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Adopting the visual perspective of a group member is influenced by implicit group averaging. 采用小组成员的视觉视角会受到隐性小组平均法的影响。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02531-2
Chu Sun, Nanbo Wang, Haiyan Geng

As social entities, individuals' perception and behaviors are susceptible to the influence of their social groups. Previous research has consistently shown that the group context in which individuals are situated significantly influences their perceptual processing. We aim to investigate whether the group context in which another individual is situated alters our understanding of their visual perception, which holds profound implications for interpersonal interactions. To address this inquiry, we conducted three experiments. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with a visual scene depicting multiple avatars seated around a table, all facing an arrow positioned at the center of the table. They were instructed to adopt the visual perspective of a specific avatar within the group to perceive the arrow's orientation, and then reproduce its orientation from their own perspectives. We found that participants exhibited a bias towards the group's average perspective when reproducing the arrow's orientation. Experiment 2 further demonstrated that reinforced group processing could elicit an earlier appearance of this bias. In Experiment 3, we investigated an alternative explanation positing that the aforementioned bias originated from visual ensemble perception rather than group influence by instructing participants to reproduce the target avatar's position relative to the arrow's orientation. If the bias indeed originated from ensemble perception, it should also manifest in this task. However, the absence of any reproduction bias refuted this possibility. Through these experiments, we demonstrate that our understanding of an individual's perceptual experiences is influenced by the social context in which they are situated, which manifests as a convergence phenomenon.

作为社会实体,个人的感知和行为很容易受到其社会群体的影响。以往的研究一直表明,个体所处的群体环境会极大地影响他们的感知处理过程。我们旨在研究另一个人所在的群体环境是否会改变我们对其视觉感知的理解,这对人际交往有着深远的影响。为了解决这个问题,我们进行了三个实验。在实验 1 中,我们向参与者展示了一个视觉场景,该场景描述了多个头像围坐在一张桌子旁,所有头像都面对着一个位于桌子中心的箭头。他们被要求采用组内特定化身的视觉视角来感知箭头的方向,然后从自己的视角再现箭头的方向。我们发现,在重现箭头方向时,参与者表现出了偏向小组平均视角的倾向。实验 2 进一步证明,强化的小组处理可以使这种偏差更早出现。在实验 3 中,我们通过让参与者再现目标头像相对于箭头方向的位置,研究了另一种解释,即上述偏差源于视觉集合感知而非群体影响。如果偏差确实来自于集合感知,那么它也应该在这项任务中表现出来。然而,没有任何重现偏差的结果驳斥了这种可能性。通过这些实验,我们证明了我们对个体感知经验的理解会受到他们所处的社会环境的影响,这表现为一种趋同现象。
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引用次数: 0
Event-related brain potentials in lexical processing with Chinese characters show effects of contextual diversity but not word frequency. 汉字词汇加工中的事件相关脑电位显示出语境多样性的影响,而不是词频的影响。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02533-0
Jingjing Zhang, Yixiao Zhou, Guoxia Zhao, Xin Wang, Qingrong Chen, Michael K Tanenhaus

The diversity of contexts in which a word occurs, operationalized as CD, is strongly correlated with response times in visual word recognition, with higher CD words being recognized faster. CD and token word frequency (WF) are highly correlated but in behavioral studies when other variables that affect word visual recognition are controlled for, the WF effect is eliminated when contextual diversity (CD) is controlled. In contrast, the only event-related potential (ERP) study to examine CD and WF Vergara-Martínez et al., Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 17, 461-474, (2017) found effects of both WF and CD with different distributions in the 225- to 325-ms time window. We conducted an ERP study with Chinese characters to explore the neurocognitive dynamics of WF and CD. We compared three groups of characters: (1) characters high in frequency and low in CD; (2) characters low in frequency and low in CD; and (3) characters high in frequency and high in CD. Behavioral data showed significant effects of CD but not WF. Character CD, but not character frequency, modulated the late positive component (LPC): high-CD characters elicited a larger LPC, widely distributed, with largest amplitude at the posterior sites compared to low-CD characters in the 400-to 600-ms time window, consistent with earlier ERP studies of WF in Chinese, and with the hypothesis that CD affects semantic and context-based processes. No WF effect on any ERP components was observed when CD was controlled. The results are consistent with behavioral results showing CD but not WF effects, and in particular with a "context constructionist" framework.

