Pub Date : 2023-06-02DOI: 10.1177/17543371231178043
F. Otero-Saborido, Sergio Torreblanca-Martinez, Víctor Torreblanca-Martínez, F. Nevado-Garrosa, Manuel Nuñez-Campos, J. González-Jurado
Scientific research on tactical formations in football is scarce and the studies that do exist focus on aspects linked to physical conditioning. Therefore, the objective of this work was to analyse offensive play differences between three-centre-back (3CB) and two-centre-back (2CB) formations. A total of 72 matches played by eight LaLiga teams (Spain) during the 2018–19 season were analysed. Four teams used a 3CB system and four teams a 2CB system. Data were obtained from the Opta sports company, and the reports were generated using Mediacoach. Three groups of variables were analysed (passes, possession and finishing). The results showed that both the number of team passes (‘passes received’, ‘passes attempted’) and their effectiveness (‘number’ and % of ‘completed’ passes) were significantly greater ( p < 0.001) in 3CB systems. As far as possession was concerned, 3CB systems obtained a higher percentage ( p = 0.004, ES = 0.45), time average ( p = 0.001, ES = 0.57) and possessions with more than nine passes ( p = 0.000). Finally, regarding the variables relating to attack finishing, the values attained significantly higher levels in the 3CB teams in ‘expected goals’ ( p = 0.020), ‘goals scored’ ( p = 0.030) and ‘probability of a shot being a goal’ ( p = 0.046). It could be concluded that 3CB teams presented greater rates of ball possession and attack finishing.
{"title":"Three-defender versus two-defender systems in football: A comparison of offensive play","authors":"F. Otero-Saborido, Sergio Torreblanca-Martinez, Víctor Torreblanca-Martínez, F. Nevado-Garrosa, Manuel Nuñez-Campos, J. González-Jurado","doi":"10.1177/17543371231178043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231178043","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific research on tactical formations in football is scarce and the studies that do exist focus on aspects linked to physical conditioning. Therefore, the objective of this work was to analyse offensive play differences between three-centre-back (3CB) and two-centre-back (2CB) formations. A total of 72 matches played by eight LaLiga teams (Spain) during the 2018–19 season were analysed. Four teams used a 3CB system and four teams a 2CB system. Data were obtained from the Opta sports company, and the reports were generated using Mediacoach. Three groups of variables were analysed (passes, possession and finishing). The results showed that both the number of team passes (‘passes received’, ‘passes attempted’) and their effectiveness (‘number’ and % of ‘completed’ passes) were significantly greater ( p < 0.001) in 3CB systems. As far as possession was concerned, 3CB systems obtained a higher percentage ( p = 0.004, ES = 0.45), time average ( p = 0.001, ES = 0.57) and possessions with more than nine passes ( p = 0.000). Finally, regarding the variables relating to attack finishing, the values attained significantly higher levels in the 3CB teams in ‘expected goals’ ( p = 0.020), ‘goals scored’ ( p = 0.030) and ‘probability of a shot being a goal’ ( p = 0.046). It could be concluded that 3CB teams presented greater rates of ball possession and attack finishing.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44514234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-26DOI: 10.1177/17543371231175946
Iván Asín-Izquierdo, Luis Gutiérrez-García, Carlos Galiano
Small-sided games (SSGs) are frequently used in football training programs and their design has been analyzed in scientific literature. The aim of this study was to analyze differences in the mechanical and physiological demands of football SSGs with various configurations over an effective time of 6 min through the application of GPS/GNSS technology, heart rate monitoring, and player self-perceived effort. Thirty football players (21.59 ± 4.35 years, 72.74 ± 9.01 kg, and 178.16 ± 0.93 cm) completed 138 recordings during MD-3 sessions (matchday-3, 76 h pre-match) using Catapult OptimEye S5 devices, synchronized with the Polar system. The training structure was similar for all measurements. Analyses and comparisons were made using a total of ten training tasks and six study variables (dimensions, orientation, number of players, directionality, time distribution, and coaches’ feedback). SSGs played as 3 versus 3 showed higher mechanical responses with greater pitch sizes ( p < 0.001) and without the presence of goalkeepers ( p < 0.032). SSGs with a 6 versus 6 format showed higher velocities were attained when the pitch was long ( p = 0.021) and when the duration of the set was shorter (i.e., 2 min; p < 0.015). SSGs arranged as 3 versus 3, showed superior results for internal and external variables in comparison with 6 versus 6 ( p < 0.025). The application of new technology is necessary to understand internal and external workload responses to the multiple possible variations of the elements of SSGs. The understanding of these resources will contribute to the development of training tasks based on the complexity of football itself, considering the wide possibilities offered to coaches.
