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[Epidemiological indicators and correlations of adolescent aggression in an urban student population]. [城市学生群体青少年攻击行为的流行病学指标及相关性]。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-19 DOI: 10.22365/jpsych.2022.065
Zacharias Kalogerakis, Helen Lazaratou, Dimitris Dikeos, Giota Touloumi, Kostas Kollias, Marina Economou, Charalampos Papageorgiou

Adolescent aggression has received a wide and longtime attention in scientific research, because of the extent of the phenomenon in this age group and of the negative consequences it inflicts on affected adolescents, and their human environments. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the proportion (of high levels) of aggressive behaviors (physical, verbal, and direct aggression, anger, and hostility) in an urban sample of adolescent students, as well as to investigate associations between the occurrence of these behaviors, and adolescents' characteristics and mental health problems. The sample consisted of 2050 students attending the second grade of 49 random selected High Schools and Senior High Schools of the Regional Unit of the Central Sector of Attica and Piraeus. The Buss- Perry Aggression Questionnaire was administered to measure participants' aggression behaviors, while the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire was also used to estimate their mental health and behavioral difficulties. Information about adolescents' individual, family, and school characteristics, was also collected. Results of the statistical analysis showed that the occurrence rates of high levels of participants' aggressive behaviors ranged between 2.2 (for total aggression) and 10.5% (for anger). Among individual characteristics, gender (with boys predominating in physical and direct aggression and girls in anger), (older) age, and sports activity (to direct aggression) were related to participants' aggressive behaviors. On the other hand, non-intact family structure and household insecurity food intake were positive correlated with specific aggressive behaviors, while pocket money allowance was positive associated with all of them. Concerning participants' mental health and behavioral issues, conduct problems and hyperactivity/ inattention were positive correlated with all investigated aggressive behaviors. In conclusion, the vast majority of the Central Sector of Attica and Piraeus adolescents did not seem to show high levels of aggressive behaviors (except anger). Nevertheless, considering this study outcomes (such as the "aggressive" burden of older adolescents, the role of family structure and pocket money allowance, as well as the co-occurrence with mental and behavioral problems), further longitudinal study is required to better understand the mechanisms that facilitate adolescent aggression.

青少年的攻击性行为在科学研究中受到了广泛和长期的关注,因为这一现象在这一年龄组中很普遍,而且它给受影响的青少年及其人类环境造成了消极后果。本横断面研究的目的是确定攻击性行为(身体、言语、直接攻击、愤怒和敌意)在城市青少年学生样本中的比例(高水平),并调查这些行为的发生与青少年特征和心理健康问题之间的关系。样本包括在阿提卡和比雷埃夫斯中部地区49所随机抽取的高中和高中就读二年级的2050名学生。使用Buss- Perry攻击行为问卷测量被试的攻击行为,同时使用力量与困难问卷评估被试的心理健康状况和行为困难。还收集了青少年的个人、家庭和学校特征的信息。统计分析结果显示,高水平攻击行为的发生率在2.2(总攻击)和10.5%(愤怒)之间。在个体特征中,性别(男孩以身体和直接攻击为主,女孩以愤怒为主)、年龄(较大)和体育活动(直接攻击)与参与者的攻击行为有关。另一方面,不完整的家庭结构和家庭不安全食物摄入与特定攻击行为呈正相关,而零用钱零用钱与这些行为均呈正相关。在心理健康和行为问题方面,行为问题和多动/注意力不集中与所有被调查的攻击行为呈正相关。总之,绝大多数阿提卡中部地区和比雷埃夫斯地区的青少年似乎并没有表现出高水平的攻击行为(除了愤怒)。然而,考虑到本研究的结果(如大龄青少年的“攻击性”负担,家庭结构和零用钱的作用,以及与精神和行为问题的共存),需要进一步的纵向研究来更好地理解促进青少年攻击的机制。
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引用次数: 0
[The model of co-production in mental health services]. [精神卫生服务的合作模式]。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-19 DOI: 10.22365/jpsych.2022.070
Evanthia Sakellari, Konstantinos Tsoukas, Gerasimos Kolaitis, Areti Lagiou
Service users' right to be involved in decisions concerning their health and quality of life is not only an ethical issue, but also a key aspect for the efficiency and effectiveness of services in modern health systems. Through co-production, service users have an equal partner position in a comprehensive process that includes services design, provision and evaluation. The co-production model is not a new concept but an emerging idea for health services and in particular mental health services. This model is governed by basic principles and values, such as recognizing individuals as active and equal participants with valuable experiences, taking advantage of existing opportunities, sharing and mutual understanding, peer support, tackling discrimination, and facilitation instead of just services provision. Τhe benefits are many and important, both for users (i.e. enhancing trust in services, reducing stigma), and for health professionals and settings (i.e., extroversion and dissemination, increasing needs understanding, changing professionals' attitudes, more efficient use of resources). However, there are limitations which should be considered when co-production is implemented. Regarding co-production, the literature is relatively limited; while there is a plethora of publications on the concepts related to co-production and its principles (e.g., empowerment, advocacy, recovery, etc.). The adoption of the co-production approach in Greece could benefit significantly the mental health services, within the psychiatric reform by establishing an equal relationship between professionals and service users.
服务使用者参与有关其健康和生活质量的决策的权利不仅是一个伦理问题,而且也是现代卫生系统中服务效率和效力的一个关键方面。通过合作生产,服务使用者在包括服务设计、提供和评价在内的全面过程中具有平等的伙伴地位。合作制作模式不是一个新概念,而是卫生服务,特别是精神卫生服务的一个新兴想法。这种模式以基本原则和价值观为指导,例如承认个人是具有宝贵经验的积极和平等参与者,利用现有机会,分享和相互理解,同伴支持,解决歧视问题,提供便利而不仅仅是提供服务。Τhe对用户(即加强对服务的信任,减少污名)以及卫生专业人员和环境(即外向性和传播,增加对需求的了解,改变专业人员的态度,更有效地利用资源)都有许多重要的好处。然而,在实施合拍片时,应该考虑到一些限制。关于合拍片,文献相对有限;虽然关于联合制作及其原则的概念(例如,授权、宣传、恢复等)的出版物过多。在希腊,通过在专业人员和服务使用者之间建立平等的关系,采用合作制作办法可以在精神病学改革范围内大大有利于精神卫生服务。
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引用次数: 0
Sexual expression and the COVID-19 pandemic: The future of sexual intimacy after the COVID-19 pandemic. 性表达与COVID-19大流行:COVID-19大流行后性亲密关系的未来。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-19 DOI: 10.22365/jpsych.2023.009
Iraklis Mourikis

