O. Fadele, Ademola Afolabi, D. Oloyede, O. Adedire, H. Bankole, A. Adetunji
In this work, the Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) and machine capacity for a Moringa oleifera seed shelling machine were determined in relation to the cylinder speed and seed sizes. A M. oleifera seed shelling machine was tested and the SEC was appraised. The SEC and machine capacity of the M. oleifera seed shelling machine were determined at five speed levels, viz. 200, 240, 280, 320 and 360 rpm using three seed sizes (viz. small, medium and large seed sizes). The SEC and machine capacity increased with the seed sizes during the shelling process. The same trend was observed for the relationship between the SEC and cylinder speed. The minimum values obtained for the SEC using the small, medium and large M. oleifera seed sizes were 31.25, 40.07 and 54.22 Wh·kg–1, respectively, at a cylinder speed of 200 rpm while the maximum values obtained for the small, medium and large seed sizes were 58.01, 74.37 and 100.63 Wh·kg–1, respectively, at a cylinder speed of 360 rpm. The optimum values obtained for the machine capacity were 14.58, 11.38 and 8.41 kg⋅h–1 using the small, medium and large seed sizes, respectively. Conclusively, this study shows that the SEC and machine capacity were affected by the variation in the cylinder speed and seed sizes.
{"title":"Specific energy consumption of a Moringa oleifera seed shelling machine","authors":"O. Fadele, Ademola Afolabi, D. Oloyede, O. Adedire, H. Bankole, A. Adetunji","doi":"10.17221/81/2019-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/81/2019-rae","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) and machine capacity for a Moringa oleifera seed shelling machine were determined in relation to the cylinder speed and seed sizes. A M. oleifera seed shelling machine was tested and the SEC was appraised. The SEC and machine capacity of the M. oleifera seed shelling machine were determined at five speed levels, viz. 200, 240, 280, 320 and 360 rpm using three seed sizes (viz. small, medium and large seed sizes). The SEC and machine capacity increased with the seed sizes during the shelling process. The same trend was observed for the relationship between the SEC and cylinder speed. The minimum values obtained for the SEC using the small, medium and large M. oleifera seed sizes were 31.25, 40.07 and 54.22 Wh·kg–1, respectively, at a cylinder speed of 200 rpm while the maximum values obtained for the small, medium and large seed sizes were 58.01, 74.37 and 100.63 Wh·kg–1, respectively, at a cylinder speed of 360 rpm. The optimum values obtained for the machine capacity were 14.58, 11.38 and 8.41 kg⋅h–1 using the small, medium and large seed sizes, respectively. Conclusively, this study shows that the SEC and machine capacity were affected by the variation in the cylinder speed and seed sizes.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":"66 1","pages":"104-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/81/2019-rae","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47966915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. A. Aditama, Lalu Zulfikri, L. Mardiana, T. Mulyaningsih, N. Qomariyah, R. Wirawan
The aim of the present study is the development of an electronic nose system prototype for the classification of Gyrinops versteegii agarwood. The prototype consists of three gas sensors, i.e., TGS822, TGS2620, and TGS2610. The data acquisition and quality classification of the nose system are controlled by the Artificial Neural Network backpropagation algorithm in the Arduino Mega2650 microcontroller module. The testing result shows that an electronic nose can distinguish the quality of Gyrinops versteegii agarwood. The good-quality agarwood has an output of [1 –1], while the poor-quality agarwood has an output of [–1 1].
