Thomas DiBlasi, Raymond Chip Tafrate, H. Kassinove
This experiment used a dismantling approach to examine change mechanisms in motivational interviewing (MI). Seventy-two undergraduate participants who scored in the top 35th percentile on trait anger were randomly assigned to: full MI (FMI), spirit-only MI (SOMI), or psychoeducation. They met individually with an experimenter for one 30- to 45-minute session to discuss their anger. In the FMI condition, the relational and technical elements of MI were both used to elicit change talk. In the SOMI condition, the supportive and relational elements of MI were emphasized. In the psychoeducation condition, the focus was placed on teaching the components of anger episodes. Participants were then asked to launch a daily, online, deep breathing exercise during the following week. Results showed that participants in both MI conditions emitted more change talk than those in the psychoeducation condition. Independent session ratings showed that despite the attempted elimination of technical elements in the SOMI condition, the FMI and SOMI conditions did not differ on the experimenter’s acceptance, empathy, direction, autonomy support, and collaboration. Also, results did not support the main effect on program launches. These results indicate it is challenging to separate relational from technical elements in MI and, thus, to identify core mechanisms of change.
{"title":"Core Mechanisms of Change in Motivational Interviewing","authors":"Thomas DiBlasi, Raymond Chip Tafrate, H. Kassinove","doi":"10.31820/pt.31.3.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.31.3.14","url":null,"abstract":"This experiment used a dismantling approach to examine change mechanisms in motivational interviewing (MI). Seventy-two undergraduate participants who scored in the top 35th percentile on trait anger were randomly assigned to: full MI (FMI), spirit-only MI (SOMI), or psychoeducation. They met individually with an experimenter for one 30- to 45-minute session to discuss their anger. In the FMI condition, the relational and technical elements of MI were both used to elicit change talk. In the SOMI condition, the supportive and relational elements of MI were emphasized. In the psychoeducation condition, the focus was placed on teaching the components of anger episodes. Participants were then asked to launch a daily, online, deep breathing exercise during the following week. Results showed that participants in both MI conditions emitted more change talk than those in the psychoeducation condition. Independent session ratings showed that despite the attempted elimination of technical elements in the SOMI condition, the FMI and SOMI conditions did not differ on the experimenter’s acceptance, empathy, direction, autonomy support, and collaboration. Also, results did not support the main effect on program launches. These results indicate it is challenging to separate relational from technical elements in MI and, thus, to identify core mechanisms of change.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89407381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined the mediating role of social factors (friends’ substance use, living with family and having a romantic partner) in the relationship between subjective well-being and health-risk behaviours. This is a cross-sectional study of 840 Portuguese university students that used a probabilistic sampling technique. The data were gathered using a paper-and-pencil questionnaire which included three main areas: subjective well-being, health behaviours and social factors. Structural equations were used for modelling and analysis in order to test the mediating effect of the social factors in the correlation between subjective well-being and risky behaviours. Structural equation modelling showed that behaviours that put one’s health at risk were directly and positively related to having friends who use psychoactive substances and negatively with the following variables: having a romantic partner and living with family. The mediation analysis showed that social factors significantly mediated the correlation between subjective well-being and health-related risk behaviours. This study highlights the importance of taking into account the importance of social networks when designing educational interventions to improve student health in higher education settings.