{"title":"Application of technology for the analysis of Small-Sided Games in football. From complexity to chaos in training design: Reference to number of players, playing space, orientation, time distribution, directionality with goalkeepers, and feedback","authors":"Iván Asín-Izquierdo, Luis Gutiérrez-García, Carlos Galiano","doi":"10.1177/17543371231175946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231175946","url":null,"abstract":"Small-sided games (SSGs) are frequently used in football training programs and their design has been analyzed in scientific literature. The aim of this study was to analyze differences in the mechanical and physiological demands of football SSGs with various configurations over an effective time of 6 min through the application of GPS/GNSS technology, heart rate monitoring, and player self-perceived effort. Thirty football players (21.59 ± 4.35 years, 72.74 ± 9.01 kg, and 178.16 ± 0.93 cm) completed 138 recordings during MD-3 sessions (matchday-3, 76 h pre-match) using Catapult OptimEye S5 devices, synchronized with the Polar system. The training structure was similar for all measurements. Analyses and comparisons were made using a total of ten training tasks and six study variables (dimensions, orientation, number of players, directionality, time distribution, and coaches’ feedback). SSGs played as 3 versus 3 showed higher mechanical responses with greater pitch sizes ( p < 0.001) and without the presence of goalkeepers ( p < 0.032). SSGs with a 6 versus 6 format showed higher velocities were attained when the pitch was long ( p = 0.021) and when the duration of the set was shorter (i.e., 2 min; p < 0.015). SSGs arranged as 3 versus 3, showed superior results for internal and external variables in comparison with 6 versus 6 ( p < 0.025). The application of new technology is necessary to understand internal and external workload responses to the multiple possible variations of the elements of SSGs. The understanding of these resources will contribute to the development of training tasks based on the complexity of football itself, considering the wide possibilities offered to coaches.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47270926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-25DOI: 10.1177/17543371231176625
Andreas Alexandersen, Susann Dahl Pettersen, D. Johansen
This study investigated the potential of self-reported wellness data from a player monitoring system and its predictive power of individual match performance among a female professional football player cohort. Using longitudinal data collected from the Pm Reporter Pro mobile application and corresponding individual performance scores (InStat Index), the study investigated if pre-match perceived wellness could predict individual match performance. The results show no significant evidence for a correlation between the two. This result may suggest that other factors might have a larger impact on performance, that the data quality captured by the current version of the player monitoring system is not sufficient, or that the impact of personally perceived wellness on performance is minimal. The limitations of bias in self-reported data and relatively small sample size might have affected the results. Despite these findings, the study provides valuable insights into the use of data-driven analytics with a concrete and widely used player monitoring system and suggests recommendations for future research.
{"title":"Quantifying athlete wellness: Investigating the predictive potential of subjective wellness reports through a player monitoring system","authors":"Andreas Alexandersen, Susann Dahl Pettersen, D. Johansen","doi":"10.1177/17543371231176625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231176625","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the potential of self-reported wellness data from a player monitoring system and its predictive power of individual match performance among a female professional football player cohort. Using longitudinal data collected from the Pm Reporter Pro mobile application and corresponding individual performance scores (InStat Index), the study investigated if pre-match perceived wellness could predict individual match performance. The results show no significant evidence for a correlation between the two. This result may suggest that other factors might have a larger impact on performance, that the data quality captured by the current version of the player monitoring system is not sufficient, or that the impact of personally perceived wellness on performance is minimal. The limitations of bias in self-reported data and relatively small sample size might have affected the results. Despite these findings, the study provides valuable insights into the use of data-driven analytics with a concrete and widely used player monitoring system and suggests recommendations for future research.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44292506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-17DOI: 10.1177/17543371231175545
C. Gómez-Carmona, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, S. Ibáñez, J. Pino-Ortega
This study aimed to analyse the effect of two operating temperatures (optimal vs environmental) on IMU internal temperature and accelerometry-based data in two conditions of measurement: (a) static, no movement; and (b) dynamic, a U’16 game-based training soccer session with 14 players. Each session took a 60-min duration and followed an ecological design (no intervention in environmental conditions). Fifty-six WIMU PROTM inertial devices were randomly grouped in four conditions (two operating temperatures × two measurement conditions, 14 devices in each group) and recorded IMUs’ internal temperature, resultant acceleration vector and PlayerLoad (PLRT). Devices were placed in the manufacturer’s docking station at the static condition and in a specific harness at the interscapular level at the dynamic condition. Repeated measures t-tests were employed for between-group comparisons at 1-min average sections throughout the register. Between-group differences were found in the static and dynamic conditions in IMUs internal temperature (static: 0–31 min; dynamic: 0–20 min) and resultant acceleration vector (static: 0–29 min; dynamic: 0–19 min). Instead, no differences were found in PLRT dynamics and accumulated PLRT although values in the environmental group were overestimated. In conclusion, WIMU PROTM devices must achieve the optimal operating temperature (38–39°) to avoid measurement error, regardless of the application (short or long sessions).