单词出现语境的多样性(以 CD 表示)与视觉单词识别的反应时间密切相关,CD 越高的单词识别速度越快。CD和标记词频率(WF)高度相关,但在行为研究中,如果控制了影响单词视觉识别的其他变量,那么当控制了语境多样性(CD)时,WF效应就会消失。与此相反,唯一一项研究 CD 和 WF 的事件相关电位(ERP)研究 Vergara-Martínez 等人,《认知、情感和行为神经科学》,17, 461-474, (2017) 发现 WF 和 CD 在 225 至 325 毫秒的时间窗口中具有不同分布的效应。我们用汉字进行了ERP研究,以探索WF和CD的神经认知动态。我们对三组汉字进行了比较:(1) 字频高而 CD 低的汉字;(2) 字频低而 CD 低的汉字;(3) 字频高而 CD 高的汉字。行为数据显示 CD 有显著影响,但 WF 没有。字符 CD(而非字符频率)调节晚期正向分量(LPC):在 400 到 600 毫秒的时间窗口内,高 CD 字符比低 CD 字符引起更大的 LPC,且分布广泛,后部振幅最大,这与早先对中文 WF 的 ERP 研究一致,也与 CD 影响语义和基于语境的过程的假设一致。在控制 CD 的情况下,没有观察到 WF 对任何 ERP 成分产生影响。这些结果与行为学结果一致,显示出 CD 而非 WF 效应,特别是与 "语境建构主义 "框架一致。
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引用次数: 0
Surprise!-Clarifying the link between insight and prediction error. 惊喜!--阐明洞察力与预测误差之间的联系。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02517-0
Maxi Becker, Xinhao Wang, Roberto Cabeza

The AHA experience, a moment of deep understanding during insightful problem-solving involving feelings of certainty, pleasure, and surprise, has captivated psychologists for more than a century. Recently, a new theoretical framework has proposed a link between the AHA experience and prediction error (PE), a popular concept in decision-making and reinforcement learning. This framework suggests that participants maintain a meta-cognitive prediction about the time it takes to solve a problem and the AHA experience arises when the problem is solved earlier than expected, resulting in a meta-cognitive PE. In our preregistered online study, we delved deeper into this idea, investigating whether prediction errors also pertain to participants' predictions regarding the solvability of the problem itself, and which dimension of the AHA experience aligns with the meta-cognitive PE. Utilizing verbal insight problems, we found a positive association between the AHA experience and the meta-cognitive PE, specifically in regards to problem solvability. Specifically, the element of surprise, a critical AHA dimension, emerged as a key indicator of the meta-cognitive PE, while other dimensions-such as pleasure, certainty, and suddenness-showed no signs for similar relationships, with suddenness exhibiting a negative correlation with meta-cognitive PE. This new finding provides further evidence that aspects of the AHA experience, surprise in particular, correspond to a meta-cognitive PE. The finding also underscores the multifaceted nature of this phenomenon, linking insights with learning theories and enhancing our understanding of this intriguing phenomenon.

一个多世纪以来,"AHA 体验 "一直吸引着心理学家的目光。"AHA 体验 "是在解决问题的过程中产生的一种深刻理解,其中包括确定感、愉悦感和惊喜感。最近,一个新的理论框架提出了 AHA 体验与预测错误(PE)之间的联系,预测错误是决策和强化学习中的一个流行概念。该框架认为,参与者会对解决问题所需的时间保持一种元认知预测,而当问题比预期提前解决时,就会产生 AHA 体验,从而导致元认知 PE。在预先注册的在线研究中,我们深入探讨了这一观点,研究了预测错误是否也与参与者对问题本身的可解决性的预测有关,以及 AHA 体验的哪个维度与元认知 PE 相一致。利用言语洞察问题,我们发现 AHA 体验与元认知 PE 之间存在正相关,特别是在问题的可解决性方面。具体地说,惊喜元素作为AHA的一个关键维度,成为了元认知PE的一个关键指标,而其他维度--如愉悦感、确定性和突发性--则没有显示出类似的关系,突发性与元认知PE呈负相关。这一新发现进一步证明,AHA 体验的各个方面,尤其是惊喜,与元认知 PE 相对应。这一发现还强调了这一现象的多面性,将洞察力与学习理论联系起来,加深了我们对这一有趣现象的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Most quantifiers have many meanings. 大多数量词都有多种含义。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02502-7
Sonia Ramotowska, Julia Haaf, Leendert Van Maanen, Jakub Szymanik

