The aim of this study was to examine performance in the Simon task regarding individual differences in creative behavior measured by The Inventory of Creative Activities and Achievements (ICAA; Diedrich et al., 2018). The study included 105 students and 57 younger working-age individuals (from 19 to 36 years of age). Three-way analyses of variance were carried out on the reaction time in the Simon task given the congruence of the previous and current trials and below/above average results on creative activities and achievements scales. The reaction time in the Simon task was on average shorter in congruent than in incongruent trials (the Simon effect), as well as in the trials preceded by congruent than in those preceded by incongruent trials. The Simon effect was only present in trials preceded by a congruent trial, while reaction times in the trials preceded by incongruent trials were shorter in incongruent than in congruent trials (the Gratton effect). However, neither the Simon nor the Gratton effect were more pronounced within more or less creative participants, but the participants with an above average result on the scale of creative activities reacted on average more slowly than individuals with below the average score. The correlations between the scores on the creativity measures and the different reaction times and indices of the Simon and Gratton effect were not significant. The expected effects related to the Simon task have been obtained in this study, but further research is needed to try to replicate the findings regarding the flexibility of inhibitory control measured by performance in the Simon task and creative behavior.
{"title":"Kreativnost i izvedba Simonova zadatka","authors":"Maša Milas Patrk, Ana Šimunić","doi":"10.31820/pt.32.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.32.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to examine performance in the Simon task regarding individual differences in creative behavior measured by The Inventory of Creative Activities and Achievements (ICAA; Diedrich et al., 2018). The study included 105 students and 57 younger working-age individuals (from 19 to 36 years of age). Three-way analyses of variance were carried out on the reaction time in the Simon task given the congruence of the previous and current trials and below/above average results on creative activities and achievements scales. The reaction time in the Simon task was on average shorter in congruent than in incongruent trials (the Simon effect), as well as in the trials preceded by congruent than in those preceded by incongruent trials. The Simon effect was only present in trials preceded by a congruent trial, while reaction times in the trials preceded by incongruent trials were shorter in incongruent than in congruent trials (the Gratton effect). However, neither the Simon nor the Gratton effect were more pronounced within more or less creative participants, but the participants with an above average result on the scale of creative activities reacted on average more slowly than individuals with below the average score. The correlations between the scores on the creativity measures and the different reaction times and indices of the Simon and Gratton effect were not significant. The expected effects related to the Simon task have been obtained in this study, but further research is needed to try to replicate the findings regarding the flexibility of inhibitory control measured by performance in the Simon task and creative behavior.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138979422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Susana K. Lingán-Huamán, Sergio Dominguez-Lara, María Soledad Alarcón-Almeyda, Giovanna Barroca de Moura, Tamyres Tomaz Paiva
Changes that occurred in people’s lives due to the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the mental health of the universities, where an increase in symptoms of depression was reported since the beginning of the pandemic, so its evaluation is essential in this context. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in Peruvian university students. A total of 409 university students between 16 and 45 years of age participated (female = 72.9%; Mage = 22.15; SDage = 3.75). The PHQ-9 and the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (EES) were used. A series of confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to evaluate structures suggested by previous studies, namely a one factor model, a two correlated factor model and a bi-factor model. We found evidence of a one-dimensional structure, both from factor analysis and item response theory, and a positive association with academic emotional exhaustion. Moreover, construct reliability and score reliability reached high magnitudes. Therefore, the PHQ-9 is an instrument with adequate psychometric properties to be used as a measure of depression in university students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"Psychometric Properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Peruvian University Students","authors":"Susana K. Lingán-Huamán, Sergio Dominguez-Lara, María Soledad Alarcón-Almeyda, Giovanna Barroca de Moura, Tamyres Tomaz Paiva","doi":"10.31820/pt.32.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.32.