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Generalisation to novel exemplars of learned shape categories based on visual and auditory spatial cues does not benefit from multisensory information. 对基于视觉和听觉空间线索学习到的形状类别的新范例进行泛化,并不能从多感官信息中获益。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02548-7
A O'Dowd, R J Hirst, M A Seveso, E M McKenna, F N Newell

Although the integration of information across multiple senses can enhance object representations in memory, how multisensory information affects the formation of categories is uncertain. In particular, it is unclear to what extent categories formed from multisensory information benefit object recognition over unisensory inputs. Two experiments investigated the categorisation of novel auditory and visual objects, with categories defined by spatial similarity, and tested generalisation to novel exemplars. Participants learned to categorise exemplars based on visual-only (geometric shape), auditory-only (spatially defined soundscape) or audio-visual spatial cues. Categorisation to learned as well as novel exemplars was then tested under the same sensory learning conditions. For all learning modalities, categorisation generalised to novel exemplars. However, there was no evidence of enhanced categorisation performance for learned multisensory exemplars. At best, bimodal performance approximated that of the most accurate unimodal condition, although this was observed only for a subset of exemplars within a category. These findings provide insight into the perceptual processes involved in the formation of categories and have relevance for understanding the sensory nature of object representations underpinning these categories.

虽然整合多种感官信息可以增强记忆中的物体表征,但多感官信息如何影响类别的形成还不确定。特别是,与单感官输入相比,多感官信息形成的类别在多大程度上有利于物体识别,目前还不清楚。有两个实验研究了对新的听觉和视觉物体进行分类的情况,分类是通过空间相似性来定义的,并测试了对新的范例的概括能力。参与者学会了根据纯视觉(几何形状)、纯听觉(空间定义的声景)或视听空间线索对范例进行分类。然后,在相同的感官学习条件下测试了对已学范例和新范例的分类能力。在所有的学习模式中,对新范例的分类能力都得到了提高。但是,没有证据表明对学习到的多感官范例的分类能力有所提高。充其量,双模态的表现接近于最准确的单模态条件,尽管这只在一个类别中的一部分示例中观察到。这些发现让我们深入了解了形成类别的感知过程,并对理解这些类别中物体表征的感官性质具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Setting the scene for boundary extension: Methods, findings, connections, and theories. 为边界扩展做好准备:方法、发现、联系和理论。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02545-w
Timothy L Hubbard

A previously viewed scene is often remembered as containing a larger extent of the background than was actually present, and information that was likely present just outside the boundaries of that view is often incorporated into the representation of that scene. This has been referred to as boundary extension. Methodologies used in studies on boundary extension (terminology, stimulus presentation, response measures) are described. Empirical findings regarding effects of characteristics of the stimulus (whether the stimulus depicts a scene, semantics of the scene, view angle, object size, object cropping, object orientation, object color, number of objects, depth of field, object distance, viewpoint production, scene orientation, motion, faces, emotions, modality, whether the scene is multimodal), characteristics of the display (aperture shape, aperture size, target duration, retention interval), and characteristics of the observer (allocation of attention, imagination, age, expectations and strategies, eye fixation, eye movements, monocular or binocular view, vantage point, confinement, prior exposure, expertise, arousal, pathology) on boundary extension are reviewed. Connections of boundary extension to other cognitive phenomena and processes (evolutionary adaptation, Gestalt principles, illusions, psychophysics, invariant physical principles, aesthetics, temporal boundary extension, normalization) are noted, and theories and theoretical considerations regarding boundary extension (multisource model, boundary transformation, mental imagery, 4E cognition, cognitive modularity, neurological mechanisms of scene representation) are discussed.

在人们的记忆中,以前观看过的场景所包含的背景范围往往比实际存在的要大,而在该景 观边界之外可能存在的信息往往会被纳入到该场景的表征中。这种现象被称为边界扩展。本文介绍了边界扩展研究中使用的方法(术语、刺激呈现、反应测量)。有关刺激物特征(刺激物是否描绘了一个场景、场景的语义、视角、物体大小、物体裁剪、物体方位、物体颜色、物体数量、景深、物体距离、视点产生、场景方位、运动、面孔、情绪、模式、场景是否多模态)影响的实证研究结果、本研究回顾了显示的特征(光圈形状、光圈大小、目标持续时间、保持间隔)和观察者的特征(注意力分配、想象力、年龄、期望和策略、眼球固定、眼球运动、单眼或双眼视角、有利位置、限制、先前接触、专业知识、唤醒、病理)对边界扩展的影响。还指出了边界扩展与其他认知现象和过程的联系(进化适应、格式塔原理、幻觉、心理物理学、不变物理原理、美学、时间边界扩展、正常化),并讨论了有关边界扩展的理论和理论考虑(多源模型、边界转换、心理想象、4E 认知、认知模块化、场景表征的神经机制)。
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引用次数: 0
Removing information from working memory with a delay: Effective but not beneficial. 延迟从工作记忆中删除信息:有效但无益
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02550-z
Hannah Dames, Chenyu Li, Gidon T Frischkorn, Klaus Oberauer