{"title":"Electronic nose sensor development using ANN backpropagation for Lombok Agarwood classification","authors":"F. A. Aditama, Lalu Zulfikri, L. Mardiana, T. Mulyaningsih, N. Qomariyah, R. Wirawan","doi":"10.17221/26/2020-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/26/2020-rae","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study is the development of an electronic nose system prototype for the classification of Gyrinops versteegii agarwood. The prototype consists of three gas sensors, i.e., TGS822, TGS2620, and TGS2610. The data acquisition and quality classification of the nose system are controlled by the Artificial Neural Network backpropagation algorithm in the Arduino Mega2650 microcontroller module. The testing result shows that an electronic nose can distinguish the quality of Gyrinops versteegii agarwood. The good-quality agarwood has an output of [1 –1], while the poor-quality agarwood has an output of [–1 1].","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":"66 1","pages":"97-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/26/2020-rae","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46358813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this research, the suitability of a vibrating dual bent-share cultivator was studied. Therefore, an eccentric pin-slider mechanism was designed to vibrate the two shanks laterally, using a tractor power take-off. The present study investigates the field performance of the vibrating dual bent-share cultivator with three different vibration frequencies (0, 0.88, and 2 Hz) in a clay loam soil at two working depths (100 and 200 mm) and having a water content of a 0.7 or 0.9 plastic limit. The lowest values of the draught, specific draught, and MWD were recorded at a vibration frequency of 2 Hz and a working depth of 100 mm. The draught force, specific draught, and MWD of the non-vibration implement were reduced by using a vibration frequency of 2 Hz. The coefficient of determination and F-values proved that the vibration frequency was more effective than the soil water content and the working depth on the draught, specific draught, and MWD. Although a dual bent-share cultivator needs low energy compared with a mould-board plough, the vibration of the dual bent-share cultivator may be recommended as an efficient energy-demanding implement in the soil manipulation process.
{"title":"Field evaluation of a vibrating dual bent-share cultivator","authors":"A. Esehaghbeygi, M. Abedi, J. Razavi, A. Hemmat","doi":"10.17221/49/2020-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/49/2020-rae","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, the suitability of a vibrating dual bent-share cultivator was studied. Therefore, an eccentric pin-slider mechanism was designed to vibrate the two shanks laterally, using a tractor power take-off. The present study investigates the field performance of the vibrating dual bent-share cultivator with three different vibration frequencies (0, 0.88, and 2 Hz) in a clay loam soil at two working depths (100 and 200 mm) and having a water content of a 0.7 or 0.9 plastic limit. The lowest values of the draught, specific draught, and MWD were recorded at a vibration frequency of 2 Hz and a working depth of 100 mm. The draught force, specific draught, and MWD of the non-vibration implement were reduced by using a vibration frequency of 2 Hz. The coefficient of determination and F-values proved that the vibration frequency was more effective than the soil water content and the working depth on the draught, specific draught, and MWD. Although a dual bent-share cultivator needs low energy compared with a mould-board plough, the vibration of the dual bent-share cultivator may be recommended as an efficient energy-demanding implement in the soil manipulation process.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48380203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Nwankwo, Francis Chigozie Okoyeuzu, I. Ahamefula
The efficiency of three modified plastic digesters (3.6 m3 each) using food waste for biogas generation in cooking food was evaluated. The experiment was laid out based on a completely randomised design. A plastic tank was modified as a biodegradation system for food waste digestion to generate a biogas. The biochemical and chemical oxygen demand ranged from 44.58 to 49.62% and 130.42 to 139.20%, respectively, before digestion, but decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after digestion. The pH of the fermenting slurry fluctuated (6.24–6.86) and an average biogas of 0.574 m3 (505–601 L·day–1) per day was generated from the three experimental waste proportions which would be sufficient to cook three meals per day for 3 to 4 people. The methane gas significantly increased (P < 0.05) while the carbon-dioxide significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at the peak of the biogas production. The generated biogas significantly cooked (P < 0.05) faster than kerosene, but not faster than liquefied petroleum gas. The flammable biogas generation and high significant (P <0.05) percentage change in the physico-chemical properties of the wastes after digestion implied high efficiency performance of the digesters modified from the plastic tanks.