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Changes that occurred in people’s lives due to the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the mental health of the universities, where an increase in symptoms of depression was reported since the beginning of the pandemic, so its evaluation is essential in this context. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in Peruvian university students. A total of 409 university students between 16 and 45 years of age participated (female = 72.9%; Mage = 22.15; SDage = 3.75). The PHQ-9 and the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (EES) were used. A series of confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to evaluate structures suggested by previous studies, namely a one factor model, a two correlated factor model and a bi-factor model. We found evidence of a one-dimensional structure, both from factor analysis and item response theory, and a positive association with academic emotional exhaustion. Moreover, construct reliability and score reliability reached high magnitudes. Therefore, the PHQ-9 is an instrument with adequate psychometric properties to be used as a measure of depression in university students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"14 50","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138980749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S ciljem ispitivanja evolucijske hipoteze o selektivnosti ulaznih informacija modula za strah metodom vidnoga pretraživanja provedeno je istraživanje brzine reakcije na različite vrste podražaja. Sudionicima (N = 74) su prikazane matrice fotografija opasnih i bezopasnih podražaja za koje su trebali utvrditi jesu li iz iste kategorije ili je jedna od prikazanih fotografija iz različite kategorije. Dobiveni rezultati u skladu su s pretpostavkama modula za strah. Na opasne podražaje sudionici su reagirali brže nego na bezopasne te je zabilježena brža reakcija na zmije kao evolucijski opasne podražaje u odnosu na slične bezopasne životinje. Brža reakcija na pištolje kao moderne opasne podražaje u odnosu na slične bezopasne predmete nije dobivena. Usporedba vremena reakcije za zmije i pištolje pokazala je općenito bržu reakciju na podražaje pištolja, što može sugerirati potencijalnu interakciju modula za strah s procesima socijalnoga učenja. Dobiveni rezultati naglašavaju važnost valencije podražaja u objašnjavanju selektivnosti modula za strah, pri čemu je nužno daljnje utvrđivanje specifičnih perceptivnih faktora koji dovode do brže detekcije i reakcije na pojedine vrste podražaja.
为了通过视觉扰动方法测试恐惧模块学习信息选择性的进化假说，测试了对不同类型刺激的反应速度。研究对象（N = 74）对不同刺激类型的反应速度进行了测试。Dobiveni výsledky u skladu su s pretpostavkama modulula za strah.您可以从这些数据中选择您需要的信息。我们将继续努力，使我们的产品更加现代化。我们将在枪支弹药的使用过程中，对枪支弹药的使用方法进行改进，从而为社会进程提供有潜力的干预模式。在选择适用的模式时，需要考虑到具体的感知因素。
{"title":"Guns N’ Snakes","authors":"Katarina Faraguna, M. Tadinac","doi":"10.31820/pt.32.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.32.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"S ciljem ispitivanja evolucijske hipoteze o selektivnosti ulaznih informacija modula za strah metodom vidnoga pretraživanja provedeno je istraživanje brzine reakcije na različite vrste podražaja. Sudionicima (N = 74) su prikazane matrice fotografija opasnih i bezopasnih podražaja za koje su trebali utvrditi jesu li iz iste kategorije ili je jedna od prikazanih fotografija iz različite kategorije. Dobiveni rezultati u skladu su s pretpostavkama modula za strah. Na opasne podražaje sudionici su reagirali brže nego na bezopasne te je zabilježena brža reakcija na zmije kao evolucijski opasne podražaje u odnosu na slične bezopasne životinje. Brža reakcija na pištolje kao moderne opasne podražaje u odnosu na slične bezopasne predmete nije dobivena. Usporedba vremena reakcije za zmije i pištolje pokazala je općenito bržu reakciju na podražaje pištolja, što može sugerirati potencijalnu interakciju modula za strah s procesima socijalnoga učenja. Dobiveni rezultati naglašavaju važnost valencije podražaja u objašnjavanju selektivnosti modula za strah, pri čemu je nužno daljnje utvrđivanje specifičnih perceptivnih faktora koji dovode do brže detekcije i reakcije na pojedine vrste podražaja.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"193 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138981362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Consciousness is often described as the final frontier in science, tackled from multiple disciplines including philosophy, neuroscience, and computer science. Consciousness is most commonly defined as what exists from a first-person perspective, as the feeling of what it is like to be something, as well as through neuronal mechanisms that generate and support this phenomenology. Countless theories on consciousness have emerged to try to elucidate this complicated phenomenon. In our review, we aim to examine the three dominant theories of consciousness - Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT), Recurrent Processing Theory (RPT), Higher-order Theory (HOT) - and the Dendritic Integration Theory (DIT) as a newer, less prominent, theory that focuses on the cellular basis of consciousness. We propose that DIT may complement the postulations of the other three theories through its cellular approach that bridges state and content consciousness. Finally, we discuss the future of consciousness research more generally.