Ideally, removing outdated information from working memory (WM) should have two consequences: The removed content should be less accessible (removal costs), and other WM content should benefit from the freeing up of WM capacity (removal benefits). Robust removal benefits and removal costs have been demonstrated when people are told to forget items shortly after they were encoded (immediate removal). However, other studies suggest that people might be unable to selectively remove items from an already encoded set of items (delayed removal). In two experiments (n = 219; n = 241), we investigated the effectiveness and consequences of delayed removal by combining a modified version of Ecker's et al. (Journal of Memory and Language, 74, 77-90, 2014) letter updating task with a directed-forgetting in WM paradigm. We found that while delayed removal resulted in reduced memory for the to-be-forgotten item-location relations (removal costs), it failed to enhance performance for existing WM content. This contrasts sharply with immediate removal, where removal benefits can be observed. A fine-grained analysis of removal benefits shows that removal from WM proactively facilitates the subsequent encoding of new information but does not retroactively aid stored WM content.

理想情况下,从工作记忆(WM)中移除过时信息会产生两种结果:被移除的内容应该更难获取(移除成本),而其他工作记忆内容应该从释放的工作记忆容量中获益(移除收益)。当人们被告知遗忘编码后不久的项目(立即删除)时,已经证明了强大的删除收益和删除成本。然而,其他研究表明,人们可能无法从已经编码的项目集中选择性地删除项目(延迟删除)。在两项实验(n = 219;n = 241)中,我们将 Ecker 等人(《记忆与语言杂志》,74, 77-90, 2014 年)的字母更新任务与定向遗忘 WM 范式相结合,研究了延迟移除的效果和后果。我们发现,虽然延迟删除会导致对即将遗忘的项目-位置关系的记忆减少(删除成本),但却无法提高对现有 WM 内容的记忆效果。这与立即移除形成了鲜明对比,后者可以观察到移除的益处。对移除益处的精细分析表明,从 WM 中移除会主动促进新信息的后续编码,但不会追溯性地帮助存储的 WM 内容。
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引用次数: 0
Chinese readers utilize emotion information for word segmentation. 中文读者利用情感信息进行分词。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02436-6
Linjieqiong Huang, Xiangyang Zhang, Xingshan Li

We reported a large-scale Internet-based experiment to investigate the impact of emotion information on Chinese word segmentation, in which participants completed an overlapping ambiguous string (OAS) segmentation task and the Chinese version of Beck Depression Inventory-II in a counterbalanced order. OAS is a three-character string (ABC) in which the middle character can form a distinct word with both the character on its left side (word AB) and the character on its right side (word BC). Participants were presented with isolated OASs and were asked to report the word they identified first. Emotional OAS was constructed by a combination of a neutral word and an emotional word, with the neutral and emotional words sharing character B. We orthogonally manipulated the valence of the emotional words (positive vs. negative) and their position in the OAS (left-side vs. right-side). The results showed that compared with neutral words, both positive and negative words were more likely to be segmented, and this segmentation outcome was not affected by readers with different depression tendencies. These findings suggest that emotion information can influence word segmentation, and that both positive and negative words take precedence over neutral words in the word segmentation process. This study provides a new perspective and evidence to understand the impact of emotion information on word processing.

我们报告了一项基于互联网的大规模实验,以研究情绪信息对中文分词的影响。在这项实验中,受试者以平衡的顺序完成重叠模糊字符串(OAS)分词任务和中文版贝克抑郁量表-II。重叠模糊字符串(OAS)是一个三个字符的字符串(ABC),其中中间的字符可以与其左侧的字符(AB字)和右侧的字符(BC字)组成一个不同的单词。向受试者展示孤立的 OAS,并要求受试者报告他们首先识别出的单词。情感性 OAS 由一个中性词和一个情感性词组合而成,中性词和情感性词共用字符 B。我们正交操纵了情感性词的情态(积极与消极)及其在 OAS 中的位置(左侧与右侧)。结果表明,与中性词相比,积极词和消极词都更容易被分割,而且这种分割结果不受不同抑郁倾向的读者的影响。这些研究结果表明,情绪信息会影响单词的分割,而且在单词分割过程中,正面和负面单词都比中性单词更容易被分割。这项研究为了解情绪信息对文字处理的影响提供了新的视角和证据。
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引用次数: 0
Valence and concreteness in item recognition: Evidence against the affective embodiment account. 项目识别中的价值和具体性:反对情感体现说的证据。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-27 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02442-8
Tamra J Bireta, Dominic Guitard, Ian Neath, Aimée M Surprenant