In this paper, we investigate, by means of a computational model, how individuals map quantifiers onto numbers and how they order quantifiers on a mental line. We selected five English quantifiers (few, fewer than half, many, more than half, and most) which differ in truth conditions and vagueness. We collected binary truth value judgment data in an online quantifier verification experiment. Using a Bayesian three-parameter logistic regression model, we separated three sources of individual differences: truth condition, vagueness, and response error. Clustering on one of the model's parameter that corresponds to truth conditions revealed four subgroups of participants with different quantifier-to-number mappings and different ranges of the mental line of quantifiers. Our findings suggest multiple sources of individual differences in semantic representations of quantifiers and support a conceptual distinction between different types of imprecision in quantifier meanings. We discuss the consequence of our findings for the main theoretical approaches to quantifiers: the bivalent truth-conditional approach and the fuzzy logic approach. We argue that the former approach neither can explain inter-individual differences nor intra-individual differences in truth conditions of vague quantifiers. The latter approach requires further specification to fully account for individual differences demonstrated in this study.

在本文中,我们通过一个计算模型来研究个体如何将量词映射到数字上,以及如何在心理线路上对量词进行排序。我们选择了五个英语量词(很少、少于一半、很多、多于一半和最多),这些量词的真值条件和模糊程度各不相同。我们在在线量词验证实验中收集了二进制真值判断数据。利用贝叶斯三参数逻辑回归模型,我们区分了个体差异的三个来源:真值条件、模糊性和反应错误。通过对模型中与真实条件相对应的一个参数进行聚类,我们发现有四个亚组的参与者具有不同的量词-数字映射和不同的量词心理范围。我们的研究结果表明,量词的语义表征存在多种个体差异,并支持从概念上区分量词含义中的不同不精确类型。我们讨论了我们的发现对量词主要理论方法的影响:二价真值条件方法和模糊逻辑方法。我们认为,前一种方法既不能解释模糊量词真值条件的个体间差异,也不能解释个体内差异。后一种方法需要进一步的具体化,才能完全解释本研究中表现出的个体差异。
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引用次数: 0
Auditory context-dependent distraction by unexpected visual stimuli. 意想不到的视觉刺激会分散听觉的注意力。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02527-y
Fabrice B R Parmentier, Michael English, Murray T Maybery

Research findings indicate that when a task-irrelevant stimulus feature deviates from an otherwise predictable pattern, participants performing a categorization task exhibit slower responses (deviance distraction). This deviance distraction effect reflects the violation of the sensory predictions generated by the cognitive system. In this study, we sought to examine for the first time whether these predictions can be incidentally modulated by the auditory environment. Participants categorized the duration (short vs long) of a colored shape (red square or blue circle) while instructed to disregard the stimulus' visual features and the sound played in the background (two distinct chords played by different instruments). While the two visual stimuli shapes were equiprobable across the task, one was highly likely (p=.882) and the other rare (p=.118) in one auditory context and vice versa in the other context. Our results showed that participants were significantly slower in the duration judgement task whenever the stimulus was unexpected within a given auditory context (context-dependent distraction), and that the reset of their sensory predictions was completed upon the trial following a change of context. We conclude that object features and environmental context are processed in relation to each other and that sensory predictions are produced in relation to the environmental context, evidencing the first demonstration of auditory context-dependent modulation of attention.