{"title":"Teorija dendritičke integracije kao stanični most za dominantne suvremene teorije svijesti","authors":"Mirko Čorlukić, Jelena Krpan, Marta Stojanović","doi":"10.31820/pt.32.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.32.3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Consciousness is often described as the final frontier in science, tackled from multiple disciplines including philosophy, neuroscience, and computer science. Consciousness is most commonly defined as what exists from a first-person perspective, as the feeling of what it is like to be something, as well as through neuronal mechanisms that generate and support this phenomenology. Countless theories on consciousness have emerged to try to elucidate this complicated phenomenon. In our review, we aim to examine the three dominant theories of consciousness - Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT), Recurrent Processing Theory (RPT), Higher-order Theory (HOT) - and the Dendritic Integration Theory (DIT) as a newer, less prominent, theory that focuses on the cellular basis of consciousness. We propose that DIT may complement the postulations of the other three theories through its cellular approach that bridges state and content consciousness. Finally, we discuss the future of consciousness research more generally.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138981664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luka Novak, Jakub Helvich, Petr Mikoska, Katerina Juklova
Social media represent a relatively new phenomenon affecting the lives of people across the globe. Recently, the number of social media users reached billions, and this number increases every year. Previous studies indicated that excessive social media use may have adverse effects on mental and physical health. Therefore, it is important to explore what psychological factors may contribute to the excessive use of social media. It was found that social anxiety and alexithymia are robust predictors of excessive social media use. However, little is known about the role of empathy and Theory of Mind (ToM) in excessive social media use. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to examine the mediating effect of empathy and ToM in the relationship between alexithymia and social anxiety. Collectively, 1737 subjects participated in the study (Mage = 25.28, SDage = 10, Females: 60.83%). We assessed empathy, social anxiety, ToM, loneliness, and excessive social media use. Structural Equation Modelling was used to test the mediating effect of empathy and ToM. It was revealed that there is a positive relationship between difficulty in identifying feelings (alexithymia) and social anxiety: B = 0.53 (95% CI [0.41 – 0.65], p < .001). Moreover, a significant positive association was found between social anxiety and excessive social media use: B = 0.28, 95% CI [0.14 – 0.37], p < 0.001. However, loneliness was unrelated to social media use. Similarly, there was no significant mediating effect of empathy and ToM on the link between difficulty in identifying feelings and social anxiety. Future research should examine the generalizability of our findings using different cultural/linguistic environments. The primary limitation of the study is the use of cross-sectional data which prevent to draw causal links between the explored relationships.
社交媒体是一种相对较新的现象，影响着全球各地人们的生活。最近，社交媒体用户数量已达数十亿，而且这一数字还在逐年增加。以往的研究表明，过度使用社交媒体可能会对身心健康造成不良影响。因此，探讨哪些心理因素可能导致过度使用社交媒体非常重要。研究发现，社交焦虑和亚历山大症是过度使用社交媒体的有力预测因素。然而，人们对移情和心智理论（ToM）在过度使用社交媒体中的作用却知之甚少。因此，本研究的主要目的是探讨移情和心智理论在lexithymia 与社交焦虑之间关系中的中介作用。共有 1737 名受试者参与了研究（平均年龄为 25.28 岁，最小年龄为 10 岁，女性占 60.83%）。我们评估了移情、社交焦虑、ToM、孤独感和过度使用社交媒体的情况。我们使用结构方程模型来检验移情和 ToM 的中介效应。结果显示，难以识别情感（情感缺失症）与社交焦虑之间存在正相关关系：B = 0.53 (95% CI [0.41 - 0.65], p < .001)。此外，社交焦虑与过度使用社交媒体之间也存在明显的正相关：B = 0.28，95% CI [0.14 - 0.37]，p < 0.001。然而，孤独感与社交媒体的使用无关。同样，同理心和 ToM 对识别感受困难与社交焦虑之间的联系也没有明显的中介作用。未来的研究应该利用不同的文化/语言环境来检验我们的发现是否具有普遍性。本研究的主要局限性在于使用了横截面数据，因此无法在所探讨的关系之间建立因果联系。
