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Visual statistical learning requires attention. 视觉统计学习需要注意力。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02605-1
Dock H Duncan, Dirk van Moorselaar, Jan Theeuwes

Statistical learning is a person's ability to automatically learn environmental regularities through passive exposure. Since the earliest studies of statistical learning in infants, it has been debated exactly how "passive" this learning can be (i.e., whether attention is needed for learning to occur). In Experiment 1 of the current study, participants performed a serial feature search task where they searched for a target shape among heterogenous nontarget shapes. Unbeknownst to the participants, one of these nontarget shapes was presented much more often in location. Even though the regularity concerned a nonsalient, nontarget item that did not receive any attentional priority during search, participants still learned its regularity (responding faster when it was presented at this high-probability location). While this may suggest that not much, if any, attention is needed for learning to occur, follow-up experiments showed that if an attentional strategy (i.e., color subset search or exogenous cueing) effectively prevents attention from being directed to this critical regularity, incidental learning is no longer observed. We conclude that some degree of attention to a regularity is needed for visual statistical learning to occur.

统计学习是指一个人通过被动接触而自动学习环境规律的能力。自最早对婴儿进行统计学习研究以来,人们一直在争论这种学习到底有多 "被动"(即学习是否需要注意力)。在本次研究的实验 1 中,参与者进行了一项序列特征搜索任务,即在异质的非目标形状中寻找目标形状。在参与者不知道的情况下,其中一个非目标形状出现的频率要高得多。尽管这种规律性涉及到的是一个在搜索过程中没有得到任何注意优先权的非显著性非目标项目,但参与者仍然学会了它的规律性(当它出现在这个高概率位置时,参与者的反应更快)。虽然这可能表明学习的发生并不需要太多的注意(如果有的话),但后续实验表明,如果一种注意策略(即颜色子集搜索或外源提示)有效地阻止了注意指向这一关键的规律性,那么偶然学习就不会再被观察到。我们的结论是,视觉统计学习的发生需要一定程度的对规律性的注意。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of competition on motor inhibitory control: Evidence from a go/no-go task. 竞争对运动抑制控制的影响:来自 "去/不去 "任务的证据
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02606-0
Yansong Li, Cuihong Liu, Andrew J Elliot

The present experiment examined how individuals' motor response execution and inhibition - as measured by a Go/No-Go (GNG) task - is modulated by social influence arising from competition. We found that participants in a competition group responded significantly faster to frequently occurring Go stimuli than those in a control group, while no between-group difference in accuracy was found. This indicates that competition leads participants to favor a response strategy of maximizing the speed of prepotent motor response execution without sacrificing accuracy. In addition, participants in the competition group committed significantly more errors to infrequently occurring No-Go stimuli than those in the control group. Together, these findings suggest that competition speeds up prepotent motor response execution, which comes at the cost of reduced prepotent response inhibition. Furthermore, increased errors in prepotent response inhibition due to competition correlated positively with self-reported trait competitiveness and trait motor impulsivity, identifying the link between personality traits and competition-induced attenuation of inhibition efficiency. Our signal detection analysis revealed that these behavioral effects can be attributed to a combination of a pronounced tendency to respond in general to both Go stimuli and No-Go stimuli, as evidenced by increased response bias (C), and reduced discrimination of No-Go stimuli from Go stimuli, as indexed by decreased sensitivity (d'). Our experiment offers novel insights into how motor control is modulated by engaging in competition.

本实验通过围棋/No-Go(GNG)任务,考察了个体的运动反应执行和抑制能力如何受竞争产生的社会影响的调节。我们发现,竞争组的参与者对频繁出现的围棋刺激的反应速度明显快于对照组,而在准确性方面则没有发现组间差异。这表明,竞争导致参与者倾向于在不牺牲准确性的前提下,最大限度地提高先行运动反应执行速度的反应策略。此外,与对照组相比,竞争组的参与者对不常出现的 "No-Go "刺激所犯的错误要多得多。这些发现共同表明,竞争加快了前能动反应的执行速度,但代价是降低了前能动反应的抑制能力。此外,竞争导致的前能动反应抑制误差增加与自我报告的特质好胜心和特质运动冲动呈正相关,从而确定了人格特质与竞争导致的抑制效率衰减之间的联系。我们的信号检测分析表明,这些行为效应可归因于对围棋刺激和非围棋刺激都做出一般反应的明显倾向(反应偏差增加(C)证明了这一点)和对非围棋刺激和围棋刺激的辨别能力降低(敏感度降低(d')证明了这一点)的结合。我们的实验为了解运动控制是如何通过参与竞争来调节的提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction in reading: A review of predictability effects, their theoretical implications, and beyond. 阅读预测:对可预测性效应、其理论意义及其他方面的回顾。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02588-z
Roslyn Wong, Erik D Reichle, Aaron Veldre