{"title":"The Association between Subjective Well-Being and Risky Behaviours in University Students","authors":"Regina F Alves","doi":"10.31820/pt.31.3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.31.3.5","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the mediating role of social factors (friends’ substance use, living with family and having a romantic partner) in the relationship between subjective well-being and health-risk behaviours. This is a cross-sectional study of 840 Portuguese university students that used a probabilistic sampling technique. The data were gathered using a paper-and-pencil questionnaire which included three main areas: subjective well-being, health behaviours and social factors. Structural equations were used for modelling and analysis in order to test the mediating effect of the social factors in the correlation between subjective well-being and risky behaviours. Structural equation modelling showed that behaviours that put one’s health at risk were directly and positively related to having friends who use psychoactive substances and negatively with the following variables: having a romantic partner and living with family. The mediation analysis showed that social factors significantly mediated the correlation between subjective well-being and health-related risk behaviours. This study highlights the importance of taking into account the importance of social networks when designing educational interventions to improve student health in higher education settings.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"6 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83374986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Važnost je romantičnih odnosa u adolescenciji i ranoj odrasloj dobi neupitna. Dok turbulencije na romantičnome planu mogu utjecati na mentalno zdravlje, problemi s potonjim mogu se odraziti na romantičnu kompetentnost adolescenata. Model individualnih razlika predlaže da navedenu povezanost moderiraju individualne karakteristike pojedinca, uključujući relacijske aspekte samopoimanja. Budući da su istraživanja navedenih konstrukata u hrvatskim znanstvenim krugovima još uvijek nedovoljno zastupljena, cilj je ovoga pilot-istraživanja bio ispitati doprinose spola, dobi te relacijskih aspekata samopoimanja u objašnjenju emocionalnoga distresa. Istraživanje je provedeno u proljeće 2021. godine putem online-upitnika. Prigodni su uzorak sačinjavale 194 mlade osobe u kasnoj adolescenciji i ranoj odrasloj dobi, a prosječna je dob sudionika bila 19 godina. Žene su sačinjavale 78 % uzorka, a 62 % sudionika u trenutku provedbe istraživanja bilo je u romantičnoj vezi. Osim odgovora na demografska pitanja i pitanja o uključenosti u romantične odnose, sudionici su ispunili skraćenu verziju Skale depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa te Upitnik za procjenu odnosa. Da bismo testirali postavljene hipoteze, provedena je hijerarhijska regresijska analiza. Rezultati su razmotreni s polazišta teorije sociometra te pokazuju da veća relacijska depresivnost mladih previđa veću izraženost simptoma depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa. Pritom uključenost u romantične odnose ima značajnu moderatorsku ulogu pa mladi koji su u vezi imaju izraženije probleme mentalnoga zdravlja kada je njihovo relacijsko samopouzdanje nisko, a relacijska depresivnost izraženija. Dobiveni nalazi pružaju smjernice za buduća istraživanja, ali i sugeriraju mogućnost promocije mentalnoga zdravlja jačanjem interpersonalnih kompetencija u adolescenciji.
{"title":"Uloga uključenosti u romantične odnose i relacijskoga samopoimanja u objašnjenju problema mentalnoga zdravlja mladih","authors":"Anamarija Krnić, Lucija Šutić, Miranda Novak","doi":"10.31820/pt.31.3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.31.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"Važnost je romantičnih odnosa u adolescenciji i ranoj odrasloj dobi neupitna. Dok turbulencije na romantičnome planu mogu utjecati na mentalno zdravlje, problemi s potonjim mogu se odraziti na romantičnu kompetentnost adolescenata. Model individualnih razlika predlaže da navedenu povezanost moderiraju individualne karakteristike pojedinca, uključujući relacijske aspekte samopoimanja. Budući da su istraživanja navedenih konstrukata u hrvatskim znanstvenim krugovima još uvijek nedovoljno zastupljena, cilj je ovoga pilot-istraživanja bio ispitati doprinose spola, dobi te relacijskih aspekata samopoimanja u objašnjenju emocionalnoga distresa. Istraživanje je provedeno u proljeće 2021. godine putem online-upitnika. Prigodni su uzorak sačinjavale 194 mlade osobe u kasnoj adolescenciji i ranoj odrasloj dobi, a prosječna je dob sudionika bila 19 godina. Žene su sačinjavale 78 % uzorka, a 62 % sudionika u trenutku provedbe istraživanja bilo je u romantičnoj vezi. Osim odgovora na demografska pitanja i pitanja o uključenosti u romantične