Humans, as social beings, rely on interaction in order to survive and "flourish". By nature, they are "weak" and when in solitary, their freedom is jeopardized. Connecting with others, intimacy, physical contact, and the sense of belonging are core needs, and once recognized as such, they ultimately serve one's freedom. In this context, social interaction serves as a fundamental factor for survival. The creation of bonds improves one's position in the evolutionary process, and paves the way towards the ultimate "goal" of existence. The COVID-19 pandemic and the measures to control its spread have disrupted every aspect of human activity. Social, academic, cultural, business, and economic activities have been drastically modified.1 The conscious experience of the threat of life has been a ubiquitous "dramatic reminder of human vulnerability". The environment became unintelligible, death was "present" at all times. People tried to find a new meaning of life and discover a new sense of self-worth. The triggered vulnerability, the isolation from friends and relatives that to date validated one's self-esteem, the unprecedented obstacles with respect to career goals, and unexpected job losses affected the global view of things.1 The restrictive measures and the resulting urgent vaccination created "dystopian" conditions, under which deriving pleasure became a luxury. Scientific data have shown that social distancing has led to high levels of psychological distress. Primary research conducted during the social restrictions as well as subsequent meta-analytical studies have revealed increased irritability, emotional instability, and ultimately an increase in emotional and anxiety disorders' prevalence.2 Undoubtedly, mental and sexual health share a strong and bidirectional relationship.3 International health organizations emphasize the positive impact of a healthy sexual life on psychological well-being. Sexual well-being can serve - along with other factors - as a protective measure against the development of psychopathology, while stable sexual activity acts as a safeguard for well-being in general. The negative relationship between psychological symptoms and sexual gratification has been repeatedly documented by research, highlighting the impact of anxiety on sexual desire, arousal, and overall satisfaction with sexual life.4 Given this relationship and the increased emotional vulnerability during the pandemic, one might wonder how this reciprocal path has been affected. Physical intimacy, one of the basic expressions of the connection between partners, could not remain unaffected. During the first year of the pandemic and the restrictive measures, it became difficult for partners to meet. Due to the measures and discouragement of gatherings, a strong fear of infection gradually developed and avoidance behaviors emerged. In some countries, there were recommendations for physical-sexual interactions' limitation, and use of masks in intimate situa