{"title":"„Ne mogu te razumjeti jer ne mogu razumjeti sebe”","authors":"Luka Novak, Jakub Helvich, Petr Mikoska, Katerina Juklova","doi":"10.31820/pt.32.3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.32.3.8","url":null,"abstract":"Social media represent a relatively new phenomenon affecting the lives of people across the globe. Recently, the number of social media users reached billions, and this number increases every year. Previous studies indicated that excessive social media use may have adverse effects on mental and physical health. Therefore, it is important to explore what psychological factors may contribute to the excessive use of social media. It was found that social anxiety and alexithymia are robust predictors of excessive social media use. However, little is known about the role of empathy and Theory of Mind (ToM) in excessive social media use. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to examine the mediating effect of empathy and ToM in the relationship between alexithymia and social anxiety. Collectively, 1737 subjects participated in the study (Mage = 25.28, SDage = 10, Females: 60.83%). We assessed empathy, social anxiety, ToM, loneliness, and excessive social media use. Structural Equation Modelling was used to test the mediating effect of empathy and ToM. It was revealed that there is a positive relationship between difficulty in identifying feelings (alexithymia) and social anxiety: B = 0.53 (95% CI [0.41 – 0.65], p < .001). Moreover, a significant positive association was found between social anxiety and excessive social media use: B = 0.28, 95% CI [0.14 – 0.37], p < 0.001. However, loneliness was unrelated to social media use. Similarly, there was no significant mediating effect of empathy and ToM on the link between difficulty in identifying feelings and social anxiety. Future research should examine the generalizability of our findings using different cultural/linguistic environments. The primary limitation of the study is the use of cross-sectional data which prevent to draw causal links between the explored relationships.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138978739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emocionalno plakanje odnosi se na ispuštanje suza iz oka koje se tipično pojavljuje pri intenzivnim emocionalnim reakcijama, uglavnom negativnima, ali nerijetko i pozitivnima. Učinci plakanja mogu se podijeliti na intraindividualne, koji se odnose na utjecaj plakanja na osobu koja plače, i na interindividualne, koji se odnose na njegov utjecaj na promatrače. U radu su predstavljena istraživanja i teorijski doprinosi povezani s intraindividualnim učincima plakanja koji se u pravilu odnose na promjene u raspoloženju nakon plakanja. Posebna je pažnja posvećena metodološkim aspektima istraživanja učinaka plakanja na raspoloženje te su ponuđena pojedina nova, alternativna objašnjenja opisanih nalaza. Ukratko su opisani i potencijalni mehanizmi koji bi mogli posredovati između plakanja i promjena u raspoloženju, kao i relevantne individualne razlike u tim povezanostima. Najčvršći dokazi o postojanju utjecaja plakanja na raspoloženje povezani su s promjenama u raspoloženju posredovanima pozitivnim reakcijama socijalne okoline. S druge strane, empirijska je podrška izravnim utjecajima plakanja na raspoloženje nekonzistentna. Budući da je za razumijevanje intraindividualnih učinaka plakanja nužno i razumijevanje i njegovih interindividualnih učinaka, što se povezuje s predloženim evoluiranim funkcijama plakanja, dio rada bavi se i komunikacijskim funkcijama plakanja. Osnovni je argument koji se provlači kroz rad da su potencijalni izravni intraindividualni učinci plakanja koji povećavaju subjektivnu dobrobit pojedinca usko povezani s interindividualnim funkcijama plakanja i da se jedino razumijevanjem evoluirane signalne funkcije plakanja mogu razumjeti procesi kroz koje plakanje može utjecati na subjektivnu dobrobit. U skladu s time na kraju je rada predstavljen pokušaj teorijske integracije inter- i intraindividualnih funkcija i s njima povezanih učinaka plakanja.