Historically, prediction during reading has been considered an inefficient and cognitively expensive processing mechanism given the inherently generative nature of language, which allows upcoming text to unfold in an infinite number of possible ways. This article provides an accessible and comprehensive review of the psycholinguistic research that, over the past 40 or so years, has investigated whether readers are capable of generating predictions during reading, typically via experiments on the effects of predictability (i.e., how well a word can be predicted from its prior context). Five theoretically important issues are addressed: What is the best measure of predictability? What is the functional relationship between predictability and processing difficulty? What stage(s) of processing does predictability affect? Are predictability effects ubiquitous? What processes do predictability effects actually reflect? Insights from computational models of reading about how predictability manifests itself to facilitate the reading of text are also discussed. This review concludes by arguing that effects of predictability can, to a certain extent, be taken as demonstrating evidence that prediction is an important but flexible component of real-time language comprehension, in line with broader predictive accounts of cognitive functioning. However, converging evidence, especially from concurrent eye-tracking and brain-imaging methods, is necessary to refine theories of prediction.

从历史上看,阅读过程中的预测一直被认为是一种效率低下、认知成本高昂的处理机制,因为语言本身具有生成性,它允许即将出现的文本以无限可能的方式展开。本文对过去 40 多年来研究读者是否能够在阅读过程中生成预测的心理语言学研究进行了通俗易懂的全面回顾,这些研究通常是通过对可预测性(即根据先前语境预测单词的效果)的影响进行实验来进行的。实验涉及五个重要的理论问题:预测性的最佳衡量标准是什么?可预测性和处理难度之间的功能关系是什么?可预测性会影响哪个(些)加工阶段?可预测性效应是否无处不在?可预测性效应实际上反映了哪些过程?此外,还讨论了阅读的计算模型对可预测性如何体现以促进文本阅读的启示。本综述最后认为,可预测性效应在一定程度上可以被视为证明预测是实时语言理解的一个重要但灵活的组成部分的证据,这与认知功能的广泛预测性描述是一致的。不过,要完善预测理论,还需要汇聚证据,特别是同时采用眼动追踪和脑成像方法的证据。
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引用次数: 0
Real-world estimation taps into basic numeric abilities. 真实世界的估算需要基本的数字能力。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02575-4
Barbara K Kreis, Julia Groß, Thorsten Pachur

Accurately estimating and assessing real-world quantities (e.g., how long it will take to get to the train station; the calorie content of a meal) is a central skill for adaptive cognition. To date, theoretical and empirical work on the mental resources recruited by real-world estimation has focused primarily on the role of domain knowledge (e.g., knowledge of the metric and distributional properties of objects in a domain). Here we examined the role of basic numeric abilities - specifically, symbolic-number mapping - in real-world estimation. In Experiment 1 ( N = 286 ) and Experiment 2 ( N = 592 ), participants first completed a country-population estimation task (a task domain commonly used to study real-world estimation) and then completed a number-line task (an approach commonly used to measure symbolic-number mapping). In both experiments, participants with better performance in the number-line task made more accurate estimates in the estimation task. Moreover, Experiment 2 showed that performance in the number-line task predicts estimation accuracy independently of domain knowledge. Further, in Experiment 2 the association between estimation accuracy and symbolic-number mapping did not depend on whether the number-line task involved small numbers (up to 1000) or large numbers that matched the range of the numbers in the estimation task (up to 100,000,000). Our results show for the first time that basic numeric abilities contribute to the estimation of real-world quantities. We discuss implications for theories of real-world estimation and for interventions aiming to improve people's ability to estimate real-world quantities.