odnose, sudionici su ispunili skraćenu verziju Skale depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa te Upitnik za procjenu odnosa. Da bismo testirali postavljene hipoteze, provedena je hijerarhijska regresijska analiza. Rezultati su razmotreni s polazišta teorije sociometra te pokazuju da veća relacijska depresivnost mladih previđa veću izraženost simptoma depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa. Pritom uključenost u romantične odnose ima značajnu moderatorsku ulogu pa mladi koji su u vezi imaju izraženije probleme mentalnoga zdravlja kada je njihovo relacijsko samopouzdanje nisko, a relacijska depresivnost izraženija. Dobiveni nalazi pružaju smjernice za buduća istraživanja, ali i sugeriraju mogućnost promocije mentalnoga zdravlja jačanjem interpersonalnih kompetencija u adolescenciji.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"16 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77375300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we described rates of COVID vaccination, attitudes towards COVID prevention behaviours, and perceived risk in relation to different areas of personal well-being and substance use during the pandemic, in a sample of 16- to 25-year-olds (N = 411). The participants completed a short self-report questionnaire, while they were spending their 2021 summer nightlife in a crowded city venue. Results showed that 64% of respondents reported being vaccinated. Among the unvaccinated participants, those who were unwilling to be vaccinated agreed less with prevention rules and felt more at risk for drug use and for chances of getting or maintaining a job, when compared to both vaccinated peers and to peers who were unvaccinated but positively intentioned to vaccinate. Overall, the present findings confirm that youth felt at risk for their well-being during the pandemic and further reveal that young people who are reluctant to vaccinate deserve more attention. Vaccination campaigns need to be strengthened in social contexts, where chances of getting a job or keeping it are lower, while the risk of drug use is higher.
{"title":"Nightlife and COVID Vaccinations","authors":"Antonina Contino, Marco Codarin, Lisa Di Blas","doi":"10.31820/pt.31.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.31.3.7","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we described rates of COVID vaccination, attitudes towards COVID prevention behaviours, and perceived risk in relation to different areas of personal well-being and substance use during the pandemic, in a sample of 16- to 25-year-olds (N = 411). The participants completed a short self-report questionnaire, while they were spending their 2021 summer nightlife in a crowded city venue. Results showed that 64% of respondents reported being vaccinated. Among the unvaccinated participants, those who were unwilling to be vaccinated agreed less with prevention rules and felt more at risk for drug use and for chances of getting or maintaining a job, when compared to both vaccinated peers and to peers who were unvaccinated but positively intentioned to vaccinate. Overall, the present findings confirm that youth felt at risk for their well-being during the pandemic and further reveal that young people who are reluctant to vaccinate deserve more attention. Vaccination campaigns need to be strengthened in social contexts, where chances of getting a job or keeping it are lower, while the risk of drug use is higher.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86587729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the last decade, the fast growth of Instagram and its tendency to replace traditional media as a source of glamour images stimulated research into the effects of Instagram on body image of its users. The purpose of the present research was to investigate gender differences in Instagram use and its links to body dissatisfaction in a sample of young adult daily users of Instagram in Lithuania. The sample included 346 participants (100 male and 246 female) aged 18 to 34 years. Along with age and body mass index, measures included self-reported daily Instagram checking frequency, daily duration of Instagram use, Instagram engagement, and appearance-related comparisons which all were used to predict body dissatisfaction. Results revealed that among young adult daily users of Instagram in Lithuania women spent more time on Instagram, were more engaged with Instagram and were more prone to appearance-related comparisons on Instagram than men, but did not differ from men in Instagram checking frequency. For both men and women, higher body dissatisfaction was predicted by more frequent appearance-related comparisons on Instagram and higher body mass index. Higher daily Instagram checking frequency made a small, but statistically significant contribution towards predicting higher body dissatisfaction for women, but not for men.
