi":"10.1177/17543371221150289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371221150289","url":null,"abstract":"A ball incident on a horizontal surface with backspin can rebound forwards or backwards depending on the angle of incidence and the amount of backspin. The ball can also bounce forwards several times before it bounces backwards. The outcome depends on whether the ball slides throughout the impact or whether the ball grips the surface during the impact. The physics of the bounce of a golf ball on a green is described in the present article and estimates are given of the stopping distance after the ball first lands on the green, based on experimental bounce data.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43874006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-system and inter-unit reliability of Polar Team Pro and WIMU PRO devices during external load measurements indoors","authors":"A. Rodríguez-Fernández, D. Suárez-Iglesias, A. Vaquera, A. Leicht, J. Rodríguez-Marroyo","doi":"10.1177/17543371221147857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371221147857","url":null,"abstract":"The aim was to examine inter-system and inter-unit reliability of both WIMU PRO (UWB) and Polar Team Pro devices in measuring indoor sport-specific movements. Seventeen active and healthy adults (age: 21.4 ± 5.2 years; height 170.3 ± 8.2 cm; body mass: 71.2 ± 4.5 kg) completed one repetition of an indoor team sport circuit (i.e. accelerations, decelerations, change of direction, jumps and arc runs). Participants carried two 10-Hz Polar Team Pro GPS and wore two 20-Hz GPS (UWB) WIMU PRO chest- and back-mounted devices, respectively. Distance (absolute, relative and in different speed thresholds), mean and peak speed, accelerations and decelerations at different intensities and jumps were recorded. A repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance and ICC and CV were utilised. There was a significant ( p ≤ 0.001) main effect of the system for all variables except the total distance, mean speed and distance covered during low- and high-intensity running. There were significant differences ( p < 0.05) between the two Polar Team Pro units for all external load variables except for distance covered during submaximal speed, moderate-intensity accelerations (ACC), and moderate-intensity and total decelerations (DCC). No significant differences ( p > 0.05) between the two WIMU PRO units were detected. Poor inter-system reliability was ascertained, with inter-unit reliability being moderate-excellent for most variables of both systems.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44131590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}