Pub Date : 2008-12-01DOI: 10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439673
D. E. Mills, K. Brown, J. Waterhouse
Major infrastructure assets are often governed by a mix of public and private organizations, each fulfilling a specific and separate role i.e. policy, ownership, operation or maintenance. However, it is increasingly problematic to maintain separate and distinct governance arrangements for each of these functions due to their criticality to achieving social outcomes such as supply of water, power and transport and their interdependency in terms of risk management. The success of long term asset management is therefore becoming reliant on coalitions of organizations and groups working in a co-coordinated and collaborative way to deliver services. Yet, it is unclear how to conceptualize these networks of relationships and to determine the types of entities and arrangements that will best contribute to successful collaborative governance. Stewardship theory is revisited to provide a lens through which asset management governance can be examined. It is argued that the concerns of the community in regard to the long-term sustainability of infrastructure assets from environmental, accountability, strategic and business perspectives may be well served by a renewed conceptualization of stewardship theory.
{"title":"Asset management stewardship: The effectiveness of public-private mix governance structures","authors":"D. E. Mills, K. Brown, J. Waterhouse","doi":"10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439673","url":null,"abstract":"Major infrastructure assets are often governed by a mix of public and private organizations, each fulfilling a specific and separate role i.e. policy, ownership, operation or maintenance. However, it is increasingly problematic to maintain separate and distinct governance arrangements for each of these functions due to their criticality to achieving social outcomes such as supply of water, power and transport and their interdependency in terms of risk management. The success of long term asset management is therefore becoming reliant on coalitions of organizations and groups working in a co-coordinated and collaborative way to deliver services. Yet, it is unclear how to conceptualize these networks of relationships and to determine the types of entities and arrangements that will best contribute to successful collaborative governance. Stewardship theory is revisited to provide a lens through which asset management governance can be examined. It is argued that the concerns of the community in regard to the long-term sustainability of infrastructure assets from environmental, accountability, strategic and business perspectives may be well served by a renewed conceptualization of stewardship theory.","PeriodicalId":207041,"journal":{"name":"2008 First International Conference on Infrastructure Systems and Services: Building Networks for a Brighter Future (INFRA)","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126323648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-12-01DOI: 10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439652
J. V. D. Pas, D. B. Agusdinata, Warren E. Walker, V. Marchau
Each year traffic in Europe claims more than 40,000 fatalities, of which one third are due to inappropriate speed. This makes increasing traffic safety and reducing speeding important policy objectives for public policymakers. A possible measure to help achieve these objectives is implementing Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA), an in-vehicle device that assists a driver in maintaining the appropriate speed. Past research in this field focuses on estimating ISA's safety benefits, as well as the impact of ISA on other criteria, such as emissions, throughput, and travel time. Coming up with a robust policy, however, also requires insights into the trade-offs the various stakeholders make with respect to these criteria. In this paper, we show how exploratory modeling in a multi-criteria multi-stakeholder context can support developing robust policies for implementing ISA.
{"title":"Developing robust Intelligent Speed Adaptation policies within a multi-stakeholder context: An application of exploratory modeling","authors":"J. V. D. Pas, D. B. Agusdinata, Warren E. Walker, V. Marchau","doi":"10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439652","url":null,"abstract":"Each year traffic in Europe claims more than 40,000 fatalities, of which one third are due to inappropriate speed. This makes increasing traffic safety and reducing speeding important policy objectives for public policymakers. A possible measure to help achieve these objectives is implementing Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA), an in-vehicle device that assists a driver in maintaining the appropriate speed. Past research in this field focuses on estimating ISA's safety benefits, as well as the impact of ISA on other criteria, such as emissions, throughput, and travel time. Coming up with a robust policy, however, also requires insights into the trade-offs the various stakeholders make with respect to these criteria. In this paper, we show how exploratory modeling in a multi-criteria multi-stakeholder context can support developing robust policies for implementing ISA.","PeriodicalId":207041,"journal":{"name":"2008 First International Conference on Infrastructure Systems and Services: Building Networks for a Brighter Future (INFRA)","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134392746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-11DOI: 10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439688
R. Duan, Geert Deconinck
To realize the emerging potential of Distributed Generation (DG), a system approach which views generation and associated loads as microgrids is becoming a promising solution for the future power infrastructure. However, DG implies unpredictability of the energy production, in addition to the unpredictability of energy consumption. On the purpose of matching electricity supply and demand, an agent-based coordination system has been designed to handle the real-time equilibrium. This multi-agent system is based on an auction algorithm to obtain an optimal cost allocation. Simulation results, based on realistic profiles of suppliers and consumers of electrical energy, indicate swift responsiveness and scalability of the approach.