{"title":"Gender Differences in Links between Daily Use of Instagram and Body Dissatisfaction in a Sample of Young Adults in Lithuania","authors":"V. Legkauskas, Ugnė Kudlaitė","doi":"10.31820/pt.31.3.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.31.3.12","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade, the fast growth of Instagram and its tendency to replace traditional media as a source of glamour images stimulated research into the effects of Instagram on body image of its users. The purpose of the present research was to investigate gender differences in Instagram use and its links to body dissatisfaction in a sample of young adult daily users of Instagram in Lithuania. The sample included 346 participants (100 male and 246 female) aged 18 to 34 years. Along with age and body mass index, measures included self-reported daily Instagram checking frequency, daily duration of Instagram use, Instagram engagement, and appearance-related comparisons which all were used to predict body dissatisfaction. Results revealed that among young adult daily users of Instagram in Lithuania women spent more time on Instagram, were more engaged with Instagram and were more prone to appearance-related comparisons on Instagram than men, but did not differ from men in Instagram checking frequency. For both men and women, higher body dissatisfaction was predicted by more frequent appearance-related comparisons on Instagram and higher body mass index. Higher daily Instagram checking frequency made a small, but statistically significant contribution towards predicting higher body dissatisfaction for women, but not for men.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79940008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cilj je ovoga rada bio identificirati profile ciljnih orijentacija studenata i ispitati razlike u učestalosti korištenja specifičnih strategija samoregulacije motivacije između studenata različitih profila ciljnih orijentacija. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 290 studenata nastavničkih studija primjenom upitnika. Analizom latentnih profila identificirane su četiri grupe studenata različitih profila ciljnih orijentacija: niskoorijentirani na uspjeh (21.3 %), prosječni (45.8 %), orijentirani na učenje (25.3 %) i orijentirani na uspjeh (7.6 %). Rezultati pokazuju da su studenti s motivacijski nepovoljnijim profilima (niskoorijentirani na uspjeh, prosječni) općenito manje skloni koristiti strategije regulacije motivacije. Iako studenti koji su orijentirani na učenje i studenti koji su orijentirani na uspjeh većinu ispitanih strategija koriste podjednako često, studenti koji su orijentirani na učenje češće koriste strategije regulacije vrijednosti i situacijskoga interesa.
{"title":"Profili ciljnih orijentacija i strategije samoregulacije motivacije","authors":"Rosanda Pahljina-Reinić","doi":"10.31820/pt.31.3.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.31.3.13","url":null,"abstract":"Cilj je ovoga rada bio identificirati profile ciljnih orijentacija studenata i ispitati razlike u učestalosti korištenja specifičnih strategija samoregulacije motivacije između studenata različitih profila ciljnih orijentacija. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 290 studenata nastavničkih studija primjenom upitnika. Analizom latentnih profila identificirane su četiri grupe studenata različitih profila ciljnih orijentacija: niskoorijentirani na uspjeh (21.3 %), prosječni (45.8 %), orijentirani na učenje (25.3 %) i orijentirani na uspjeh (7.6 %). Rezultati pokazuju da su studenti s motivacijski nepovoljnijim profilima (niskoorijentirani na uspjeh, prosječni) općenito manje skloni koristiti strategije regulacije motivacije. Iako studenti koji su orijentirani na učenje i studenti koji su orijentirani na uspjeh većinu ispitanih strategija koriste podjednako često, studenti koji su orijentirani na učenje češće koriste strategije regulacije vrijednosti i situacijskoga interesa.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73772540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jedan je od glavnih zadataka vidnoga radnog pamćenja (VRP) zaštita pohranjenih sadržaja od nevažnih vidnih podražaja u okolini, tj. od distraktirajućih informacija. Iako velik broj istraživanja pokazuje negativan utjecaj distraktora na sadržaje u VRP-u, nejasno je utječu li distraktori jednako na VRP u različitim fazama obrade, tj. tijekom kodiranja, zadržavanja i dosjećanja. U provedenome su istraživanju sudionici (N = 12) u zadatku VRP-a pamtili obojene podražaje te su im prikazivani perceptivni distraktori u različitim fazama obrade podražaja. Rezultati su pokazali da prikazivanje distraktora neposredno nakon nestanka podražaja za pamćenje (tj. u fazi kodiranja), ali ne i tijekom faze zadržavanja ili dosjećanja, dovodi do porasta pogreške dosjećanja. Ključno, utjecaj distraktora nije ovisio o njihovoj snazi manipuliranoj kao trajanje prikaza distraktora. Da bismo pobliže istražili vrstu pogreške do koje dolazi uslijed prikaza distraktora, podaci su procijenjeni probabilističkim modelom mješovitih distribucija. Rezultati su pokazali da se porast pogreške dosjećanja dominantno može pripisati porastu pogrešaka zamjena i pogreškama intruzije, dok pogreške slučajnoga pogađanja te preciznost točnih dosjećanja nisu pokazali sustavno variranje s prikazom distraktora. Naši rezultati pokazuju da je proces obrane od distraktora u VRP-u pretežno uspješan, s povremenim neuspjesima koji rezultiraju jasnim obrascima pogrešaka. Konačno, ti rezultati govore u prilog distribuiranoj pohrani sadržaja VRP-a i suprotni su pretpostavkama hipoteze senzornoga kodiranja.