研究结果表明,当与任务无关的刺激特征偏离原本可预测的模式时,执行分类任务的参与者会表现出反应迟钝(偏差分心)。这种偏差分心效应反映了认知系统产生的感官预测被违反。在本研究中,我们试图首次检验这些预测是否会受到听觉环境的偶然调节。受试者在被要求忽略刺激物的视觉特征和背景声音(由不同乐器演奏的两个不同和弦)的情况下,对彩色形状(红色方形或蓝色圆形)的持续时间(短与长)进行分类。在整个任务中,两种视觉刺激形状的可能性相同,但在一种听觉情境中,一种刺激形状的可能性很大(p=.882),而另一种刺激形状的可能性很小(p=.118),反之亦然。我们的研究结果表明,当刺激物在特定听觉情境中出乎意料时,受试者在持续时间判断任务中的反应明显较慢(情境依赖性分心),而且他们的感官预测在情境改变后的试验中完成了重置。我们的结论是,物体特征和环境背景的处理是相互关联的,而感官预测的产生则与环境背景有关,这首次证明了听觉背景对注意力的调节作用。
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引用次数: 0
Use of the overexpectation effect to reduce conditioned seeking behavior controlled by nicotine. 利用超期望效应减少尼古丁控制的条件性寻求行为。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02524-1
Scott T Barrett, Matthew E Tracy, Rick A Bevins

Nicotine produces robust stimulus effects that can be conditioned to form associations with reinforcing nondrug stimuli. We examine how established associations to the nicotine stimulus may be weakened via the overexpectation effect. In two experiments, we separately conditioned sucrose associations to the interoceptive nicotine stimulus (0.4 mg/kg, SC) and to a "noisy" exteroceptive contextual stimulus (oscillating houselight and white noise) via the discriminated goal-tracking task. Thereafter, we presented additional sucrose pairings with the nicotine and noisy stimuli, now in compound. Testing of the conditioned goal-tracking evoked by the nicotine and noisy stimuli in isolation-before versus after compound conditioning (Experiment 1) or between treatment and control groups (Experiment 2)-demonstrated an attenuation of conditioned responding via the overexpectation effect. We suggest that applications of the overexpectation effect may provide some promise for treatments seeking to attenuate drug-evoked conditioned responses in situations where extinction-based interventions are not suitable.

尼古丁会产生强烈的刺激效应,这种效应可以通过条件反射与非药物刺激形成强化联想。我们研究了尼古丁刺激所建立的联想是如何通过过度期望效应被削弱的。在两项实验中,我们分别通过辨别目标追踪任务使蔗糖与内感性尼古丁刺激(0.4 毫克/千克,皮下注射)和 "嘈杂 "的外感性情境刺激(振荡的室内灯光和白噪声)产生条件反射。此后,我们将蔗糖与尼古丁和嘈杂刺激配对(现在是复合刺激)。对尼古丁和噪音刺激单独诱发的条件性目标追踪进行测试--在复合条件反射之前和之后(实验 1),或在治疗组和对照组之间(实验 2)--结果表明,通过过度期望效应,条件反应有所减弱。我们认为,在不适合采用消退法干预的情况下,过度期望效应的应用可能会为寻求减弱药物诱发的条件反应的治疗方法带来一些希望。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive forgetting speed in working memory. 工作记忆的适应性遗忘速度
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02507-2
Joost de Jong, Sophia Wilhelm, Elkan G Akyürek

Working memory is known to be capacity-limited and is therefore selective not only for what it encodes but also what it forgets. Explicit forgetting cues can be used effectively to free up capacity, but it is not clear how working memory adaptively forgets in the absence of explicit cues. An important implicit cue that may tune forgetting in working memory is the passage of time. When information becomes irrelevant more quickly, working memory should also forget information more quickly. In three delayed-estimation experiments, we systematically manipulated how probing probability changed as time passed on after encoding an item (i.e., the "probing hazard"). In some blocks, probing hazard decreased after encoding an item, requiring participants to only briefly retain the memory item. In other blocks, the probing hazard increased or stayed flat, as the retention interval was lengthened. In line with our hypothesis, we found that participants adapted their forgetting rate to the probing dynamics of the working memory task. When the memory item quickly became irrelevant ("decreasing" probing hazard), forgetting rate was higher than in blocks where probing hazard increased or stayed flat. The time course of these adaptations in forgetting implies a fast and flexible mechanism. Interestingly, participants could not explicitly report the order of conditions, suggesting forgetting is implicitly sped up. These findings suggest that implicit adaptations to the temporal structure of our environment tune forgetting speed in working memory, possibly contributing to the flexible allocation of limited working memory resources.