{"title":"Agent coordination for supply and demand match in microgrids with auction mechanism","authors":"R. Duan, Geert Deconinck","doi":"10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439688","url":null,"abstract":"To realize the emerging potential of Distributed Generation (DG), a system approach which views generation and associated loads as microgrids is becoming a promising solution for the future power infrastructure. However, DG implies unpredictability of the energy production, in addition to the unpredictability of energy consumption. On the purpose of matching electricity supply and demand, an agent-based coordination system has been designed to handle the real-time equilibrium. This multi-agent system is based on an auction algorithm to obtain an optimal cost allocation. Simulation results, based on realistic profiles of suppliers and consumers of electrical energy, indicate swift responsiveness and scalability of the approach.","PeriodicalId":207041,"journal":{"name":"2008 First International Conference on Infrastructure Systems and Services: Building Networks for a Brighter Future (INFRA)","volume":"75 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123185906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-10DOI: 10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439630
L. Vandezande, L. Meeus, M. Saguan, J. Glachant, R. Belmans
Following initiatives on the day-ahead and intra-day stage, a cross-border approach towards real-time balancing constitutes a logical next step in the process towards an Internal Electricity Market (IEM) in Europe. Determining the real-time price for energy on which market parties need to be able to rely for last resort supply, well designed cross-border balancing markets are a key element in an efficiently functioning IEM. For the moment, balancing market designs significantly differ between countries and a coordinated approach for cross-border exchange of balancing services is lacking. This paper identifies possible distortions following an insufficient harmonization of national designs and derives both minimal prerequisites and long term recommendations for the implementation of cross-border balancing in Europe.
{"title":"Implementation of cross-border balancing in Europe","authors":"L. Vandezande, L. Meeus, M. Saguan, J. Glachant, R. Belmans","doi":"10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439630","url":null,"abstract":"Following initiatives on the day-ahead and intra-day stage, a cross-border approach towards real-time balancing constitutes a logical next step in the process towards an Internal Electricity Market (IEM) in Europe. Determining the real-time price for energy on which market parties need to be able to rely for last resort supply, well designed cross-border balancing markets are a key element in an efficiently functioning IEM. For the moment, balancing market designs significantly differ between countries and a coordinated approach for cross-border exchange of balancing services is lacking. This paper identifies possible distortions following an insufficient harmonization of national designs and derives both minimal prerequisites and long term recommendations for the implementation of cross-border balancing in Europe.","PeriodicalId":207041,"journal":{"name":"2008 First International Conference on Infrastructure Systems and Services: Building Networks for a Brighter Future (INFRA)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125590652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-10DOI: 10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439613
V. Rious, J. Usaola, M. Saguan, J. Glachant, P. Dessante
This paper aims at assessing the impact of massive wind power penetration on the calculation of ATC. Calculations are made for the ATC between France and Belgium and are realized on a realistic European Electricity Network. We find that the German wind power production make this ATC vary depending on the total wind power production and its geographical distribution in Germany. Wind power production and the nodes involved in cross-border exchange must then be forecast precisely so that the cross-border exchange can be maximal without breaching network security.
{"title":"Assessing available transfer capacity on a realistic European Network: Impact of assumptions on wind power generation","authors":"V. Rious, J. Usaola, M. Saguan, J. Glachant, P. Dessante","doi":"10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439613","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims at assessing the impact of massive wind power penetration on the calculation of ATC. Calculations are made for the ATC between France and Belgium and are realized on a realistic European Electricity Network. We find that the German wind power production make this ATC vary depending on the total wind power production and its geographical distribution in Germany. Wind power production and the nodes involved in cross-border exchange must then be forecast precisely so that the cross-border exchange can be maximal without breaching network security.","PeriodicalId":207041,"journal":{"name":"2008 First International Conference on Infrastructure Systems and Services: Building Networks for a Brighter Future (INFRA)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128643933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-10DOI: 10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439602
V. Rious, P. Dessante, J. Glachant
This paper proposes a model and preliminary results to evaluate the efficiency of anticipating the connection of power plants with shorter construction duration than the time needed to obtain the right to upgrade the network and finally to do this reinforcement. This evaluation is made in presence of a cost of anticipation related to the study of the project of network investment and to the administrative procedures needed to obtain the building agreement. This model compares a proactive TSO that anticipates the connection of new generators and then the required network reinforcement, with a reactive one that does not make any anticipation but that may then face greater congestion while the network is being reinforced. The efficiency of these behaviors is measured in terms of social cost. We find out that there exists a limit of probability for the connection of generators beyond which a proactive TSO is more efficient than a reactive one. Evaluated on a realistic case of connection, this limit of probability is found quite low, which indicates that the proactive behavior for a TSO shall generally be the optimal one.