{"title":"Perceptivni distraktori utječu na reprezentacije vidnoga radnog pamćenja samo u ranim fazama obrade","authors":"Ivan Tomić, Dragutin Ivanec","doi":"10.31820/pt.31.3.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.31.3.9","url":null,"abstract":"Jedan je od glavnih zadataka vidnoga radnog pamćenja (VRP) zaštita pohranjenih sadržaja od nevažnih vidnih podražaja u okolini, tj. od distraktirajućih informacija. Iako velik broj istraživanja pokazuje negativan utjecaj distraktora na sadržaje u VRP-u, nejasno je utječu li distraktori jednako na VRP u različitim fazama obrade, tj. tijekom kodiranja, zadržavanja i dosjećanja. U provedenome su istraživanju sudionici (N = 12) u zadatku VRP-a pamtili obojene podražaje te su im prikazivani perceptivni distraktori u različitim fazama obrade podražaja. Rezultati su pokazali da prikazivanje distraktora neposredno nakon nestanka podražaja za pamćenje (tj. u fazi kodiranja), ali ne i tijekom faze zadržavanja ili dosjećanja, dovodi do porasta pogreške dosjećanja. Ključno, utjecaj distraktora nije ovisio o njihovoj snazi manipuliranoj kao trajanje prikaza distraktora. Da bismo pobliže istražili vrstu pogreške do koje dolazi uslijed prikaza distraktora, podaci su procijenjeni probabilističkim modelom mješovitih distribucija. Rezultati su pokazali da se porast pogreške dosjećanja dominantno može pripisati porastu pogrešaka zamjena i pogreškama intruzije, dok pogreške slučajnoga pogađanja te preciznost točnih dosjećanja nisu pokazali sustavno variranje s prikazom distraktora. Naši rezultati pokazuju da je proces obrane od distraktora u VRP-u pretežno uspješan, s povremenim neuspjesima koji rezultiraju jasnim obrascima pogrešaka. Konačno, ti rezultati govore u prilog distribuiranoj pohrani sadržaja VRP-a i suprotni su pretpostavkama hipoteze senzornoga kodiranja.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"134 21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74873469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Body mass is widely recognized as a morphological trait which is important for fitness optimization both in humans and other animals. Here, we propose that body mass is a part of fast life history trajectory – the fitness optimization pattern which emerges from harsh environment with a function to maximize reproductive output. To test this prediction, we measured body mass index (BMI) and a set of life history indicators in a large sample of reproductive individuals (N = 1,504; 32% males; Mage = 27.20; SD = 9.2). The data were collected via an online survey. Bivariate correlations showed that BMI was positively related to reproductive success, childhood poverty, and short-term mating success; furthermore, it was negatively associated to physical health, age of the first menarche, and economic reasons against reproduction. The Network Analysis confirmed that BMI is positively related to short-term mating success and reproductive success, and negatively to physical health and economic reasons against reproduction. Furthermore, centrality metrics showed that BMI has relatively low centrality indices, and thus represents a peripheral node in the network. The present data confirm that body mass is a morphological trait which participates in the fast life history trajectory of fitness optimization. A body mass which is slightly higher than population mean (but below obesity levels) probably represents an adaptive response to depriving economic conditions in childhood and contributes to the maximization of reproductive fitness. Finally, we highlight that the relations between body mass and life history may differ between and within species.