众所周知,工作记忆的容量是有限的,因此它不仅对编码的内容有选择性,而且对遗忘的内容也有选择性。显性遗忘线索可以有效地用于释放容量,但目前还不清楚在没有显性线索的情况下,工作记忆是如何适应性遗忘的。可能会影响工作记忆遗忘的一个重要隐性线索是时间的流逝。当信息变得越来越不相关时,工作记忆也应该更快地遗忘信息。在三个延迟估计实验中,我们系统地操纵了探测概率随着编码项目后时间的推移而发生的变化(即 "探测危险")。在某些区块中,编码项目后探测危险降低,要求参与者只短暂保留记忆项目。而在其他区块中,随着记忆间隔的延长,探测危险会增加或保持不变。与我们的假设一致,我们发现参与者的遗忘率与工作记忆任务的探究动态相适应。当记忆项目迅速变得无关紧要时(探究危险 "减少"),遗忘率高于探究危险增加或保持不变的区块。这些遗忘适应的时间过程意味着一种快速而灵活的机制。有趣的是,被试不能明确报告条件的先后顺序,这表明遗忘在潜移默化中加快了。这些发现表明,对环境时间结构的内隐适应调整了工作记忆的遗忘速度,可能有助于灵活分配有限的工作记忆资源。
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引用次数: 0
Emotion expression salience and racially biased weapon identification: A diffusion modeling approach. 情绪表达显著性与带有种族偏见的武器识别:扩散建模方法。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02526-z
Samuel A W Klein, Andrew R Todd

Racial stereotypes are commonly activated by informational cues that are detectable in people's faces. Here, we used a sequential priming task to examine whether and how the salience of emotion (angry/scowling vs. happy/smiling expressions) or apparent race (Black vs. White) information in male face primes shapes racially biased weapon identification (gun vs. tool) decisions. In two experiments (Ntotal = 546) using two different manipulations of facial information salience, racial bias in weapon identification was weaker when the salience of emotion expression versus race was heightened. Using diffusion decision modeling, we tested competing accounts of the cognitive mechanism by which the salience of facial information moderates this behavioral effect. Consistent support emerged for an initial bias account, whereby the decision process began closer to the "gun" response upon seeing faces of Black versus White men, and this racially biased shift in the starting position was weaker when emotion versus race information was salient. We discuss these results vis-à-vis prior empirical and theoretical work on how facial information salience moderates racial bias in decision-making.

种族刻板印象通常会被人脸中可检测到的信息线索激活。在这里,我们使用了一个顺序引物任务来研究男性面部引物中的情绪(愤怒/蔑视与开心/微笑表情)或明显种族(黑人与白人)信息的显著性是否以及如何影响具有种族偏见的武器识别(枪支与工具)决策。在使用两种不同的面部信息显著性操作的两个实验中(总人数 = 546),当情绪表达与种族的显著性提高时,武器识别中的种族偏见就会减弱。利用扩散决策模型,我们检验了面部信息的显著性调节这种行为效应的认知机制的不同说法。我们一致支持初始偏差的观点,即当看到黑人和白人的脸时,决策过程更接近于 "枪 "的反应。我们将这些结果与之前关于面部信息显著性如何调节决策中的种族偏见的经验和理论研究进行对比讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Priming the distractor can eliminate the Stroop interference effect. 引出分心物可以消除 Stroop 干扰效应。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02610-4
Samantha Curtis, Bianca De Wit, Sachiko Kinoshita