{"title":"Does the operating temperature of accelerometers affect data measurement during static and dynamic conditions in sports? A randomized-control trial","authors":"C. Gómez-Carmona, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, S. Ibáñez, J. Pino-Ortega","doi":"10.1177/17543371231175545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231175545","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to analyse the effect of two operating temperatures (optimal vs environmental) on IMU internal temperature and accelerometry-based data in two conditions of measurement: (a) static, no movement; and (b) dynamic, a U’16 game-based training soccer session with 14 players. Each session took a 60-min duration and followed an ecological design (no intervention in environmental conditions). Fifty-six WIMU PROTM inertial devices were randomly grouped in four conditions (two operating temperatures × two measurement conditions, 14 devices in each group) and recorded IMUs’ internal temperature, resultant acceleration vector and PlayerLoad (PLRT). Devices were placed in the manufacturer’s docking station at the static condition and in a specific harness at the interscapular level at the dynamic condition. Repeated measures t-tests were employed for between-group comparisons at 1-min average sections throughout the register. Between-group differences were found in the static and dynamic conditions in IMUs internal temperature (static: 0–31 min; dynamic: 0–20 min) and resultant acceleration vector (static: 0–29 min; dynamic: 0–19 min). Instead, no differences were found in PLRT dynamics and accumulated PLRT although values in the environmental group were overestimated. In conclusion, WIMU PROTM devices must achieve the optimal operating temperature (38–39°) to avoid measurement error, regardless of the application (short or long sessions).","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65521602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-15DOI: 10.1177/17543371231174665
Víctor Rodrigo-Carranza, O. López-Torres, V. Fernández-Elías, M. Gómez-Ruano, Amelia Guadalupe-Grau
The vertical jump is one of the most used testing movements to assess athlete’s physical performance and fatigue status in several sports. However, low-cost, portable, field-based, and reliable methods are needed to measure jumping performance. The aim of the current investigation was to assess the validity and reliability of a new photoelectric cells device (ADR) for measuring the vertical jump height. Twenty-three trained male participants (age: 24.8 ± 5.2 years, body mass: 74.2 ± 7.3 kg; height: 1.76 ± 0.04 m) performed four maximal countermovement jumps (CMJ). Flight time-derived jump height was extracted simultaneously from three devices including a force plate (FP) (Kistler Quattro-Jump, criterion measurement) and two photoelectric cells (PC) devices (ADR and Optojump). The ADR mean CMJ height measurements demonstrated substantial validity compared to both FP and Optojump ( r = 0.98 p < 0.01). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for reliability were classified as good to excellent for the three devices (0.986–0.994). All devices showed similar coefficients of variation (CV%), classified as very good (3.21–3.85), whereas observed standardized typical error values (STE) were small (1.29–1.39). The ADR Jumping device can be considered an affordable, reliable, and valid method to measure vertical jump height thereby making it a practical resource for coaches when monitoring the training process.