{"title":"Anticipation for efficient electricity transmission network investments","authors":"V. Rious, P. Dessante, J. Glachant","doi":"10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439602","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a model and preliminary results to evaluate the efficiency of anticipating the connection of power plants with shorter construction duration than the time needed to obtain the right to upgrade the network and finally to do this reinforcement. This evaluation is made in presence of a cost of anticipation related to the study of the project of network investment and to the administrative procedures needed to obtain the building agreement. This model compares a proactive TSO that anticipates the connection of new generators and then the required network reinforcement, with a reactive one that does not make any anticipation but that may then face greater congestion while the network is being reinforced. The efficiency of these behaviors is measured in terms of social cost. We find out that there exists a limit of probability for the connection of generators beyond which a proactive TSO is more efficient than a reactive one. Evaluated on a realistic case of connection, this limit of probability is found quite low, which indicates that the proactive behavior for a TSO shall generally be the optimal one.","PeriodicalId":207041,"journal":{"name":"2008 First International Conference on Infrastructure Systems and Services: Building Networks for a Brighter Future (INFRA)","volume":"2010 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116907174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1504/IJCIS.2010.031072
I. Nikolic, G. Dijkema
To achieve sustainability of our ever changing and evolving world system, we must view it as a control/engineering problem on a massive scale. Infrastructure systems are an essential part of this world and are critical to achieve sustain-ability. We conjecture that in order to sufficiently understand and manage these systems we need models that match their scale, complexity and evolutionary nature. In order to eventually capture the full diversity and adaptivity of the 'world system', and specifically the infrastructures that sustain it, we have developed an evolving, modular, approach for developing models of infrastructure evolution. This approach combines a staged and tested social process that enables model specification, a modular Java based simulation engine and an ontology, which is a formal language specification that uniquely defines the interface between minds (knowledge) and simulation models (executable code). The ultimate goal is to underpin decision-making in or on infrastructure systems. In the paper we will introduce the basic requirements necessary for creation of the evolving modeling and illustrate the adaptive approach for Agent Based Model development by showing a series of ever more complex models.
{"title":"On the development of Agent-Based Models for infrastructure evolution","authors":"I. Nikolic, G. Dijkema","doi":"10.1504/IJCIS.2010.031072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCIS.2010.031072","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve sustainability of our ever changing and evolving world system, we must view it as a control/engineering problem on a massive scale. Infrastructure systems are an essential part of this world and are critical to achieve sustain-ability. We conjecture that in order to sufficiently understand and manage these systems we need models that match their scale, complexity and evolutionary nature. In order to eventually capture the full diversity and adaptivity of the 'world system', and specifically the infrastructures that sustain it, we have developed an evolving, modular, approach for developing models of infrastructure evolution. This approach combines a staged and tested social process that enables model specification, a modular Java based simulation engine and an ontology, which is a formal language specification that uniquely defines the interface between minds (knowledge) and simulation models (executable code). The ultimate goal is to underpin decision-making in or on infrastructure systems. In the paper we will introduce the basic requirements necessary for creation of the evolving modeling and illustrate the adaptive approach for Agent Based Model development by showing a series of ever more complex models.","PeriodicalId":207041,"journal":{"name":"2008 First International Conference on Infrastructure Systems and Services: Building Networks for a Brighter Future (INFRA)","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123045001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439642
Matti Siemiatycki
Optimism bias has been a considerable challenge in the planning and delivery of public services, particularly infrastructure mega projects. This has resulted in consistently underestimated costs and overestimated benefits, as well as delivery delays. This paper explores whether innovative mechanisms of collecting and publicly disseminating information about the performance of government contractors on past projects can contribute to improving the success rate of future initiatives. Drawing on international examples from North America, Europe and Asia, it is argued that the production of widely available league tables of corporate performance will have two key benefits. First, public sector procurement managers will have greater information with which to select companies with a strong reputation of successfully planning and delivering similar projects. Second, with performance rankings being used by decision-makers as part of the criteria to select future tenders, private sector partners will have greater incentive to challenge the institutional forces that cause optimism biases.