{"title":"The Position of Body Mass in a Network of Human Life History Indicator","authors":"Janko Međedović","doi":"10.31820/pt.31.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.31.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Body mass is widely recognized as a morphological trait which is important for fitness optimization both in humans and other animals. Here, we propose that body mass is a part of fast life history trajectory – the fitness optimization pattern which emerges from harsh environment with a function to maximize reproductive output. To test this prediction, we measured body mass index (BMI) and a set of life history indicators in a large sample of reproductive individuals (N = 1,504; 32% males; Mage = 27.20; SD = 9.2). The data were collected via an online survey. Bivariate correlations showed that BMI was positively related to reproductive success, childhood poverty, and short-term mating success; furthermore, it was negatively associated to physical health, age of the first menarche, and economic reasons against reproduction. The Network Analysis confirmed that BMI is positively related to short-term mating success and reproductive success, and negatively to physical health and economic reasons against reproduction. Furthermore, centrality metrics showed that BMI has relatively low centrality indices, and thus represents a peripheral node in the network. The present data confirm that body mass is a morphological trait which participates in the fast life history trajectory of fitness optimization. A body mass which is slightly higher than population mean (but below obesity levels) probably represents an adaptive response to depriving economic conditions in childhood and contributes to the maximization of reproductive fitness. Finally, we highlight that the relations between body mass and life history may differ between and within species.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"190 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87167805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Istraživanja kontinuirano pokazuju da interes, motivacija i uključenost u učenje fizike opadaju s godinama školovanja. Neka istraživanja pokazuju i da pad interesa za učenje fizike započinje već na početku formalnoga obrazovanja iz fizike pa je cilj ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati odrednice motivacije i uključenosti u učenje učenika koji se prvi put susreću s predmetom fizike. Uključenost u učenje predstavlja opažljivu manifestaciju motivacije, a većina autora smatra da je sačinjavaju bihevioralni (pažnja, koncentracija i ustrajnost), kognitivni (učenje s razumijevanjem) i emocionalni (pozitivne emocije za vrijeme učenja) aspekt. Za teorijski okvir odabran je kontekstualni model školske uključenosti prema kojemu motivacijska uvjerenja učenika posreduju u odnosu između kontekstualnih čimbenika i uključenosti. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 595 učenika sedmih razreda iz deset osnovnih škola u Zagrebu prosječne dobi od 13 godina (51 % djevojčica). Za provjeru medijatorne uloge motivacijskih uvjerenja učenika (samoefikasnosti, interesa, važnosti i korisnosti fizike) u odnosu između triju aspekata motiviranja učenika (nastavnička brižnost, poticanje autonomije i nastavnička struktura) te triju aspekata uključenosti u učenje (bihevioralnoga, kognitivnoga i emocionalnoga) korišteno je strukturalno modeliranje. Rezultati istraživanja u skladu su s teorijskim modelom i pokazali su da tri aspekta uključenosti u učenje fizike imaju različite mehanizme na početku formalnoga obrazovanja iz fizike. Najvažnijim se medijatorom pokazao interes za fiziku koji je posredovao u odnosu između nastavničke brižnosti i strukture te bihevioralne i emocionalne uključenosti u učenje fizike, dok su uvjerenja o samoefikasnosti i korisnosti fizike posredovala u odnosu između nastavničkoga poticanja autonomije te kognitivne uključenosti u učenje fizike. Rezultati imaju teorijske i praktične implikacije.