人类作为社会生物,依靠互动来生存和“繁荣”。从本质上讲,他们是“软弱的”,当他们被单独监禁时,他们的自由就受到了威胁。与他人的联系、亲密、身体接触和归属感是核心需求,一旦被认可,它们最终会为一个人的自由服务。在这种情况下,社会互动是生存的基本因素。纽带的建立提高了一个人在进化过程中的地位,并为最终的生存“目标”铺平了道路。COVID-19大流行及其控制传播的措施扰乱了人类活动的各个方面。社会、学术、文化、商业和经济活动都发生了巨大的变化对生命威胁的有意识体验一直是无处不在的“对人类脆弱性的戏剧性提醒”。环境变得难以理解,死亡每时每刻都“存在”。人们试图找到生活的新意义,发现新的自我价值感。被触发的脆弱,与朋友和亲戚的隔绝(迄今为止,这证实了一个人的自尊),职业目标方面前所未有的障碍,以及意外的失业影响了对事物的全局看法限制性措施和由此产生的紧急疫苗接种创造了“反乌托邦”的条件,在这种条件下,获得快乐成为一种奢侈。科学数据表明,社交距离导致了高度的心理困扰。在社会限制期间进行的初步研究以及随后的荟萃分析研究表明,易怒、情绪不稳定增加,最终情绪和焦虑障碍的患病率增加毫无疑问,心理健康和性健康有着密切的双向关系国际卫生组织强调健康的性生活对心理健康的积极影响。性幸福与其他因素一起,可以作为防止精神病理学发展的一种保护措施,而稳定的性活动通常是幸福的保障。心理症状与性满足之间的负相关关系已被研究反复记录,强调焦虑对性欲、性唤起和性生活总体满意度的影响鉴于这种关系以及大流行期间情绪脆弱性的增加,人们可能想知道这种互惠之路是如何受到影响的。身体上的亲密,作为伴侣之间关系的基本表达之一,也不能不受影响。在大流行和采取限制性措施的第一年,合作伙伴很难举行会议。由于采取措施和抑制聚集,人们逐渐产生了强烈的感染恐惧,出现了回避行为。在一些国家,建议限制身体-性互动,并在亲密情况下使用口罩这种情况的最终结果是,三分之一的人表现出这种恐惧,以至于他们完全避免与他们想要的人发生性接触,即使是在他们同居的情况下焦虑和生活质量下降似乎会影响性功能,尤其是与性欲和性唤起有关的方面。持续的生命威胁导致的恐惧和焦虑剥夺了个体从亲密关系中获得满足的能力,将性表达导向更安全的“以自我为中心”的取向。结果,无论是单身人士还是稳定的同居伴侣,通过自慰获得的自我满足都增加了另一方面,新形成的生活条件作为一种“载体”,试图寻找通往快乐的新途径。就像在过去的每一次危机中一样,人们需要“重塑”自己才能适应。鉴于每一次性接触都是一种多感官体验,也是一种心理释放的方式,他们寻找甚至创造了通往性释放的新途径。“虚拟性行为”的概念比疫情前出现得更为强烈。先前对数字性内容的使用只是促进了个人的性行为,现在则采取了另一种形式。交互式技术的使用使人们能够创造和分享——在大多数情况下是第一次——他们的个人情色内容对于那些没有稳定恋爱关系的人来说,互联网是性欲释放的有效替代品,而对于那些有稳定伴侣的人来说,在某些情况下,互联网促进了他们的关系,但对大多数人来说,互联网延长了他们的恐惧和回避亲密行为的时间。人类对联系、爱、调情和性表达的需求是无法消除的。 出现的问题是,已经发生的变化是否是永久性的,对现实生活中身体接触的需求是否减少了,以及人们与他人联系的方式是否已经永久改变了。现在有可能将性亲密行为概念化,并作为一种不同的东西来体验,也许这种流行病是一个因果因素,是密切关系方面预先确定的方向改变的有力催化剂。无论如何,必须深入了解性因素与心理健康之间动态相互作用的临床意义。作为心理健康专业人员,我们必须考虑到性表达的变化或新的方面,并以科学的严谨和对人性的尊重,我们应该继续强调性与生活质量之间牢不可破的联系。我们必须认识到,人类对亲密和有意义的、稳定的联系的永恒需求,而不顾最近的大流行病等情况造成的威胁因素和不确定性。
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引用次数: 0
[Evaluation tools of the characteristics of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents: A literature review]. [儿童青少年注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)特征评价工具:文献综述]。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-19 DOI: 10.22365/jpsych.2021.034
Maria Gamvrouli, Iro Gamvrouli, Christos Triantafyllou

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly occurring developmental disorders of childhood, which can often be present after adulthood. The main symptoms of ADHD are distraction, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity, which are common in childhood, and for this reason, the diagnosis is usually delayed. At the same time, in several cases, the problems caused by ADHD (such as behavioral and social adjustment problems and problems in school performance) are considered as results of other co-existing situations (such as family problems, environmental change, and developmental pathologies). For this reason, ADHD often remains undiagnosed or misdiagnosed and even when it is accurately diagnosed, a comprehensive model of a combination of therapeutic approaches that are required to treat it, is not always applied. Today, there are a plethora of tests used to assess specific deficits presented by both children and adolescents with ADHD. The purpose of this literature review was to present tools and tests used in the evaluation of children and adolescents with ADHD. Search was performed on PubMed until February 20, 2021, without time limit for the publication of scientific papers. Studies were excluded if they were not published in English language, were conducted on animals and were case studies, editorials, and letters to the editor. Of the scientific papers retrieved, 15 were included in the systematic review. Some of the specialized tests used in the evaluation of children and adolescents with ADHD are the Children's Color Trails Test (CCTT), the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), the Conner's' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Testing (IVA-CPT), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the 30-item Semi-Structured Interview with Parents (CAPA- RAD), the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS). In conclusion, there are a number of evaluation tools that can be used to evaluate specific deficits presented by children and adolescents with ADHD, as well as to evaluate the course of treatment, but also to distinguish children and adolescents with ADHD from those with other types of cognitive and learning disorders.