{"title":"Managing optimism biases in the delivery of large-infrastructure projects: A corporate performance benchmarking approach","authors":"Matti Siemiatycki","doi":"10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439642","url":null,"abstract":"Optimism bias has been a considerable challenge in the planning and delivery of public services, particularly infrastructure mega projects. This has resulted in consistently underestimated costs and overestimated benefits, as well as delivery delays. This paper explores whether innovative mechanisms of collecting and publicly disseminating information about the performance of government contractors on past projects can contribute to improving the success rate of future initiatives. Drawing on international examples from North America, Europe and Asia, it is argued that the production of widely available league tables of corporate performance will have two key benefits. First, public sector procurement managers will have greater information with which to select companies with a strong reputation of successfully planning and delivering similar projects. Second, with performance rankings being used by decision-makers as part of the criteria to select future tenders, private sector partners will have greater incentive to challenge the institutional forces that cause optimism biases.","PeriodicalId":207041,"journal":{"name":"2008 First International Conference on Infrastructure Systems and Services: Building Networks for a Brighter Future (INFRA)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117266888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439603
M. Finger, R. Künneke
The purpose of this paper is to discuss various institutional arrangements in relation to different techno-economic conditions in network industries. We proceed along three steps: we first describe typical technological and economic configurations in the network industries that are related to essential technical functions. In a second step we summarize typical modes of organization that are applied in infrastructure reforms. The liberalization of infrastructures depends on the opportunities to configure these modes of organization for essential technical functions towards competition and private sector involvement. This approach allows us identifying different techno-economic configurations of infrastructures, and thus different institutional opportunities for liberalization that we describe as a third step. Depending on the political and economic systems, each of these institutional configurations can be addressed in different ways, allowing for different national styles of infrastructure reform.
{"title":"Towards a typology of regulatory governance regimes in the liberalizing network industries","authors":"M. Finger, R. Künneke","doi":"10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439603","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to discuss various institutional arrangements in relation to different techno-economic conditions in network industries. We proceed along three steps: we first describe typical technological and economic configurations in the network industries that are related to essential technical functions. In a second step we summarize typical modes of organization that are applied in infrastructure reforms. The liberalization of infrastructures depends on the opportunities to configure these modes of organization for essential technical functions towards competition and private sector involvement. This approach allows us identifying different techno-economic configurations of infrastructures, and thus different institutional opportunities for liberalization that we describe as a third step. Depending on the political and economic systems, each of these institutional configurations can be addressed in different ways, allowing for different national styles of infrastructure reform.","PeriodicalId":207041,"journal":{"name":"2008 First International Conference on Infrastructure Systems and Services: Building Networks for a Brighter Future (INFRA)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126170975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439595
Martin de Jong, Shanshan Xu, Dominic Stead
Rapidly growing motorization has led to high levels of traffic congestion and emissions and encouraged large Chinese metropolitan areas to invest in subway developments. The financial burden of these projects, however, far exceeds the availability of public funds. As a consequence, the Chinese government has started to allow lower tiers of government to experiment with Public Private Partnerships (PPP) and private finance to supplement the funding deficit. Analysts often claim that countries have to fulfill certain institutional, macro-economic and other requirements before they can make effective use of PPP. In this article, China's record in meeting those requirements is examined and conclusions are drawn as to where the remaining weaknesses lie. Seven recent PPP projects for subways in five large metropolitan areas in China (Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Chongqing and Harbin) are investigated empirically. Conclusions are drawn concerning China's current status regarding the use of PPP and the likely prospects for PPP in China in the future.
{"title":"Applying public-private partnership to subway construction in China: What is the evidence?","authors":"Martin de Jong, Shanshan Xu, Dominic Stead","doi":"10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INFRA.2008.5439595","url":null,"abstract":"Rapidly growing motorization has led to high levels of traffic congestion and emissions and encouraged large Chinese metropolitan areas to invest in subway developments. The financial burden of these projects, however, far exceeds the availability of public funds. As a consequence, the Chinese government has started to allow lower tiers of government to experiment with Public Private Partnerships (PPP) and private finance to supplement the funding deficit. Analysts often claim that countries have to fulfill certain institutional, macro-economic and other requirements before they can make effective use of PPP. In this article, China's record in meeting those requirements is examined and conclusions are drawn as to where the remaining weaknesses lie. Seven recent PPP projects for subways in five large metropolitan areas in China (Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Chongqing and Harbin) are investigated empirically. Conclusions are drawn concerning China's current status regarding the use of PPP and the likely prospects for PPP in China in the future.","PeriodicalId":207041,"journal":{"name":"2008 First International Conference on Infrastructure Systems and Services: Building Networks for a Brighter Future (INFRA)","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129509337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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