{"title":"Kontekstualne i individualne odrednice uključenosti u učenje fizike","authors":"Ema Petričević","doi":"10.31820/pt.31.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.31.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Istraživanja kontinuirano pokazuju da interes, motivacija i uključenost u učenje fizike opadaju s godinama školovanja. Neka istraživanja pokazuju i da pad interesa za učenje fizike započinje već na početku formalnoga obrazovanja iz fizike pa je cilj ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati odrednice motivacije i uključenosti u učenje učenika koji se prvi put susreću s predmetom fizike. Uključenost u učenje predstavlja opažljivu manifestaciju motivacije, a većina autora smatra da je sačinjavaju bihevioralni (pažnja, koncentracija i ustrajnost), kognitivni (učenje s razumijevanjem) i emocionalni (pozitivne emocije za vrijeme učenja) aspekt. Za teorijski okvir odabran je kontekstualni model školske uključenosti prema kojemu motivacijska uvjerenja učenika posreduju u odnosu između kontekstualnih čimbenika i uključenosti. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 595 učenika sedmih razreda iz deset osnovnih škola u Zagrebu prosječne dobi od 13 godina (51 % djevojčica). Za provjeru medijatorne uloge motivacijskih uvjerenja učenika (samoefikasnosti, interesa, važnosti i korisnosti fizike) u odnosu između triju aspekata motiviranja učenika (nastavnička brižnost, poticanje autonomije i nastavnička struktura) te triju aspekata uključenosti u učenje (bihevioralnoga, kognitivnoga i emocionalnoga) korišteno je strukturalno modeliranje. Rezultati istraživanja u skladu su s teorijskim modelom i pokazali su da tri aspekta uključenosti u učenje fizike imaju različite mehanizme na početku formalnoga obrazovanja iz fizike. Najvažnijim se medijatorom pokazao interes za fiziku koji je posredovao u odnosu između nastavničke brižnosti i strukture te bihevioralne i emocionalne uključenosti u učenje fizike, dok su uvjerenja o samoefikasnosti i korisnosti fizike posredovala u odnosu između nastavničkoga poticanja autonomije te kognitivne uključenosti u učenje fizike. Rezultati imaju teorijske i praktične implikacije.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80153065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The role of self-regulation in aggression has typically been studied by neglecting the multidimensional nature of aggression, which differentiates between its forms (overt vs. relational) and functions (proactive vs. reactive). Besides, the contribution of two aspects of self-regulation (effortful control and reactive control) in the regulation of aggression has been ignored. Studies suggest that only reactive aggressive children have low effortful control because aggression results from the insufficient inhibition of an aggressive impulse. On the other hand, some studies suggest that proactive aggression has no deficits in effortful control, because proactive aggression is referred to as premeditated behaviour driven by instrumental goals. However, the conceptualization of proactive aggression as premeditated with higher levels of forethought and perseverance is not sustainable, because proactive aggression is associated with reactive undercontrol which corresponds to impulsivity. This paper addresses this problem by reviewing recent research suggesting that both forms and functions of aggression are related to inadequate effortful control. Studies suggest that forms and functions of aggression are related to various aspects of impulsivity. Further, reactive overcontrolled children are, due to their behavioural inhibition, better able to attenuate their aggression. Future studies should determine which forms and functions of aggression are characterized by low reactive overcontrol, i.e. low behavioural inhibition. For children whose aggression is driven by weak reactive control, effortful control is necessary to inhibit aggressive impulses. Interventions are suggested for reinforcing self-regulation in forms and functions of aggression.
{"title":"Problems of Self-Regulation in Forms and Functions of Aggression","authors":"Marija Šarić Drnas","doi":"10.31820/pt.31.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.31.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"The role of self-regulation in aggression has typically been studied by neglecting the multidimensional nature of aggression, which differentiates between its forms (overt vs. relational) and functions (proactive vs. reactive). Besides, the contribution of two aspects of self-regulation (effortful control and reactive control) in the regulation of aggression has been ignored. Studies suggest that only reactive aggressive children have low effortful control because aggression results from the insufficient inhibition of an aggressive impulse. On the other hand, some studies suggest that proactive aggression has no deficits in effortful control, because proactive aggression is referred to as premeditated behaviour driven by instrumental goals. However, the conceptualization of proactive aggression as premeditated with higher levels of forethought and perseverance is not sustainable, because proactive aggression is associated with reactive undercontrol which corresponds to impulsivity. This paper addresses this problem by reviewing recent research suggesting that both forms and functions of aggression are related to inadequate effortful control. Studies suggest that forms and functions of aggression are related to various aspects of impulsivity. Further, reactive overcontrolled children are, due to their behavioural inhibition, better able to attenuate their aggression. Future studies should determine which forms and functions of aggression are characterized by low reactive overcontrol, i.e. low behavioural inhibition. For children whose aggression is driven by weak reactive control, effortful control is necessary to inhibit aggressive impulses. Interventions are suggested for reinforcing self-regulation in forms and functions of aggression.","PeriodicalId":20858,"journal":{"name":"Psihologijske teme","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82260939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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