准确估计和评估现实世界中的数量(例如,到达火车站需要多长时间;一顿饭的卡路里含量)是适应性认知的一项核心技能。迄今为止,关于现实世界估算所需的心理资源的理论和实证研究主要集中在领域知识(例如,关于领域中物体的度量和分布属性的知识)的作用上。在这里,我们研究了基本数字能力--特别是符号-数字映射--在真实世界估算中的作用。在实验一(N = 286)和实验二(N = 592)中,被试首先完成了一项国家-人口估计任务(这是一个常用于研究现实世界估计的任务域),然后完成了一项数线任务(这是一种常用于测量符号-数字映射的方法)。在这两项实验中,在数线任务中表现较好的参与者在估算任务中做出了更准确的估算。此外,实验 2 显示,数线任务中的表现可以预测估计的准确性,而与领域知识无关。此外,在实验 2 中,估算准确性与符号-数字映射之间的关联并不取决于数列任务涉及的是小数字(最多 1000 个)还是与估算任务中的数字范围相匹配的大数字(最多 100,000,000 个)。我们的研究结果首次表明,基本的数字能力有助于对现实世界中的数量进行估计。我们讨论了对真实世界估算理论和旨在提高人们估算真实世界数量能力的干预措施的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Illusory truth effect across languages and scripts. 跨越语言和文字的虚幻真实效应。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02596-z
Anna Hatzidaki, Mikel Santesteban, Eduardo Navarrete

The repetition of a statement increases its credibility, a phenomenon known as the illusory truth effect. Here we tested whether the illusory truth effect persists across languages and scripts. In two experiments, Italian-English (n = 80) and Greek-English (n = 66), unbalanced bilinguals were exposed to 60 written unknown trivia statements in English. After a distractor math task, participants rated the truthfulness of the same 60 (repeated) statements and 60 new statements, which were presented either in the same language as in the exposure phase (English) or in a different language (Italian, Experiment 1, or Greek, Experiment 2). Response times were faster when information was repeated in the same language compared to a different language, suggesting increased processing fluency in the former than in the latter case. Truth ratings yielded an illusory truth effect: repeated statements were considered more truthful than new statements. Interestingly, the magnitude of the illusory truth effect remained regardless of whether the repetition was in the same or in a different language and persisted even when the different language condition also entailed a different script (Latin in exposure phase and Greek in repetition). The results suggest that the language of information presentation is not a critical factor to affect the illusory truth effect, despite the fact that repetition in the same language increases processing speed. We interpret our results in light of the referential theory (Unkelbach & Rom, Cognition 160: 110-126, 2017), attributing the illusory truth effect to conceptual fluency induced by the overlap of activated conceptual representations in bilingual memory.

重复陈述会增加陈述的可信度,这种现象被称为虚幻真实效应。在这里,我们测试了虚幻真实效应是否在不同语言和脚本间持续存在。在意大利语-英语(n = 80)和希腊语-英语(n = 66)两个实验中,不平衡的双语者接触了 60 个英语未知琐事陈述。在完成一个分散注意力的数学任务后,被试对相同的 60 个(重复的)语句和 60 个新语句的真实性进行评分,这些语句或用与暴露阶段相同的语言(英语)或用不同的语言(意大利语,实验 1;或希腊语,实验 2)呈现。当信息以相同语言重复时,反应时间比以不同语言重复时快,这表明前者比后者的处理流畅度更高。真实性评级产生了一种虚幻的真实性效应:重复的陈述被认为比新陈述更真实。有趣的是,无论重复语句使用的是同一种语言还是不同的语言,虚幻真实效应的程度都是一样的,即使不同语言条件下使用的是不同的文字(接触阶段使用拉丁文,重复阶段使用希腊文),虚幻真实效应也依然存在。这些结果表明,尽管用同一语言重复会提高处理速度,但信息呈现的语言并不是影响虚幻真实效应的关键因素。我们根据参照理论(Unkelbach & Rom, Cognition 160: 110-126, 2017)来解释我们的结果,将虚幻真实效应归因于二语记忆中被激活的概念表征重叠所引起的概念流畅性。
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引用次数: 0
Counterfactual curiosity in real decisions: The roles of outcome valence and aging. 真实决策中的反事实好奇心:结果价值和衰老的作用。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02569-2
Alessandro Bogani, Katya Tentori, Benjamin Timberlake, Stefania Pighin

Non-instrumental counterfactual curiosity (i.e., the search for information about forgone options that is not useful for improving future outcomes) has especially been observed after outcomes perceived as negative and, consequently, attributed to forms of regret management. In three online experiments (N = 620), we extended the study of counterfactual curiosity about economically incentivized decisions in younger and older adults. Participants played independent rounds of a card-drawing game by choosing one of two decks to turn over the top, covered card, which could increase, decrease, or have no effect on an initial endowment. Following that, they could examine the top card of the other deck to see if and how the outcome could have differed. Experiment 1 featured identical decks, making the choice between them random. In Experiment 2, participants made a deliberate choice between a riskier and a safer deck, each varying in the extremity of potential wins and losses. In Experiment 3, the decks were identical to those in Experiment 2, but access to counterfactual information was contingent upon participants forfeiting part of their endowment. Results showed a relevant portion of both younger and older adults displayed curiosity for non-instrumental counterfactual information, especially when it was free and likely to reveal that the forgone option would have been better than the chosen one. Older adults exhibited a higher level of curiosity than younger counterparts only when choices were deliberate and counterfactual information was free. These findings are discussed in relation to current perspectives on the regret-management function of counterfactual curiosity.