{"title":"Validity and reliability of a new portable and cost-effective photoelectric cells device for measuring vertical jump performance: “The ADR Jumping”","authors":"Víctor Rodrigo-Carranza, O. López-Torres, V. Fernández-Elías, M. Gómez-Ruano, Amelia Guadalupe-Grau","doi":"10.1177/17543371231174665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231174665","url":null,"abstract":"The vertical jump is one of the most used testing movements to assess athlete’s physical performance and fatigue status in several sports. However, low-cost, portable, field-based, and reliable methods are needed to measure jumping performance. The aim of the current investigation was to assess the validity and reliability of a new photoelectric cells device (ADR) for measuring the vertical jump height. Twenty-three trained male participants (age: 24.8 ± 5.2 years, body mass: 74.2 ± 7.3 kg; height: 1.76 ± 0.04 m) performed four maximal countermovement jumps (CMJ). Flight time-derived jump height was extracted simultaneously from three devices including a force plate (FP) (Kistler Quattro-Jump, criterion measurement) and two photoelectric cells (PC) devices (ADR and Optojump). The ADR mean CMJ height measurements demonstrated substantial validity compared to both FP and Optojump ( r = 0.98 p < 0.01). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for reliability were classified as good to excellent for the three devices (0.986–0.994). All devices showed similar coefficients of variation (CV%), classified as very good (3.21–3.85), whereas observed standardized typical error values (STE) were small (1.29–1.39). The ADR Jumping device can be considered an affordable, reliable, and valid method to measure vertical jump height thereby making it a practical resource for coaches when monitoring the training process.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43777410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-28DOI: 10.1177/17543371231171433
P. Wong, Hnin Myint, L. Dooley, A. Hopgood
This paper presents a low-cost, portable, multi-view table tennis umpiring framework, as a viable alternative to the current expensive systems which are almost exclusively restricted to elite professional sports. Table tennis has been selected as the sport to evaluate this framework primarily because it comprises many different complex match elements, including the service, return and rally elements, which are governed by a strict set of regulations which need to be umpired. The aim is to develop novel methods to analyse and judge the legality of such key match facets, with ball detection and tracking in video frames being integral to reliably and accurately determining the ball’s position and flight path during rallies. While a low-cost option is attractive and offers several benefits, it is a technically challenging problem due to the small number and generally low-resolution cameras that are used. A novel multi-view camera setup and multi-agent system (MAS) framework is presented, which comprises computationally lightweight agents which detect and track the table tennis ball, create a 3D representation of the flight path of the ball, predict the ball’s trajectory, and identify and analyse key facets in a table tennis rally. The MAS correctly detects all state transitions in seven test table tennis sequences with minimal latency and while the processing rate of a standard computer may be unable to analyse long rallies in real time, the potential of running the MAS on a parallel architecture is a propitious alternative. The MAS is also scalable, enabling additional camera pairs to be deployed to achieve enhanced accuracy and coverage. The framework affords the potential to reform the way matches are umpired, especially for amateur players, providing an economic and objective manner of dispute resolution, while the multi-view facility is extendible to other relevant ball-based sports. The ball flight path analysis mechanism can be exploited as a valuable training tool for skill development.
{"title":"A multi-view automatic table tennis umpiring framework","authors":"P. Wong, Hnin Myint, L. Dooley, A. Hopgood","doi":"10.1177/17543371231171433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231171433","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a low-cost, portable, multi-view table tennis umpiring framework, as a viable alternative to the current expensive systems which are almost exclusively restricted to elite professional sports. Table tennis has been selected as the sport to evaluate this framework primarily because it comprises many different complex match elements, including the service, return and rally elements, which are governed by a strict set of regulations which need to be umpired. The aim is to develop novel methods to analyse and judge the legality of such key match facets, with ball detection and tracking in video frames being integral to reliably and accurately determining the ball’s position and flight path during rallies. While a low-cost option is attractive and offers several benefits, it is a technically challenging problem due to the small number and generally low-resolution cameras that are used. A novel multi-view camera setup and multi-agent system (MAS) framework is presented, which comprises computationally lightweight agents which detect and track the table tennis ball, create a 3D representation of the flight path of the ball, predict the ball’s trajectory, and identify and analyse key facets in a table tennis rally. The MAS correctly detects all state transitions in seven test table tennis sequences with minimal latency and while the processing rate of a standard computer may be unable to analyse long rallies in real time, the potential of running the MAS on a parallel architecture is a propitious alternative. The MAS is also scalable, enabling additional camera pairs to be deployed to achieve enhanced accuracy and coverage. The framework affords the potential to reform the way matches are umpired, especially for amateur players, providing an economic and objective manner of dispute resolution, while the multi-view facility is extendible to other relevant ball-based sports. The ball flight path analysis mechanism can be exploited as a valuable training tool for skill development.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43068291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-24DOI: 10.1177/17543371231171192
R. Gheller, R. Kons, Wladymir Külkamp, J. Dal Pupo, D. Detanico