{"title":"Tears and Mood: Intra-Individual Effects of Emotional Crying","authors":"Asmir Gračanin","doi":"10.31820/pt.32.3.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.32.3.13","url":null,"abstract":"Emocionalno plakanje odnosi se na ispuštanje suza iz oka koje se tipično pojavljuje pri intenzivnim emocionalnim reakcijama, uglavnom negativnima, ali nerijetko i pozitivnima. Učinci plakanja mogu se podijeliti na intraindividualne, koji se odnose na utjecaj plakanja na osobu koja plače, i na interindividualne, koji se odnose na njegov utjecaj na promatrače. U radu su predstavljena istraživanja i teorijski doprinosi povezani s intraindividualnim učincima plakanja koji se u pravilu odnose na promjene u raspoloženju nakon plakanja. Posebna je pažnja posvećena metodološkim aspektima istraživanja učinaka plakanja na raspoloženje te su ponuđena pojedina nova, alternativna objašnjenja opisanih nalaza. Ukratko su opisani i potencijalni mehanizmi koji bi mogli posredovati između plakanja i promjena u raspoloženju, kao i relevantne individualne razlike u tim povezanostima. Najčvršći dokazi o postojanju utjecaja plakanja na raspoloženje povezani su s promjenama u raspoloženju posredovanima pozitivnim reakcijama socijalne okoline. S druge strane, empirijska je podrška izravnim utjecajima plakanja na raspoloženje nekonzistentna. Budući da je za razumijevanje intraindividualnih učinaka plakanja nužno i razumijevanje i njegovih interindividualnih učinaka, što se povezuje s predloženim evoluiranim funkcijama plakanja, dio rada bavi se i komunikacijskim funkcijama plakanja. Osnovni je argument koji se provlači kroz rad da su potencijalni izravni intraindividualni učinci plakanja koji povećavaju subjektivnu dobrobit pojedinca usko povezani s interindividualnim funkcijama plakanja i da se jedino razumijevanjem evoluirane signalne funkcije plakanja mogu razumjeti procesi kroz koje plakanje može utjecati na subjektivnu dobrobit. U skladu s time na kraju je rada predstavljen pokušaj teorijske integracije inter- i intraindividualnih funkcija i s njima povezanih učinaka plakanja.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"14 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138979127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teorija moralnih temelja (Haidt i Joseph, 2004) u posljednjih se dvadesetak godina sve češće nameće kao vodeća teorija u području psihologije morala. Prema toj teoriji postoji pet osnovnih moralnih temelja: briga, pravednost, lojalnost, autoritet i čistunstvo. Osim toga, postoje i temelji višega reda nazvani individualističkim (koji uključuje brigu i pravednost) i kolektivističkim (koji uključuje autoritet, lojalnost i čistunstvo). Za ispitivanje prihvaćanja različitih vrsta moralnih temelja kod pojedinaca razvijen je Upitnik moralnih temelja (Graham i sur., 2011), izvorno validiran na američkoj populaciji, a kasnije i na drugim uzorcima diljem svijeta. Rezultati pokazuju da je na nekim uzorcima prikladnija petofaktorska struktura koju sačinjavaju osnovni moralni temelji, a na drugim je uzorcima prikladnija dvofaktorska struktura koju sačinjavaju temelji višega reda. S obzirom na međukulturnu osjetljivost ispitivanja moralnih dimenzija, osnovni je cilj ovoga rada provjeriti prikladnost dviju faktorskih struktura Upitnika moralnih temelja na hrvatskome uzorku (dvofaktorsku i petofaktorsku strukturu). Istraživanje je uključivalo 433 sudionika prosječne dobi 21.72 (SD = 4.1) godine. Uz prikupljanje demografskih podataka te podataka o političkoj orijentaciji i stupnju religioznosti, sudionici su ispunili Upitnik moralnih temelja i Skalu stavova prema homoseksualnim skupinama. Provedena je konfirmatorna faktorska analiza u svrhu ispitivanja najprikladnijega modela Upitnika moralnih temelja za primjenu na hrvatskoj populaciji te je ispitana kriterijska valjanost. Rezultati pokazuju da originalno predložena petofaktorska struktura (briga, pravednost, lojalnost, autoritet i čistunstvo) nije prikladna, no dvofaktorska struktura (individualistički i kolektivistički moralni temelji) pokazala se pogodnijom za primjenu na hrvatskome uzorku, pri čemu su koeficijenti pouzdanosti za obje dimenzije visoki. Rezultati upućuju na to da Upitnik moralnih temelja treba razmatrati kao dvofaktorski te da je on prikladan za buduća mjerenja moralnih temelja na hrvatskome uzorku.