The Stroop interference effect-the slower response to color in an incongruent Stroop stimulus (e.g., ) relative to a neutral Stroop stimulus (e.g., ) is usually highly robust. The present study investigated the role of selective attention in the Stroop task by priming the distractor word. Replicating previous studies using the verbal (color-naming) task, priming the distractor word produced a substantial speedup of response to the color in a Stroop stimulus in our manual Stroop task. Importantly, priming the distractor completely eliminated the Stroop interference effect (Incongruent = Neutral, e.g., ), and brought about a sizable facilitation effect (Congruent < Neutral, e.g., ) that was absent in the standard (control-primed) Stroop trials. RT distribution analysis showed that the pattern of facilitation and interference effects was changed radically by priming the distractor: In the standard Stroop task, the Stroop interference effect increased across quantiles, and the facilitation effect was absent throughout the quantiles; in contrast, in the distractor-primed Stroop task, the interference effect was eliminated, and the large facilitation effect that emerged remained constant across the quantiles. We interpret these results in terms of a "Trojan horse" account that suggests that in a Stroop stimulus, color and word form are integrated into an object; hence, when object-based attention is deployed to attend to the color, the word form "sneaks in." Priming the distractor breaks this integration, allowing attention to disengage from the irrelevant word dimension and eliminating Stroop interference.

Stroop干扰效应--相对于中性Stroop刺激(如),对不协调Stroop刺激(如)中颜色的反应较慢--通常具有高度的稳健性。本研究通过引出分心词来研究选择性注意在 Stroop 任务中的作用。与之前使用言语(颜色命名)任务进行的研究相同,在我们的手动 Stroop 任务中,引出分心词会大大加快对 Stroop 刺激中颜色的反应速度。重要的是,引出分心词完全消除了Stroop干扰效应(不一致=中性,例如),并带来了相当大的促进效应(一致<中性,例如),这在标准(对照引出)Stroop试验中是不存在的。RT分布分析表明,通过引出分心物,促进和干扰效应的模式发生了根本变化:在标准 Stroop 任务中,Stroop 干扰效应在各量级之间增加,而促进效应在各量级之间都不存在;相反,在以分心物为引子的 Stroop 任务中,干扰效应被消除,而出现的巨大促进效应在各量级之间保持不变。我们从 "特洛伊木马 "的角度来解释这些结果,即在 Stroop 刺激中,颜色和词形被整合到一个对象中;因此,当基于对象的注意力被调配到颜色上时,词形就会 "溜进来"。分心物的引物打破了这种整合,使注意力从无关的单词维度脱离出来,从而消除了 Stroop 干扰。
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引用次数: 0
On Bayes factors for hypothesis tests. 关于假设检验的贝叶斯系数。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02612-2
Karl Christoph Klauer, Constantin G Meyer-Grant, David Kellen

We develop alternative families of Bayes factors for use in hypothesis tests as alternatives to the popular default Bayes factors. The alternative Bayes factors are derived for the statistical analyses most commonly used in psychological research - one-sample and two-sample t tests, regression, and ANOVA analyses. They possess the same desirable theoretical and practical properties as the default Bayes factors and satisfy additional theoretical desiderata while mitigating against two features of the default priors that we consider implausible. They can be conveniently computed via an R package that we provide. Furthermore, hypothesis tests based on Bayes factors and those based on significance tests are juxtaposed. This discussion leads to the insight that default Bayes factors as well as the alternative Bayes factors are equivalent to test-statistic-based Bayes factors as proposed by Johnson. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology, 67, 689-701. (2005). We highlight test-statistic-based Bayes factors as a general approach to Bayes-factor computation that is applicable to many hypothesis-testing problems for which an effect-size measure has been proposed and for which test power can be computed.

我们开发了用于假设检验的贝叶斯因子替代系列,以替代流行的默认贝叶斯因子。这些替代贝叶斯因子适用于心理学研究中最常用的统计分析--单样本和双样本 t 检验、回归和方差分析。它们具有与默认贝叶斯因子相同的理想理论和实践特性,并满足了更多的理论要求,同时减轻了我们认为不可信的默认先验的两个特征。它们可以通过我们提供的 R 软件包方便地计算出来。此外,我们还并列了基于贝叶斯因子的假设检验和基于显著性检验的假设检验。通过讨论,我们发现默认贝叶斯系数和替代贝叶斯系数等同于约翰逊提出的基于检验统计量的贝叶斯系数。英国皇家统计学会期刊 B 辑:统计方法学》,67, 689-701 页。(2005).我们强调基于检验统计量的贝叶斯因子是计算贝叶斯因子的一般方法,它适用于已提出效应大小测量方法并可计算检验功率的许多假设检验问题。
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引用次数: 0
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Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
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