注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是儿童期最常见的发育障碍之一,通常在成年后出现。多动症的主要症状是注意力不集中、冲动和多动,这些在儿童时期很常见,因此,诊断通常会延迟。与此同时,在一些情况下,ADHD引起的问题(如行为和社会适应问题以及学校表现问题)被认为是其他共存情况(如家庭问题、环境变化和发展病理)的结果。由于这个原因,多动症经常未被诊断或误诊,即使被准确诊断出来,也并不总是适用于治疗它所需的综合治疗方法的综合模型。今天,有大量的测试用于评估儿童和青少年多动症患者的具体缺陷。本文献综述的目的是介绍用于评估儿童和青少年多动症的工具和测试。在PubMed上进行检索至2021年2月20日,对科学论文的发表没有时间限制。如果研究不是用英语发表的,在动物身上进行的,并且是案例研究,社论和给编辑的信,则被排除在外。在检索到的科学论文中,有15篇被纳入系统评价。用于儿童和青少年多动症评估的一些专门测试是儿童颜色轨迹测试(CCTT)、注意变量测试(TOVA)、连续表现测试(CPT)、康纳父母评定量表(CPRS)、儿童行为检查表(CBCL)、视觉和听觉连续表现测试(IVA-CPT)、视觉模拟量表(VAS)、30项半结构化父母访谈(CAPA- RAD)、对照口语单词联想测验(COWAT)、康纳斯教师评定量表(CTRS)。综上所述,有许多评估工具可用于评估ADHD儿童和青少年所表现出的特定缺陷,以及评估治疗过程,同时也可用于区分ADHD儿童和青少年与其他类型的认知和学习障碍。
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引用次数: 2
Internet gaming disorder, exercise and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The role of symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. 网络游戏障碍、运动和注意缺陷多动障碍:抑郁、焦虑和压力症状的作用。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.22365/jpsych.2022.098
Christina Masklavanou, Kalliopi Triantafyllou, Thomas Paparrigopoulos, Vana Sypsa, Artemios Pehlivanidis

One of the issues that have risen the past few decades due to excessive use of technological advances is internet gaming disorder (IGD). Past research has concluded that there is a negative association between IGD and exercise as well as a positive association between IGD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the existing studies on these subjects are scarce. Furthermore, researchers have showcased that symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress are positively associated with IGD and ADHD but negatively associated with exercise. Consequently, maybe these symptoms mediate the relationships between IGD, exercise and ADHD. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between IGD and exercise as well as between IGD and ADHD. A correlational study was conducted on 515 adults through Google forms. The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form was used to detect IGD symptoms, the Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire was utilized so as to evaluate participants' leisure - time exercise habits, and the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale was used to assess ADHD symptoms. Furthermore, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 was utilized to evaluate symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. It was found that there is a negative correlation between IGD symptoms and leisure time exercise as well as a positive correlation between IGD symptoms and ADHD symptoms. Moreover, when taking all the variables that were examined into consideration, it was indicated that inattention symptoms and impulsivity symptoms were significantly associated with IGD symptoms whereas symptoms of depression were partially and significantly mediating the association between IGD symptoms and Attention deficit as well as the association between IGD symptoms and Impulsivity. The findings of the current study suggest that people who deal with IGD symptoms tend to exercise less on their free time. Additionally, people with more IGD symptoms display not only more ADHD symptoms, symptoms of inattention and impulsivity specifically, but also more symptoms of depression. Therefore, clinicians should evaluate the possible coexistence of such symptoms when treating people with IGD, in order to prevent as well as treat more efficiently IGD and its consequences.

在过去的几十年里,由于过度使用技术进步而出现的一个问题是网络游戏障碍(IGD)。过去的研究已经得出结论,IGD与运动之间存在负相关,而IGD与注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)之间存在正相关。然而,现有的关于这些问题的研究很少。此外,研究人员还表明,抑郁、焦虑和压力的症状与IGD和ADHD呈正相关,但与运动呈负相关。因此,也许这些症状调解了IGD、运动和ADHD之间的关系。本研究的目的是探讨IGD与运动之间的关系,以及IGD与ADHD之间的关系。通过谷歌表格对515名成年人进行了相关研究。采用《网络游戏障碍简易量表》检测IGD症状,采用《休闲运动问卷》评估被试的休闲运动习惯,采用《Barkley成人ADHD评定量表》评估ADHD症状。此外,抑郁、焦虑和压力量表-21被用来评估抑郁、焦虑和压力的症状。研究发现,IGD症状与休闲时间运动呈负相关,而IGD症状与ADHD症状呈正相关。此外,当考虑到所有的变量时,表明注意力不集中症状和冲动症状与IGD症状显著相关,而抑郁症状在IGD症状与注意缺陷以及IGD症状与冲动性之间的关联中起到部分和显著的中介作用。目前的研究结果表明,患有IGD症状的人往往在空闲时间锻炼得更少。此外,患有更多IGD症状的人不仅表现出更多的ADHD症状,特别是注意力不集中和冲动的症状,而且还表现出更多的抑郁症状。因此,临床医生在治疗IGD患者时应评估这些症状可能共存的情况,以便更有效地预防和治疗IGD及其后果。
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引用次数: 1
Brief Solution Focused Therapy on schizophrenia: A preliminary study of family characteristics and psychopathology. 精神分裂症的短期集中治疗:家庭特征和精神病理学的初步研究。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.22365/jpsych.2022.085
Eleni I Aivalioti, Panagiotis Simos, Maria Basta, Alexandros N Vgontzas