The Affective Embodiment Account posits that sensorimotor interactions play an important role in learning and processing concrete words whereas experiences from emotional states play an important role in learning and processing abstract words. Because of this, there should be greater enhancement of valence for abstract than for concrete words and therefore there should be an interaction between valence and concreteness. Although this prediction has been observed in a number of tasks, very few studies have looked specifically at memory. Three experiments are reported that assess whether valence interacts with concreteness in recognition. In Experiment 1, recognition of concrete words was better than abstract, but there was no difference as a function of whether the words were positive or negative and there was no interaction. Experiment 2 compared positive and neutral words and Experiment 3 compared negative and neutral words; in both, there was a concreteness effect but no effect of valence and no interaction. These results replicate previous findings that when positive and negative words are equated more fully, valence has no effect on recognition, and also suggest a limit on the scope of the Affective Embodiment Account.

情感体现理论认为,感觉运动的相互作用在学习和处理具体词汇时起着重要作用,而情感状态的体验则在学习和处理抽象词汇时起着重要作用。正因为如此,抽象词的情感应该比具体词有更大的增强,因此情感和具体性之间应该存在相互作用。虽然这一预测已在许多任务中被观察到,但很少有研究专门针对记忆。本文报告了三项实验,以评估在识别过程中,效价是否与具体性相互作用。在实验 1 中,对具体词语的识别优于对抽象词语的识别,但在词语是积极的还是消极的功能上没有差异,也没有交互作用。实验 2 比较了褒义词和中性词,实验 3 比较了贬义词和中性词;在这两个实验中,都存在具体性效应,但没有情绪效应,也没有交互作用。这些结果重复了之前的研究结果,即当正面词和负面词被更充分地等同起来时,情绪对识别没有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Prokofiev was (almost) right: A cross-cultural investigation of auditory-conceptual associations in Peter and the Wolf. 普罗科菲耶夫(几乎)是对的:彼得与狼》中听觉-概念关联的跨文化调查。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02435-7
Nicola Di Stefano, Alessandro Ansani, Andrea Schiavio, Charles Spence

Over recent decades, studies investigating cross-modal correspondences have documented the existence of a wide range of consistent cross-modal associations between simple auditory and visual stimuli or dimensions (e.g., pitch-lightness). Far fewer studies have investigated the association between complex and realistic auditory stimuli and visually presented concepts (e.g., musical excerpts-animals). Surprisingly, however, there is little evidence concerning the extent to which these associations are shared across cultures. To address this gap in the literature, two experiments using a set of stimuli based on Prokofiev's symphonic fairy tale Peter and the Wolf are reported. In Experiment 1, 293 participants from several countries and with very different language backgrounds rated the association between the musical excerpts, images and words representing the story's characters (namely, bird, duck, wolf, cat, and grandfather). The results revealed that participants tended to consistently associate the wolf and the bird with the corresponding musical excerpt, while the stimuli of other characters were not consistently matched across participants. Remarkably, neither the participants' cultural background, nor their musical expertise affected the ratings. In Experiment 2, 104 participants were invited to rate each stimulus on eight emotional features. The results revealed that the emotional profiles associated with the music and with the concept of the wolf and the bird were perceived as more consistent between observers than the emotional profiles associated with the music and the concept of the duck, the cat, and the grandpa. Taken together, these findings therefore suggest that certain auditory-conceptual associations are perceived consistently across cultures and may be mediated by emotional associations.