Teorija moralnih temelja (Haidt i Joseph, 2004) u posljednje se dvadesetak godina sve češe nameće kao vodeća teorija u području psihologije morali.该理论的前身是道德主题："道德"（briga）、"赞美"（pravednost）、"自由"（lojalnost）、"权威"（autoritet）和 "主义"（čistunstvo）。Osim toga, postoje i osnovy v višega reda nazvani individualističkim (koji uključuječuje briga i pravednost) i kolektivističkim (koji ukljuključuje autoritet, lojalnost i čistunstvo). For ispitivanje prihvaćanja različitih vrstanih temelja kod pojedinac je Upitnik moralnih temelja (Graham et al., 2011), izvorno validiran na američkokoj populaci, a kasnije i na drugim uzorcima diljem svijeta. To ispitivanje prihvaćanja različitih vrsta Moralnih temelja kod pojedinac je developed the Upitnik moralnih temelja [Upitnik of moral foundations] (Graham et al., 2011), izvorno validiran na američkoj populaci, a kasnije i na drugim uzorcima diljem svijeta.其结果是，在新的社会结构中，道德观得到了加强，在旧的社会结构中，道德观得到了加强。在克罗地亚，道德层面是一个重要的方面，而在中国，道德层面则是另一个重要的方面。 在克罗地亚，道德层面是一个重要的方面，而在中国，道德层面则是另一个重要的方面，而在中国，道德层面则是另一个重要的方面。为了比较人口统计学数据和政治倾向及宗教信仰程度数据，法官们使用了道德基础指数和同性恋群体态度量表。在实施最适合克罗地亚人口的道德基础评分模型的背景下，进行了确认性因素分析，并描述了标准有效性。结果表明，原始的道德基础结构（briga、pravednost、lojalnost、autoritet i čistunstvo ）并不重要，而道德基础结构（individualistički i kolektivistički moralni osnovácie ）才是最重要的，因此，在克罗地亚人口中实施最合适的道德基础评分模型是非常重要的。道德研究者的研究结果表明，道德研究者可以在克罗地亚的道德教育中发挥重要作用。
{"title":"Validation of the Factor Structure of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire on the Croatian Students Sample","authors":"Iva Takšić, Barbara Kalebić Maglica","doi":"10.31820/pt.32.3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.32.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"Teorija moralnih temelja (Haidt i Joseph, 2004) u posljednjih se dvadesetak godina sve češće nameće kao vodeća teorija u području psihologije morala. Prema toj teoriji postoji pet osnovnih moralnih temelja: briga, pravednost, lojalnost, autoritet i čistunstvo. Osim toga, postoje i temelji višega reda nazvani individualističkim (koji uključuje brigu i pravednost) i kolektivističkim (koji uključuje autoritet, lojalnost i čistunstvo). Za ispitivanje prihvaćanja različitih vrsta moralnih temelja kod pojedinaca razvijen je Upitnik moralnih temelja (Graham i sur., 2011), izvorno validiran na američkoj populaciji, a kasnije i na drugim uzorcima diljem svijeta. Rezultati pokazuju da je na nekim uzorcima prikladnija petofaktorska struktura koju sačinjavaju osnovni moralni temelji, a na drugim je uzorcima prikladnija dvofaktorska struktura koju sačinjavaju temelji višega reda. S obzirom na međukulturnu osjetljivost ispitivanja moralnih dimenzija, osnovni je cilj ovoga rada provjeriti prikladnost dviju faktorskih struktura Upitnika moralnih temelja na hrvatskome uzorku (dvofaktorsku i petofaktorsku strukturu). Istraživanje je uključivalo 433 sudionika prosječne dobi 21.72 (SD = 4.1) godine. Uz prikupljanje demografskih podataka te podataka o političkoj orijentaciji i stupnju religioznosti, sudionici su ispunili Upitnik moralnih temelja i Skalu stavova prema homoseksualnim skupinama. Provedena je konfirmatorna faktorska analiza u svrhu ispitivanja najprikladnijega modela Upitnika moralnih temelja za primjenu na hrvatskoj populaciji te je ispitana kriterijska valjanost. Rezultati pokazuju da originalno predložena petofaktorska struktura (briga, pravednost, lojalnost, autoritet i čistunstvo) nije prikladna, no dvofaktorska struktura (individualistički i kolektivistički moralni temelji) pokazala se pogodnijom za primjenu na hrvatskome uzorku, pri čemu su koeficijenti pouzdanosti za obje dimenzije visoki. Rezultati upućuju na to da Upitnik moralnih temelja treba razmatrati kao dvofaktorski te da je on prikladan za buduća mjerenja moralnih temelja na hrvatskome uzorku.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138980148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anđela Buljan šiber, Nikola Erceg, Mirta Rebrina, Z. Galić