Family therapy for schizophrenia has been demonstrated to be effective and is recommended by international clinical guidelines. Reviews of family therapy research conclude that interventions may prevent relapse of the disease, when symptoms are already reduced under psychotropic medication, by reducing family factors associated with relapse. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Brief Solution Focused therapy (BSFT) in patients with schizophrenia focusing on the impact of change in family characteristics such as cohesion, conflict, organization and control on patients' psychopathology measured with BPRS. Thirty patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to the control or intervention group. The intervention group received treatment according to the BSFT model, whereas the control group received the standard care for schizophrenia. The BSFT is a future-oriented psychotherapy model which encourages clients to focus on ''change-talking'' instead of ''problem-talking'' and on instances where a successful solution has been achieved. The intervention was consisted of 5 sessions delivered in 3 months. Main outcomes were patient-rated family characteristics measured by the Family Environment Scale (FES), and psychiatrist-rated symptom severity measured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). The two groups did not differ in terms of age, sex, number of relapses, previous hospital admissions, and BPRS score at baseline. At the end of treatment compared to baseline there was a reduction of the BPRS score in the intervention group (p<0.001) whereas no statistically significant changes were noticed in the control group after 3 months. Also, following treatment, patients in the intervention group displayed reduced scores on the Conflict FES scale (p=0.001) accompanied by increased scores on the Cohesion (p=0.004), Expressiveness (p=0.004), and Active Recreational subscales (p=0.001) according to patient's perspective. These preliminary findings suggest that BSFT in patients with schizophrenia, appears to be effective in altering the global properties of the whole family system, specifically cohesion, conflict, organization and control which, in turn, have an impact on reducing patient psychopathology.

精神分裂症的家庭治疗已被证明是有效的,并被国际临床指南推荐。对家庭治疗研究的回顾得出结论,当使用精神药物治疗症状已经减轻时,干预措施可以通过减少与复发相关的家庭因素来预防疾病复发。摘要本研究旨在探讨以简短解决为重点的治疗方法(Brief Solution Focused therapy,简称BSFT)对精神分裂症患者的治疗效果,探讨家庭凝聚力、冲突、组织和控制等家庭特征的改变对BPRS测量的患者精神病理的影响。30名确诊为精神分裂症的患者被随机分配到对照组或干预组。干预组按BSFT模型治疗,对照组按精神分裂症标准治疗。BSFT是一种面向未来的心理治疗模式,鼓励来访者专注于“谈论改变”而不是“谈论问题”,以及成功解决问题的实例。干预包括在3个月内进行的5次治疗。主要结局是用家庭环境量表(FES)测量患者评定的家庭特征,用简短精神病学评定量表(BPRS)测量精神科医生评定的症状严重程度。两组在年龄、性别、复发次数、既往住院情况和基线BPRS评分方面没有差异。在治疗结束时,与基线相比,干预组的BPRS评分降低(p
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引用次数: 1
Group psychotherapy for parents of patients with borderline personality disorder: Βasic assumptions and group containing function. 边缘型人格障碍患者父母的群体心理治疗:Βasic假设与群体包容功能。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.22365/jpsych.2022.080
Pentagiotissa Stefanatou