近几十年来,有关跨模态对应关系的研究记录了简单的听觉和视觉刺激或维度(如音调-亮度)之间存在的广泛一致的跨模态关联。而研究复杂逼真的听觉刺激与视觉呈现的概念(如音乐选段-动物)之间关联的研究则少得多。然而,令人惊讶的是,几乎没有证据表明这些关联在多大程度上是跨文化共享的。为了弥补文献中的这一空白,本研究报告使用了一组基于普罗科菲耶夫的交响童话《彼得与狼》的刺激物进行了两项实验。在实验 1 中,来自多个国家、语言背景迥异的 293 名参与者对代表故事人物(即鸟、鸭子、狼、猫和爷爷)的音乐选段、图像和文字之间的关联进行了评分。结果显示,参与者倾向于一致地将狼和鸟与相应的音乐选段联系起来,而其他角色的刺激在不同参与者之间并不一致。值得注意的是,参与者的文化背景和音乐专长都不会影响评分。在实验 2 中,104 名参与者应邀对每个刺激物的八个情感特征进行评分。结果显示,与音乐以及 "狼 "和 "鸟 "的概念相关的情感特征在观察者之间的一致性要高于与音乐以及 "鸭子"、"猫 "和 "爷爷 "的概念相关的情感特征。综上所述,这些研究结果表明,某些听觉-概念关联在不同文化中的感知是一致的,并且可能受情感关联的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Post-training flexibility in category learning. 培训后类别学习的灵活性。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02451-7
Lee-Xieng Yang, Po-An Chiang

Exemplar models of categorization, which assume that people make classification decisions based on item information stored in memory, typically assume that all of the exemplars are available and inform decision-making. However, in this study, we hypothesized that people may selectively emphasize subsets of exemplars, giving rise to individual differences in categorization. To verify this hypothesis, we adopted the partial-XOR category structure in Conaway and Kurtz (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24, 1312-1323 2017), which has been evident to be able to induce two major response patterns in the transfer phase: the Proximity and XOR patterns. "Experiment 1" confirmed that these two patterns could be generated if participants were trained with only the exemplars of one category or the other. In "Experiment 2", participants were asked to not only learn the category labels of all exemplars but also memorize the exemplars of only Category A (Condition A), only Category B (Condition B), or two categories (Condition AB) for a recognition test after the training phase of the categorization task. As expected, in the transfer phase, the participants tended to perform the XOR and Proximity patterns, when the exemplars of Category A and Category B were respectively targeted for the recognition test. The parameters of the SDGCM estimated by Bayesian inference for modeling the data of "Experiment 2" showed that the exemplar accessibility of Category A was larger than that of Category B for performing the XOR pattern and vice versa for performing the proximity pattern, hence verifying our hypothesis.

分类的典范模型假定人们根据存储在记忆中的项目信息做出分类决策,通常假定所有的典范都是可用的,并为决策提供信息。然而,在本研究中,我们假设人们可能会选择性地强调示例的子集,从而导致分类的个体差异。为了验证这一假设,我们采用了 Conaway 和 Kurtz(《心理学通报与评论》,24, 1312-1323 2017)中的部分-XOR 类别结构,该结构已被证明能够在转移阶段诱发两种主要的反应模式:临近模式和 XOR 模式。"实验 1 "证实,如果参与者只接受一个类别或另一个类别的示例训练,就能产生这两种模式。在 "实验 2 "中,受试者不仅要学习所有示例的类别标签,还要记住只有类别 A(条件 A)、只有类别 B(条件 B)或两个类别(条件 AB)的示例,以便在分类任务的训练阶段之后进行识别测试。不出所料,在迁移阶段,当 A 类和 B 类的示例分别作为识别测试的目标时,被试倾向于执行 XOR 和 Proximity 模式。通过贝叶斯推理估计的 SDGCM 参数对 "实验 2 "的数据建模显示,在进行 XOR 模式时,类别 A 的示例可及性大于类别 B 的示例可及性,而在进行接近模式时,类别 B 的示例可及性大于类别 A 的示例可及性,因此验证了我们的假设。
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引用次数: 0
Seeing in crowds: Averaging first, then max. 在人群中观察:先平均,后最大。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02468-6
Xincheng Lu, Ruijie Jiang, Meng Song, Yiting Wu, Yiran Ge, Nihong Chen

Crowding, a fundamental limit in object recognition, is believed to result from excessive integration of nearby items in peripheral vision. To understand its pooling mechanisms, we measured subjects' internal response distributions in an orientation crowding task. Contrary to the prediction of an averaging model, we observed a pattern suggesting that the perceptual judgement is made based on choosing the largest response across the noise-perturbed items. A model featuring first-stage averaging and second-stage signed-max operation predicts the diverse errors made by human observers under various signal strength levels. These findings suggest that different rules operate to resolve the bottleneck at early and high-level stages of visual processing, implementing a combination of linear and nonlinear pooling strategies.