This study aimed to test the reliability and criterion validity of the Ergonauta encoder to assess countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, considering jump height and mean propulsive velocity metrics. Twenty-three recreationally active men participated in this study. The participants were positioned on a force plate with the Ergonauta individually connected through a belt. Two CMJs were performed, and the jump height and mean propulsive velocity metrics were analyzed. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and typical error (TE) were used as relative and absolute reliability indicators, respectively. The Pearson correlation was used to verify the relationship between the Ergonauta and force plate derived-metrics, and the Bland-Altman plot was used to verify the agreement between the metrics ( Ergonauta encoder and force plate), with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. The results show excellent relative reliability for both metrics, considering the two evaluation devices (ICC = 0.95–0.99, TE = 1.02–2.46). The jump height and mean propulsive velocity obtained by the Ergonauta encoder and the force plate were strongly correlated ( r = 0.95; r = 0.90, respectively, p < 0.01). The Bland-Altman plot showed good agreement for both metrics (jump height and mean propulsive power) and equipment (close to 0). We concluded that the Ergonauta encoder is reliable and valid for assessing CMJ performance, particularly the jump height and mean propulsive velocity metrics.
{"title":"Validity and reliability of ergonauta encoder to assess countermovement jump performance","authors":"R. Gheller, R. Kons, Wladymir Külkamp, J. Dal Pupo, D. Detanico","doi":"10.1177/17543371231171192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231171192","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to test the reliability and criterion validity of the Ergonauta encoder to assess countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, considering jump height and mean propulsive velocity metrics. Twenty-three recreationally active men participated in this study. The participants were positioned on a force plate with the Ergonauta individually connected through a belt. Two CMJs were performed, and the jump height and mean propulsive velocity metrics were analyzed. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and typical error (TE) were used as relative and absolute reliability indicators, respectively. The Pearson correlation was used to verify the relationship between the Ergonauta and force plate derived-metrics, and the Bland-Altman plot was used to verify the agreement between the metrics ( Ergonauta encoder and force plate), with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. The results show excellent relative reliability for both metrics, considering the two evaluation devices (ICC = 0.95–0.99, TE = 1.02–2.46). The jump height and mean propulsive velocity obtained by the Ergonauta encoder and the force plate were strongly correlated ( r = 0.95; r = 0.90, respectively, p < 0.01). The Bland-Altman plot showed good agreement for both metrics (jump height and mean propulsive power) and equipment (close to 0). We concluded that the Ergonauta encoder is reliable and valid for assessing CMJ performance, particularly the jump height and mean propulsive velocity metrics.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41662075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-24DOI: 10.1177/17543371231171194
James L Park
Field archery is conducted on an archery course similar in layout to a golf course. Archers shoot at targets placed one after another, usually involving the archers shooting up, down and across slopes. Archers need accurate sight settings if they are to obtain high scores. However, the required sight settings for slopes differ from those on flat ground. One method used by archers is to set the sight to the horizontal distance to the target (the ‘rifleman’s rule’). It has been shown that method does not provide the required precision. It has also been shown that a simple ‘percentage distance cut’ is not viable. An alternative method is provided.
{"title":"Sight settings for archers shooting up and down hills","authors":"James L Park","doi":"10.1177/17543371231171194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231171194","url":null,"abstract":"Field archery is conducted on an archery course similar in layout to a golf course. Archers shoot at targets placed one after another, usually involving the archers shooting up, down and across slopes. Archers need accurate sight settings if they are to obtain high scores. However, the required sight settings for slopes differ from those on flat ground. One method used by archers is to set the sight to the horizontal distance to the target (the ‘rifleman’s rule’). It has been shown that method does not provide the required precision. It has also been shown that a simple ‘percentage distance cut’ is not viable. An alternative method is provided.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46279988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-19DOI: 10.1177/17543371231170065
Xiaoni Ma, Xiaotian Li, Tao Quan, Hongyou Liu, Tianbiao Liu
This study explored the different influences of technical indicators on match results in different stages of football league play. Sample data from 2400 Chinese Super League matches during 2010–2019 were divided into three season stages according to round sequence: the early stage (1–10 rounds), the middle stage (11–20 rounds), and the late stage (21–30 rounds). A two-way, fixed-effect ordered logit model was then constructed and used, together with Fisher’s combination test, to compare regression results. The study results showed that: (1) when controlling for other variables, as the league progresses, an increase in goals will gradually increase the possibility of better match results, and this increase shows significant differences between the early and late stages ( p < 0.05). The possibility of better match results by an extra goal is 0.075 times higher in the late stage than the early stage. (2) While maintaining all control variables, as the season progresses, the increase in red card penalties will gradually multiply the probability of worse match outcomes, and this increase is also significantly different between the early and middle stages and between the early and late stages ( p < 0.05). The possibility of worse match outcomes due to the presence of an extra red card is 0.377 times higher in the middle stage and 0.476 times higher in the late stage than the early stage.