Patients with borderline personality disorders (BPD) have great difficulties with interpersonal relations. Their extreme difficulties with interpersonal relations are illustrated in psychic family interaction. Parents become the recipients of conflicts and patient's aggressive behaviour, while family stress increases due to suicidal tendency, self-injuries and substance abuse. The current report presents the introduction of group psychotherapy for parents of young adult patients with BPD, treated in a special unit of personality disorders at Eginition Hospital. The aim is, through the parallel group therapy of patients and their parents, to establish the conditions of continuing therapy for the patients as well as maintaining therapy outcomes and to construct a facilitating environment where the family's mental pain, anxieties, anger, shame, guilt and sadness can be contained. Clinical material from the first sessions of a 13-member parent group is presented to illustrate the resistances, the primitive defenses and the basic assumptions of dependency and fight-flight developing in therapeutic work with parents. Furthermore, the groups' split and hostile transference communications and the therapists' countertransference reactions are discussed. Τhe containing function of the group is described as a therapeutic process of transformation of the primitive anxieties and projective identifications, which is gradually established through the therapists' elaboration of their countertransference reactions and their tolerance to hostility and confusion. Containment facilitates the establishment of a group culture of empathic understanding for parents' unconscious resistances, denial of the illness and negative projections onto their child and the therapists, so that resistances gradually to be curbed and archaic projections to be transformed. Hence, the group is expected to function as a safe space to allow the manifestation and relief of destruction anxieties, and the expression of unuttered and intolerable emotions. Finally, the group as a mother-object is expected to be internalised as a model of positive parental care, enhancing the empathic and reflective ability of the parents so that they may repeat the parental role in a process of reparation.

边缘型人格障碍(BPD)患者在人际关系方面存在很大困难。他们在人际关系上的极端困难体现在心理家庭互动中。父母成为冲突和患者攻击行为的接受者,而家庭压力则因自杀倾向、自残和药物滥用而增加。目前的报告介绍了对年轻成年BPD患者的父母进行团体心理治疗的介绍,这些患者在埃基辛医院的一个特殊的人格障碍单元接受治疗。目的是通过患者和家长的平行团体治疗,为患者建立持续治疗的条件,维持治疗效果,并建立一个有利于家庭心理痛苦、焦虑、愤怒、羞耻、内疚和悲伤的环境。本文介绍了一个由13名成员组成的父母小组的第一次会议的临床资料,以说明在与父母的治疗工作中发展的抵抗,原始防御和依赖和战斗-逃跑的基本假设。此外,还讨论了小组分裂和敌对的移情沟通以及治疗师的反移情反应。Τhe群体的包容功能被描述为原始焦虑和投射性认同转化的治疗过程,这是通过治疗师对他们的反移情反应和对敌意和困惑的容忍的阐述而逐渐建立起来的。遏制有助于建立一种群体文化,对父母无意识的抵抗、对疾病的否认以及对孩子和治疗师的负面投射进行共情理解,从而逐渐抑制抵抗,改变陈旧的投射。因此,该团体被期望作为一个安全的空间,允许表现和缓解破坏焦虑,以及表达无法表达和无法忍受的情绪。最后,作为母亲对象的群体有望内化为积极父母关怀的典范,增强父母的移情和反思能力,以便他们可以在修复过程中重复父母的角色。
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引用次数: 1
Relationship between sleep and measures of attention, executive functions, and processing speed in children with autism spectrum disorder: systematic review. 自闭症谱系障碍儿童睡眠与注意力、执行功能和处理速度的关系:系统综述。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.22365/jpsych.2022.091
Gavriil Karavasilis, Anastasia Statiri

Sleep disorders represent a common comorbidity among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder with prevalence ranging from 50 to 80%. Poor quality sleep has negative impact on individuals' cognitive functions such as self-regulation, attention, executive functions, memory, and speed of processing. The aim of this literature review was to examine the correlation between sleep and measures of attention, executive functions, and processing speed among children with autism. This review included research articles published between 2012 and May 2022 in PubMed and Scopus databases, using the keywords "sleep" AND "attention" OR "executive functions" OR "processing speed" AND "autism" AND "children". These key-words were accompanied by synonym, close-related, or underlying terms using the Boolean connector OR. 1226 results yielded but the total number of original papers was reduced to 90 after checking for duplicate publications and title/abstract screening. 68 out of the 90 articles were excluded as irrelevant to the scope of the present study, after reading the full text. As a result, 22 studies were included in the present review, which was compiled by the PRISMA protocol. Exclusion criteria were papers published in any other language rather than English, non-research articles and studies in typically developing and/or adult population. Regarding the measurement of sleep quality, most studies used subjective measures, such as questionnaires with reports and parental observations of participants' sleep habits and behaviours. In terms of measuring the under examination cognitive functions, most studies used subjective rather than objective instruments. In the case of attention, most studies tested it as a unitary construct by using questionnaires. Contrary, regarding Executive Functions, the majority of studies examined specific aspects, such inhibition, shifting and working memory, rather than executive functions as a unitary construct. Results showed a strong correlation between sleep and measures of attention, whereas results for executive functions and processing speed are less clear. Early and accurate diagnosis of sleep disorders could prove to be crucial in the regulation of these cognitive functions in children with autism, as it implies early and targeted intervention. Conclusively, further research on sleep quality improvement interventions is needed in autism individuals.