非工具性的反事实好奇心(即寻找对改善未来结果无益的被放弃选项的信息)尤其是在结果被认为是负面的情况下被观察到,并因此被归因于各种形式的后悔管理。在三个在线实验(N = 620)中,我们扩展了对年轻人和老年人对经济激励决策的反事实好奇心的研究。参与者在两副扑克牌中选择一副,翻开最上面那张有封面的牌,这张牌可能会增加、减少或对初始禀赋没有影响,从而进行了一轮独立的抽牌游戏。之后,他们可以检查另一副牌的最上面的牌,看看结果是否不同,以及如何不同。实验 1 采用了完全相同的扑克牌,因此它们之间的选择是随机的。在实验 2 中,参与者在风险较高的一副牌和较安全的一副牌之间做出有意的选择,每副牌的潜在输赢程度都不相同。在实验 3 中,牌组与实验 2 中的牌组相同,但获得反事实信息的条件是参与者放弃部分禀赋。结果表明,无论是年轻人还是老年人,都有相当一部分人对非工具性的反事实信息表现出了好奇心,尤其是当这些信息是免费的,而且很可能揭示出放弃的选项会比选择的选项更好时。只有当选择是深思熟虑的,并且反事实信息是免费的时候,老年人才会表现出比年轻人更高的好奇心。我们将结合当前关于反事实好奇心的后悔管理功能的观点来讨论这些发现。
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引用次数: 0
A comment on the Revised Diffusion Model for Conflict tasks (RDMC). 对修订的冲突任务扩散模型(RDMC)的评论。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02574-5
Markus Janczyk, Ian Grant Mackenzie, Valentin Koob

In conflict tasks, such as the Simon, Eriksen flanker, or Stroop task, a relevant and an irrelevant feature indicate the same or different responses in congruent and incongruent trials, respectively. The congruency effect refers to faster and less error-prone responses in congruent relative to incongruent trials. Distributional analyses reveal that the congruency effect in the Simon task becomes smaller with increasing RTs, reflected by a negative-going delta function. In contrast, for other tasks, the delta function is typically positive-going, meaning that congruency effects become larger with increasing RTs. The Diffusion Model for Conflict tasks (DMC; Ulrich et al., Cognitive Psychology, 78, 148-174, 2015) accounts for this by explicitly modeling the information accumulated from the relevant and the irrelevant features and attributes negatively- versus positively-sloped delta functions to different peak times of a pulse-like activation resulting from the task-irrelevant feature. Because the underlying function implies negative drift rates, Lee and Sewell (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 31(5), 1-31, 2024) recently questioned this assumption and suggested their Revised Diffusion Model for Conflict tasks (RDMC). We address three issues regarding RDMC compared to DMC: (1) The pulse-like function is not as implausible as Lee and Sewell suggest. (2) RDMC itself comes with a questionable assumption that different parameters are required for congruent and incongruent trials. (3) Moreover, we present data from a new parameter recovery study, suggesting that RDMC lacks acceptable recovery of several parameters (in particular compared to DMC). In this light, we discuss RDMC as not (yet) a revised version of DMC.