{"title":"The influence of technical performance indicators on the results of the Chinese Football Super League at different stages of the season-based on evidence from the 2010–2019 seasons","authors":"Xiaoni Ma, Xiaotian Li, Tao Quan, Hongyou Liu, Tianbiao Liu","doi":"10.1177/17543371231170065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231170065","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored the different influences of technical indicators on match results in different stages of football league play. Sample data from 2400 Chinese Super League matches during 2010–2019 were divided into three season stages according to round sequence: the early stage (1–10 rounds), the middle stage (11–20 rounds), and the late stage (21–30 rounds). A two-way, fixed-effect ordered logit model was then constructed and used, together with Fisher’s combination test, to compare regression results. The study results showed that: (1) when controlling for other variables, as the league progresses, an increase in goals will gradually increase the possibility of better match results, and this increase shows significant differences between the early and late stages ( p < 0.05). The possibility of better match results by an extra goal is 0.075 times higher in the late stage than the early stage. (2) While maintaining all control variables, as the season progresses, the increase in red card penalties will gradually multiply the probability of worse match outcomes, and this increase is also significantly different between the early and middle stages and between the early and late stages ( p < 0.05). The possibility of worse match outcomes due to the presence of an extra red card is 0.377 times higher in the middle stage and 0.476 times higher in the late stage than the early stage.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42239964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-14DOI: 10.1177/17543371231168173
Marcelo Rochael, G. Praça
This study aimed to analyse the impact of including time pressure on players’ physical responses related to distance covered at different speed zones and accelerations performed during balanced and unbalanced small-sided soccer games. Forty-four U-17 athletes from elite clubs were recruited. Players engaged in four formats of small-sided games: 4vs4 (with and without time pressure) and 5vs4 (with and without time pressure, plus additional floaters). Physical responses were monitored through Global Positioning System devices. A MANOVA compared data at a level of significance of 5%. There were no differences between with and without time pressure formats for both distances and accelerations. However, games played in numerically balanced conditions elicited greater physical responses regarding distance covered and distances covered in different speed zones. Specifically, the numerically balanced condition showed higher distances in the higher speed zones than the floater condition, which showed higher values in the lowest speed zone than the 4vs4 condition. This study concluded that adopting the time pressure to represent counter-attack situations does not change the players’ physical responses; adopting numerical superiority without adjusting the pitch size will reduce the physical responses.
{"title":"Monitoring the external load of counter-attack drills in youth soccer using GPS devices: The influence of time pressure and numerical superiority on players’ responses","authors":"Marcelo Rochael, G. Praça","doi":"10.1177/17543371231168173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231168173","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to analyse the impact of including time pressure on players’ physical responses related to distance covered at different speed zones and accelerations performed during balanced and unbalanced small-sided soccer games. Forty-four U-17 athletes from elite clubs were recruited. Players engaged in four formats of small-sided games: 4vs4 (with and without time pressure) and 5vs4 (with and without time pressure, plus additional floaters). Physical responses were monitored through Global Positioning System devices. A MANOVA compared data at a level of significance of 5%. There were no differences between with and without time pressure formats for both distances and accelerations. However, games played in numerically balanced conditions elicited greater physical responses regarding distance covered and distances covered in different speed zones. Specifically, the numerically balanced condition showed higher distances in the higher speed zones than the floater condition, which showed higher values in the lowest speed zone than the 4vs4 condition. This study concluded that adopting the time pressure to represent counter-attack situations does not change the players’ physical responses; adopting numerical superiority without adjusting the pitch size will reduce the physical responses.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42961103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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