睡眠障碍是儿童和青少年自闭症谱系障碍的常见合并症,患病率为50%至80%。睡眠质量差会对个人的认知功能产生负面影响,如自我调节、注意力、执行功能、记忆力和处理速度。这篇文献综述的目的是研究自闭症儿童的睡眠与注意力、执行功能和处理速度之间的关系。该综述包括2012年至2022年5月在PubMed和Scopus数据库中发表的研究文章,使用关键词“睡眠”和“注意力”或“执行功能”或“处理速度”和“自闭症”和“儿童”。这些关键字使用布尔连接器or与同义词、密切相关或基础术语一起出现。结果为1226篇,但在检查了重复出版物和标题/摘要筛选后,原始论文的总数减少到90篇。在阅读全文后,90篇文章中有68篇因与本研究的范围无关而被排除。因此,本综述纳入了22项研究,这是由PRISMA协议汇编的。排除标准是用英语以外的任何其他语言发表的论文、非研究论文和针对典型发展中国家和/或成年人群的研究。关于睡眠质量的测量,大多数研究采用主观测量方法,例如问卷调查和报告以及父母对参与者睡眠习惯和行为的观察。在测量被试认知功能方面,大多数研究使用主观而非客观的工具。就注意力而言,大多数研究通过问卷调查的方式将其作为一个单一的结构进行测试。相反,关于执行功能,大多数研究考察的是特定方面,如抑制、移动和工作记忆,而不是将执行功能作为一个单一的结构。结果显示,睡眠和注意力之间存在很强的相关性,而执行功能和处理速度的结果则不太清楚。早期和准确的睡眠障碍诊断可能对自闭症儿童的这些认知功能的调节至关重要,因为它意味着早期和有针对性的干预。总之,需要进一步研究自闭症患者的睡眠质量改善干预措施。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with personality disorders. 新冠肺炎疫情对人格障碍患者的影响
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.22365/jpsych.2023.004
Ioannis A Malogiannis

Three years after the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, numerous epidemiological studies confirm its significant psychological impact. Recent meta-analyses with 50,000-70000 participants noted the increase in anxiety, depression and feelings of loneliness in the general population.1 Patients with pre-existing mental disorders were a vulnerable group at high risk of deterioration.1,2 As part of the measures to combat the pandemic, the operation of mental health services was reduced, the access to them became more difficult and the provision of supportive and psychotherapeutic interventions continued through telepsychiatry.2 Of particular interest is the study of the impact of the pandemic on patients with personality disorders (PD).3 These patients experience severe difficulties related to interpersonal relationships and identity, which lie at the basis of intense affective and behavioral manifestations.4,5 Most studies on the impact of the pandemic on patients with personality pathology have focused on borderline personality disorder (BPD).6 Social distancing measures during the pandemic and increased sense of loneliness are serious aggravating factors for patients with BPD and may cause anxieties of abandonment and rejection, social withdrawal, and feelings of emptiness. Consequently, the patients' susceptibility to risky behaviors and substance use increases.3,7 The anxieties caused by the condition, as well as the feeling of not being in control of the situation by the subject, may mobilize paranoid ideation in patients with BPD, which further exacerbates the difficulties in their interpersonal relationships.7 In a Nordic multicenter study of 1120 outpatients with PD during the first wave of the pandemic, results showed an increase in anxiety, depression, aggression, substance use, social isolation and a decrease in work activity, while the rates of suicidal behaviors remained the same.8 On the other hand, for some patients the restricted exposure to interpersonal triggers could lead to amelioration of symptoms.7 Several papers have studied the number of visits of patients with PD or patients with self-harm to hospital emergency departments during the pandemic.6,9 In the studies that examined self-injury, the psychiatric diagnosis was not recorded, but they are mentioned here because the presence of self-harm is closely associated with PD.10 The number of emergency department visits of patients with PD or self-harm was found to be increased in some papers, decreased in others, and stable in others, compared to the previous year.6,9 During the same period, however, both the distress of patients with PD and rates of self-harm thoughts in the general population increased.3,6-8 The decreased number of emergency department visits could be the result of reduced access to services or amelioration of symptomatology due to decreased social contact or sufficient remote therapy through telepsychiatry. A critical issue that mental health services provi