在冲突任务中,如西蒙任务、埃里克森侧翼任务或斯特罗普任务,相关特征和不相关特征分别表示在一致和不一致的试验中做出相同或不同的反应。一致性效应是指在一致性试验中,相对于不一致试验,反应速度更快,更不容易出错。分布分析表明,西蒙任务中的同位效应随着反应时间的增加而变小,这反映在负向三角函数上。与此相反,在其他任务中,德尔塔函数通常是正向的,这意味着一致性效应会随着实时时间的增加而变大。冲突任务的扩散模型(DMC;Ulrich 等人,《认知心理学》,78, 148-174, 2015 年)通过对相关和不相关特征所积累的信息进行明确建模,并将负向与正向倾斜的三角函数归因于任务不相关特征所产生的脉冲式激活的不同峰值时间,从而解释了这一点。由于基础函数意味着负漂移率,Lee 和 Sewell(《心理学通报与评论》,31(5), 1-31, 2024 年)最近对这一假设提出了质疑,并提出了他们的冲突任务修正扩散模型(RDMC)。与 DMC 相比,我们讨论了有关 RDMC 的三个问题:(1) 类似脉冲的功能并不像 Lee 和 Sewell 提出的那样不可信。(2) RDMC 本身存在一个值得商榷的假设,即一致试验和不一致试验需要不同的参数。(3)此外,我们还提供了一项新的参数恢复研究数据,表明 RDMC 缺乏可接受的几个参数恢复(特别是与 DMC 相比)。有鉴于此,我们认为 RDMC 还不是 DMC 的修订版。
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引用次数: 0
Increasing transparency of computer-aided detection impairs decision-making in visual search. 提高计算机辅助检测的透明度会影响视觉搜索的决策。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02601-5
Melina A Kunar, Giovanni Montana, Derrick G Watson

Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to changes in healthcare. Government and regulatory bodies have advocated the need for transparency in AI systems with recommendations to provide users with more details about AI accuracy and how AI systems work. However, increased transparency could lead to negative outcomes if humans become overreliant on the technology. This study investigated how changes in AI transparency affected human decision-making in a medical-screening visual search task. Transparency was manipulated by either giving or withholding knowledge about the accuracy of an 'AI system'. We tested performance in seven simulated lab mammography tasks, in which observers searched for a cancer which could be correctly or incorrectly flagged by computer-aided detection (CAD) 'AI prompts'. Across tasks, the CAD systems varied in accuracy. In the 'transparent' condition, participants were told the accuracy of the CAD system, in the 'not transparent' condition, they were not. The results showed that increasing CAD transparency impaired task performance, producing an increase in false alarms, decreased sensitivity, an increase in recall rate, and a decrease in positive predictive value. Along with increasing investment in AI, this research shows that it is important to investigate how transparency of AI systems affect human decision-making. Increased transparency may lead to overtrust in AI systems, which can impact clinical outcomes.

人工智能(AI)的最新发展引发了医疗保健领域的变革。政府和监管机构提倡人工智能系统必须透明,建议向用户提供更多有关人工智能准确性和人工智能系统如何工作的详细信息。然而,如果人类过度依赖该技术,增加透明度可能会导致负面结果。本研究调查了人工智能透明度的变化如何影响人类在医疗筛查视觉搜索任务中的决策。我们通过提供或隐瞒有关 "人工智能系统 "准确性的知识来操纵透明度。我们测试了七项模拟实验室乳房 X 射线照相术任务中的表现,在这些任务中,观察者搜索癌症,计算机辅助检测(CAD)"人工智能提示 "可正确或错误地标记癌症。在不同的任务中,计算机辅助检测系统的准确性各不相同。在 "透明 "条件下,参与者会被告知计算机辅助检测系统的准确性,而在 "不透明 "条件下,参与者则不会被告知。结果表明,提高计算机辅助诊断系统的透明度会影响任务的完成,导致误报率上升、灵敏度下降、召回率上升以及阳性预测值下降。随着人工智能投资的增加,这项研究表明,研究人工智能系统的透明度如何影响人类决策非常重要。增加透明度可能会导致对人工智能系统的过度信任,从而影响临床结果。
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引用次数: 0
Foreign language talker identification does not generalize to new talkers. 外语交谈者的识别并不能推广到新的交谈者。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02598-x
Jayden J Lee, Jessica A A Tin, Tyler K Perrachione

Listeners identify talkers less accurately in a foreign language than in their native language, but it remains unclear whether this language-familiarity effect arises because listeners (1) simply lack experience identifying foreign-language talkers or (2) gain access to additional talker-specific information during concurrent linguistic processing of talkers' speech. Here, we tested whether sustained practice identifying talkers of an unfamiliar, foreign language could lead to generalizable improvement in learning to identify new talkers speaking that language, even if listeners remained unable to understand the talkers' speech. English-speaking adults with no prior experience with Mandarin practiced learning to identify Mandarin-speaking talkers over four consecutive days and were tested on their ability to generalize their Mandarin talker-identification abilities to new Mandarin-speaking talkers on the fourth day. In a "same-voices" training condition, listeners learned to identify the same talkers for the first 3 days and new talkers on the fourth day; in a "different-voices" condition, listeners learned to identify a different set of voices on each day including the fourth day. Listeners in the same-voices condition showed daily improvement in talker identification across the first 3 days but returned to baseline when trying to learn new talkers on the fourth day, whereas listeners in the different-voices condition showed no improvement across the 4 days. After 4 days, neither group demonstrated generalized improvement in learning new Mandarin-speaking talkers versus their baseline performance. These results suggest that, in the absence of specific linguistic knowledge, listeners are unable to develop generalizable foreign-language talker-identification abilities.