Prompted by the findings of gender differences in leadership outcomes, in this study we set out to explore gender differences in managers’ leadership style and behavior (transformational leadership and expressed intellectual humility) as rated by their subordinates, as well as in work attitudes (perceived organizational support and work engagement) of their subordinates. Our results indicated that female managers are perceived by their subordinates as being significantly more transformational and intellectually humble than male managers. However, there were no differences in work attitudes between subordinates of female and male managers. Still, the mediation analysis showed that both perceived transformational leadership and intellectual humility of managers mediated the relationship between gender and subordinates’ work attitudes. We argue that transformational leadership style and intellectual humility might be the basis of women’s, but not men’s, managerial efficacy and call for additional research of gender differences in leadership styles, behaviors and effectiveness.
{"title":"Rodne razlike u uspješnosti menadžera te uloga transformacijskoga vodstva i intelektualne poniznosti","authors":"Anđela Buljan šiber, Nikola Erceg, Mirta Rebrina, Z. Galić","doi":"10.31820/pt.32.3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.32.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"Prompted by the findings of gender differences in leadership outcomes, in this study we set out to explore gender differences in managers’ leadership style and behavior (transformational leadership and expressed intellectual humility) as rated by their subordinates, as well as in work attitudes (perceived organizational support and work engagement) of their subordinates. Our results indicated that female managers are perceived by their subordinates as being significantly more transformational and intellectually humble than male managers. However, there were no differences in work attitudes between subordinates of female and male managers. Still, the mediation analysis showed that both perceived transformational leadership and intellectual humility of managers mediated the relationship between gender and subordinates’ work attitudes. We argue that transformational leadership style and intellectual humility might be the basis of women’s, but not men’s, managerial efficacy and call for additional research of gender differences in leadership styles, behaviors and effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138980915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Educational inequalities associated with differences in social class backgrounds remain stable in many Western societies, where students from lower social classes generally have lower academic prospects. Previous research suggested that psychological barriers could explain part of this social class attainment gap. This study aimed to investigate the role of identity compatibility in explaining the relationship between high school students’ socioeconomic background and their educational aspirations. Identity compatibility is defined as perceived compatibility between students’ socioeconomic background and a stereotype of a university student. A total of 362 high school students from Croatia completed an online survey that measured their subjective socioeconomic status, identity compatibility, educational aspirations, and their school achievement. The results showed positive associations between the students’ subjective socioeconomic status and identity compatibility, which was, in turn, positively associated with their educational aspirations. The parallel multiple mediation model confirmed the significant indirect effect of subjective socioeconomic status on educational aspirations via identity compatibility, while the path via school achievement was not significant. These findings suggest that part of the social class educational aspiration gap could be explained by the perceived lack of compatibility between one’s social class identity and future university student identity, potentially leading to lower university enrolment rates among lower social class students. Practical considerations of study results are discussed in terms of the potential of socio-psychological interventions in reducing the social class educational aspiration gap.