在2019冠状病毒病大流行爆发三年后,大量流行病学研究证实了其重大的心理影响。最近对5万至7万名参与者进行的荟萃分析指出,普通人群的焦虑、抑郁和孤独感有所增加先前存在精神障碍的患者是病情恶化风险较高的弱势群体。1,2作为防治这一流行病措施的一部分,减少了心理健康服务的运作,获得这些服务变得更加困难,并继续通过远程精神病学提供支持性和心理治疗干预特别令人感兴趣的是研究大流行对人格障碍(PD)患者的影响这些患者经历与人际关系和身份相关的严重困难,这是基于强烈的情感和行为表现。大多数关于大流行对人格病理患者影响的研究都集中在边缘型人格障碍(BPD)上大流行期间的社交隔离措施和孤独感的增加是BPD患者严重加重的因素,可能导致被抛弃和被拒绝的焦虑、社交退缩和空虚感。因此,患者对危险行为和药物使用的易感性增加。由这种情况引起的焦虑,以及被主体无法控制局面的感觉,可能会调动BPD患者的偏执观念,从而进一步加剧他们人际关系中的困难在北欧的一项多中心研究中,在第一波大流行期间对1120名门诊PD患者进行了研究,结果显示焦虑、抑郁、攻击性、药物使用、社会孤立和工作活动减少增加,而自杀行为的比例保持不变另一方面,对一些病人来说,有限的人际接触可能会导致症状的改善有几篇论文研究了大流行期间PD患者或自残患者到医院急诊室就诊的数量。6,9在检查自我伤害的研究中,没有记录精神病学诊断,但这里提到了这些诊断,因为自我伤害的存在与PD密切相关。10与前一年相比,PD或自残患者的急诊就诊次数在一些论文中有所增加,在另一些论文中有所减少,在另一些论文中则保持稳定。然而,在同一时期,PD患者的痛苦和一般人群中自残想法的比例都增加了。3,6-8急诊科就诊次数的减少可能是由于获得服务的机会减少,或由于社会接触减少或通过远程精神病学进行充分的远程治疗,症状得到改善。为PD患者提供治疗的心理健康服务必须遇到的一个关键问题是需要停止面对面的心理治疗,并继续通过电话或在线进行治疗。PD患者对治疗环境的改变特别敏感,这是一个加重因素在一些研究中,BPD患者停止面对面的心理治疗会伴随着症状的恶化,焦虑、悲伤和无助的感觉。6,11当无法通过电话或在线继续会诊时,急诊科就诊的次数有所增加。6,11相反,患者认为通过远程精神病学继续治疗是令人满意的,在某些情况下,他们的临床症状在最初的细微差别之后恢复并保持在以前的水平。6,11在上述研究中,疗程的中断时间为2-3个月。在雅典国立大学和Kapodistrian大学第一精神科的PD服务部门进行的一项研究中,在限制措施开始时,51名BPD患者正在参加团体精神分析心理治疗会议。面对面的会议被中断,并继续在网上进行了4个月。在此期间,没有发生自残事件、自杀企图或住院治疗;2例患者停止治疗。在危机中,患者使用电话与治疗师沟通,没有急诊室就诊记录总之,大流行对PD患者有显著的心理影响。然而,应该强调的是,在治疗环境仍然存在并保持治疗合作连续性的情况下,PD患者尽管其病理严重,但表现出良好的适应能力,并能够承受大流行造成的紧张局势。
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引用次数: 2
Three scales about childhood trauma, traumatic experiences and bullying: Greek translation, test-retest reliability. 童年创伤、创伤经历与霸凌的三个量表:希腊文翻译、重测信度。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.22365/jpsych.2022.103
Konstantinos Kollias, John Kosteletos, Pentagiotissa Stefanatou, Lida-Alkisti Xenaki, Ilias Vlachos, Mirjana Selakovic, Irene Ralli, Nikos Stefanis

Exposure to traumatic life events is one of the most robust predictors for psychosis. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), a version of Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECAEUGEI) and a version of the Bullying Questionnaire (BQEUGEI) refer to early life adversities, traumatic episodes and bullying. Those scales belong to a battery of psychometric tools detecting environmental and genetic factors associated with First Episode Psychosis (FEP) that was employed in the Athens-FEP study. The goal of this paper is to present those three versions, regarding their content, their use in the international research, their translation in Greek and their test-retest reliability. The three questionnaires were translated by two independent translators, administered twice to 32 subjects with FEP, with a three weeks intermediate period. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to investigate agreement between scores of the first and second administration. There was a statistically significant agreement for all measurements of the three questionnaires. Cronbach's a were also calculated and were acceptable and over 0.7. Our study is an indication that the translated versions are reliable, although a more thorough test of their psychometric properties is needed. Both might be used in the Greek research field as part of a broad package of psychometric tools, specifically addressed to patients with FEP.

暴露于创伤性生活事件是精神病最可靠的预测因素之一。《童年创伤问卷-短表》(CTQ-SF)、《童年照料与虐待经历问卷》(CECAEUGEI)和《欺凌问卷》(BQEUGEI)涉及早期生活逆境、创伤事件和欺凌。这些量表属于一组心理测量工具,用于检测与首发精神病(FEP)相关的环境和遗传因素,这些因素被用于雅典-FEP研究。本文的目的是介绍这三个版本,关于他们的内容,他们在国际研究中的使用,他们的希腊文翻译和他们的重测可靠性。三份问卷由两名独立翻译人员翻译,对32名FEP受试者进行两次管理,中间期为三周。使用类内相关系数(ICCs)来调查第一次和第二次给药评分之间的一致性。三份问卷的测量结果在统计上有显著的一致性。Cronbach’s a也进行了计算,均在0.7以上,可接受。我们的研究表明,翻译版本是可靠的,尽管需要对其心理测量特性进行更彻底的测试。这两种方法都可以用于希腊的研究领域,作为一套广泛的心理测量工具的一部分,专门针对FEP患者。
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引用次数: 0
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