与母语相比,听者识别外语交谈者的准确性较低,但目前还不清楚这种语言熟悉效应的产生是由于听者(1)只是缺乏识别外语交谈者的经验,还是(2)在同时对交谈者的语音进行语言加工的过程中获得了额外的特定交谈者信息。在此,我们测试了持续练习识别不熟悉的外语说话者是否会导致听者在学习识别说该种语言的新说话者方面得到普遍的提高,即使听者仍然无法理解说话者的语音。没有普通话学习经验的英语成年人连续四天练习识别普通话说话者,并在第四天测试他们将普通话说话者识别能力推广到新的普通话说话者的能力。在 "相同声音 "训练条件下,听者在前三天学习识别相同的说话者,在第四天学习识别新的说话者;在 "不同声音 "条件下,听者在包括第四天在内的每一天学习识别一组不同的声音。在 "同声道 "条件下,听者在前 3 天的谈话者识别能力每天都有提高,但在第 4 天尝试学习新的谈话者时,听者的识别能力又回到了基线水平;而在 "异声道 "条件下,听者在 4 天内的识别能力没有提高。4 天后,与基线成绩相比,两组听者在学习新的普通话说话者方面都没有普遍提高。这些结果表明,在缺乏特定语言知识的情况下,听者无法发展出具有普遍性的外语谈话者识别能力。
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引用次数: 0
Reaction-time task reliability is more accurately computed with permutation-based split-half correlations than with Cronbach's alpha. 与 Cronbach's alpha 相比,用基于置换的分半相关法计算反应时任务信度更为准确。
IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02597-y
Sercan Kahveci, Arne C Bathke, Jens Blechert

While it has become standard practice to report the reliability of self-report scales, it remains uncommon to do the same for experimental paradigms. To facilitate this practice, we review old and new ways to compute reliability in reaction-time tasks, and we compare their accuracy using a simulation study. Highly inaccurate and negatively biased reliability estimates are obtained through the common practice of averaging sets of trials and submitting them to Cronbach's alpha. Much more accurate reliability estimates are obtained using split-half reliability methods, especially by computing many random split-half correlations and aggregating them in a metric known as permutation-based split-half reliability. Through reanalysis of existing data and comparison of reliability values reported in the literature, we confirm that Cronbach's alpha also tends to be lower than split-half reliability in real data. We further establish a set of practices to maximize the accuracy of the permutation-based split-half reliability coefficient through simulations. We find that its accuracy is improved by ensuring each split-half dataset contains an approximately equal number of trials for each stimulus, by correcting the averaged correlation for test length using a modified variant of the Spearman-Brown formula, and by computing a sufficient number of split-half correlations: around 5,400 are needed to obtain a stable estimate for median-based double-difference scores computed from 30 participants and 256 trials. To conclude, we review the available software for computing this coefficient.

尽管报告自我报告量表的信度已成为标准做法,但报告实验范式的信度仍不常见。为了促进这种做法,我们回顾了计算反应时任务信度的新旧方法,并通过模拟研究比较了它们的准确性。通常的做法是将一组试验取平均值,然后将其提交给克朗巴赫α,这样得到的信度估计值非常不准确,而且存在负偏差。而使用分半信度方法,特别是通过计算许多随机分半相关性,并将其汇总到一个称为基于置换的分半信度指标中,则可以获得准确得多的信度估计值。通过对现有数据的重新分析和对文献中报告的信度值的比较,我们证实,在真实数据中,克朗巴赫α也往往低于分半信度。我们进一步建立了一套实践方法,通过模拟来最大限度地提高基于排列组合的分半信度系数的准确性。我们发现,通过确保每个半分位数据集包含的每个刺激的试验次数大致相等、使用斯皮尔曼-布朗公式的修改变体修正试验长度的平均相关性,以及计算足够数量的半分位相关性,可以提高其准确性:从 30 名参与者和 256 次试验中计算出的基于中位数的双差得分,需要约 5,400 个相关性才能获得稳定的估计值。最后,我们回顾了计算该系数的可用软件。
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Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
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