{"title":"“Not what I Can, but what I Should”","authors":"Dora Popović, Eta Krpanec, Iva Šverko","doi":"10.31820/pt.32.3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.32.3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Educational inequalities associated with differences in social class backgrounds remain stable in many Western societies, where students from lower social classes generally have lower academic prospects. Previous research suggested that psychological barriers could explain part of this social class attainment gap. This study aimed to investigate the role of identity compatibility in explaining the relationship between high school students’ socioeconomic background and their educational aspirations. Identity compatibility is defined as perceived compatibility between students’ socioeconomic background and a stereotype of a university student. A total of 362 high school students from Croatia completed an online survey that measured their subjective socioeconomic status, identity compatibility, educational aspirations, and their school achievement. The results showed positive associations between the students’ subjective socioeconomic status and identity compatibility, which was, in turn, positively associated with their educational aspirations. The parallel multiple mediation model confirmed the significant indirect effect of subjective socioeconomic status on educational aspirations via identity compatibility, while the path via school achievement was not significant. These findings suggest that part of the social class educational aspiration gap could be explained by the perceived lack of compatibility between one’s social class identity and future university student identity, potentially leading to lower university enrolment rates among lower social class students. Practical considerations of study results are discussed in terms of the potential of socio-psychological interventions in reducing the social class educational aspiration gap.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"117 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138981660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teorija uma je sposobnost pripisivanja mentalnih stanja drugima. Do prije otprilike 20 godina empirijska istraživanja upućivala su na to da je teorija uma kognitivno zahtjevna sposobnost koja se razvija oko četvrte godine života. Međutim, sve veći broj istraživanja koja koriste zadatke koji ne zahtijevaju verbalne odgovore upućuje na to da sposobnost koja nalikuje na teoriju uma postoji i izvan kognitivne kontrole te da je pokazuju već i djeca stara devet mjeseci. Ovaj pregledni rad predstavit će tri glavna tipa teorija koje pokušavaju objasniti te novije empirijske rezultate i raspraviti o njima. Nadalje, u radu će biti istaknuti empirijski nalazi koji idu u prilog svakoj od tih teorija ili je opovrgavaju. Iako postoje prijedlozi za kritične eksperimente koji bi trebali moći napraviti razliku između teorija, trenutačno ti prijedlozi još nisu dovoljno korisni za te svrhe jer se podatci koji bi se mogli dobiti takvim eksperimentima mogu u različitim teorijama različito interpretirati. Stoga je važno da se budući rad o teoriji uma fokusira na uklanjanje dvosmislenosti u predviđanjima i interpretacijama svake od teorija.
心智理论是将心理状态归因于他人的能力。在 20 世纪 90 年代以前，经验主义心智理论曾被认为是一种认知理论，它可以帮助我们理解他人的心理状态。因此，我们必须对那些没有口头表达能力的学生进行教育，使他们从理论上认识到认知的重要性。该丛书将包含三类经验性研究成果。此外，该丛书还将包含附于或支持这些理论的实证研究成果。Iako postoje prijedlozi za kritične eksperimente koji bi trebali moći napraviti razliku između teorija, trenutačno ti prijedlozi još nisu dovoljno korisni za te svrhe jer se podatci koji bi mogli dobiti takvim eksperimentima mogu u različitim teorijama različito interpretirati.因此，我们认为，在对理论进行预测和解释时，应把重点放在理论研究上。
{"title":"Teorija uma: pregled suvremenih empirijskih rezultata i glavnih teorijskih objašnjenja","authors":"Edward William Legg","doi":"10.31820/pt.32.3.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.32.3.12","url":null,"abstract":"Teorija uma je sposobnost pripisivanja mentalnih stanja drugima. Do prije otprilike 20 godina empirijska istraživanja upućivala su na to da je teorija uma kognitivno zahtjevna sposobnost koja se razvija oko četvrte godine života. Međutim, sve veći broj istraživanja koja koriste zadatke koji ne zahtijevaju verbalne odgovore upućuje na to da sposobnost koja nalikuje na teoriju uma postoji i izvan kognitivne kontrole te da je pokazuju već i djeca stara devet mjeseci. Ovaj pregledni rad predstavit će tri glavna tipa teorija koje pokušavaju objasniti te novije empirijske rezultate i raspraviti o njima. Nadalje, u radu će biti istaknuti empirijski nalazi koji idu u prilog svakoj od tih teorija ili je opovrgavaju. Iako postoje prijedlozi za kritične eksperimente koji bi trebali moći napraviti razliku između teorija, trenutačno ti prijedlozi još nisu dovoljno korisni za te svrhe jer se podatci koji bi se mogli dobiti takvim eksperimentima mogu u različitim teorijama različito interpretirati. Stoga je važno da se budući rad o teoriji uma fokusira na uklanjanje dvosmislenosti u predviđanjima i interpretacijama svake od teorija.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139010471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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