拥挤是物体识别中的一个基本限制,被认为是由于周边视觉中附近物体的过度整合造成的。为了了解其集合机制,我们在方位拥挤任务中测量了受试者的内部反应分布。与平均模型的预测相反,我们观察到的模式表明,知觉判断是基于在噪声干扰项目中选择最大的反应做出的。一个以第一阶段平均和第二阶段符号最大运算为特征的模型可以预测人类观察者在不同信号强度水平下产生的不同错误。这些研究结果表明,在视觉处理的早期和高级阶段,有不同的规则通过实施线性和非线性组合策略来解决瓶颈问题。
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引用次数: 0
Episodic-semantic linkage for $1000: New semantic knowledge is more strongly coupled with episodic memory in trivia experts. 1000美元的外显-语义联系:琐事专家的新语义知识与外显记忆的结合更紧密。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02469-5
Monica K Thieu, Lauren J Wilkins, Mariam Aly

Some people exhibit impressive memory for a wide array of semantic knowledge. What makes these trivia experts better able to learn and retain novel facts? We hypothesized that new semantic knowledge may be more strongly linked to its episodic context in trivia experts. We designed a novel online task in which 132 participants varying in trivia expertise encoded "exhibits" of naturalistic facts with related photos in one of two "museums." Afterward, participants were tested on cued recall of facts and recognition of the associated photo and museum. Greater trivia expertise predicted higher cued recall for novel facts. Critically, trivia experts but not non-experts showed superior fact recall when they remembered both features (photo and museum) of the encoding context. These findings illustrate enhanced links between episodic memory and new semantic learning in trivia experts, and show the value of studying trivia experts as a special population that can shed light on the mechanisms of memory.

有些人对大量语义知识的记忆力令人印象深刻。是什么让这些琐事专家能够更好地学习和保留新事实呢?我们假设,在琐事专家身上,新的语义知识可能与其情节背景有更紧密的联系。我们设计了一个新颖的在线任务,让 132 名琐事专长不同的参与者在两个 "博物馆 "中选择一个,对自然事实的 "展品 "和相关照片进行编码。之后,我们测试了参与者对事实的提示性回忆以及对相关照片和博物馆的识别能力。琐事专业知识越强,对新事实的提示回忆能力就越强。重要的是,当琐事专家(而非专家)记住编码情境的两个特征(照片和博物馆)时,他们的事实回忆能力更强。这些研究结果表明,琐事专家的外显记忆和新语义学习之间的联系得到了加强,并显示了将琐事专家作为特殊人群进行研究的价值,可以揭示记忆的机制。
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引用次数: 0
Object-based attention requires monocular visual pathways. 基于物体的注意力需要单眼视觉通路。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02467-7
N Strommer, S Al-Janabi, A S Greenberg, S Gabay

Mechanisms of object-based attention (OBA) are commonly associated with the cerebral cortex. However, less is known about the involvement of subcortical visual pathways in these processes. Knowledge of the neural mechanisms subserving OBA can provide insight into the evolutionary trajectory of attentional selection. In the current study, the classic double-rectangle cueing task was implemented using a stereoscope in order to differentiate between the involvement of lower (monocular) and higher (binocular) visual pathways in OBA processes. We found that monocular visual pathways are involved in two main aspects of OBA: exogenous orienting towards a cued object (Experiment 1; N =33) and attentional deployment within a cued object (Experiment 2; N =23); this is evident by the presence of OBA only when both the cue and target were presented to the same eye. Thus, these results indicate that monocular (mostly subcortical) visual regions are not simply passing information to higher cortical areas but have a functional computational role in OBA. These findings emphasize the importance of lower regions in attentional processes and, more specifically, in OBA.

基于物体的注意力(OBA)机制通常与大脑皮层有关。然而,人们对皮层下视觉通路在这些过程中的参与知之甚少。了解 OBA 的神经机制可以帮助人们了解注意选择的进化轨迹。在当前的研究中,为了区分低级(单眼)和高级(双眼)视觉通路在 OBA 过程中的参与情况,我们使用立体镜执行了经典的双矩形提示任务。我们发现,单眼视觉通路参与了OBA的两个主要方面:对提示对象的外源定向(实验1;N =33)和在提示对象内的注意调配(实验2;N =23);只有当提示和目标都呈现在同一只眼睛上时,才会出现OBA,这一点非常明显。因此,这些结果表明,单眼(主要是皮层下)视觉区域并不是简单地向高级皮层区域传递信息,而是在 OBA 中起着功能性计算作用。这些发现强调了低级区域在注意过程中的重要性,更具体地说,是在OBA中的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
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Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
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