{"title":"Electrohydrodynamic, oven and natural drying of mint leaves and effects on the physiochemical indices of the leaves","authors":"C. Nwankwo, Francis Chigozie Okoyeuzu, I. Ahamefula","doi":"10.17221/21/2020-RAE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/21/2020-RAE","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency of three modified plastic digesters (3.6 m3 each) using food waste for biogas generation in cooking food was evaluated. The experiment was laid out based on a completely randomised design. A plastic tank was modified as a biodegradation system for food waste digestion to generate a biogas. The biochemical and chemical oxygen demand ranged from 44.58 to 49.62% and 130.42 to 139.20%, respectively, before digestion, but decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after digestion. The pH of the fermenting slurry fluctuated (6.24–6.86) and an average biogas of 0.574 m3 (505–601 L·day–1) per day was generated from the three experimental waste proportions which would be sufficient to cook three meals per day for 3 to 4 people. The methane gas significantly increased (P < 0.05) while the carbon-dioxide significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at the peak of the biogas production. The generated biogas significantly cooked (P < 0.05) faster than kerosene, but not faster than liquefied petroleum gas. The flammable biogas generation and high significant (P <0.05) percentage change in the physico-chemical properties of the wastes after digestion implied high efficiency performance of the digesters modified from the plastic tanks.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/21/2020-RAE","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42312544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) enhanced the thin-layer drying of mint (Mentha Spicata Huds) leaves using multiple point-to-plate electrodes. Its configurations were carried out under DC high voltage and its effects were compared to oven drying at 40 °C and open-air-drying with natural convection at 25 °C. The EHD was run in an optimum electric field of 3.2 kV·cm–1 using positive ionising conical needles to a plate electrode covered by a steel screen grid to prevent the leaves drifting. The samples subjected to the EHD and oven exhibited faster drying kinetics than natural convection. Compared to the oven drying, the EHD electrical power consumption was negligible. The EHD method developed fewer undesirable changes in the colour features and the leaves’ total chlorophyll, whereas the oven-dried sample colour underwent a significant change in colour. The samples dried by EHD had lower active microorganisms. The empirical modelling, based on the maximum value of R2 and the minimum value of RMSE and SSE between the experimental and predicted moisture ratios, showed that the diffusion and logarithmic models were the best models for describing the EHD and oven drying behaviour of the mint leaves.
{"title":"Electrohydrodynamic, oven and natural drying of mint leaves and effects on the physiochemical indices of the leaves","authors":"A. Esehaghbeygi, Z. Karimi","doi":"10.17221/16/2020-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/16/2020-rae","url":null,"abstract":"Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) enhanced the thin-layer drying of mint (Mentha Spicata Huds) leaves using multiple point-to-plate electrodes. Its configurations were carried out under DC high voltage and its effects were compared to oven drying at 40 °C and open-air-drying with natural convection at 25 °C. The EHD was run in an optimum electric field of 3.2 kV·cm–1 using positive ionising conical needles to a plate electrode covered by a steel screen grid to prevent the leaves drifting. The samples subjected to the EHD and oven exhibited faster drying kinetics than natural convection. Compared to the oven drying, the EHD electrical power consumption was negligible. The EHD method developed fewer undesirable changes in the colour features and the leaves’ total chlorophyll, whereas the oven-dried sample colour underwent a significant change in colour. The samples dried by EHD had lower active microorganisms. The empirical modelling, based on the maximum value of R2 and the minimum value of RMSE and SSE between the experimental and predicted moisture ratios, showed that the diffusion and logarithmic models were the best models for describing the EHD and oven drying behaviour of the mint leaves.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/16/2020-rae","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41511356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The main aim is to find out the influence of using coloured plastic mulches (blue, white, green, red, black and white on black) compared with a mulch-free treatment on the root zone temperature, growth and productivity of broccoli. The results indicated that the highest and lowest mean root zone temperatures were recorded the in the dark-coloured mulches (blue, green, red and white on black) and in the light-coloured mulches (white), respectively, in both the winter and spring seasons. The average shoot length, leaf number and root volume of the broccoli for all the treatments was higher in the spring season compared with those of the winter season. The highest marketable head fresh weight values were 449.6 and 451.0 g found in the black mulch, while the lowest values were 391.4 and 397.5 g found in the winter and spring seasons for the red mulch, respectively. The N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in the broccoli heads ranged from 2.0 to 2.8%, 0.9 to 1.0%, 2.7 to 3.6%, 1.9 to 5.9% and 0.5 to 0.89%, respectively, for all the treatments.
{"title":"Changes of root zone temperature, growth and productivity of broccoli cultivated with coloured plastic mulches","authors":"H. Mostafa, El-Sayed G. Khater, R. Hamouda","doi":"10.17221/84/2019-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/84/2019-rae","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The main aim is to find out the influence of using coloured plastic mulches (blue, white, green, red, black and white on black) compared with a mulch-free treatment on the root zone temperature, growth and productivity of broccoli. The results indicated that the highest and lowest mean root zone temperatures were recorded the in the dark-coloured mulches (blue, green, red and white on black) and in the light-coloured mulches (white), respectively, in both the winter and spring seasons. The average shoot length, leaf number and root volume of the broccoli for all the treatments was higher in the spring season compared with those of the winter season. The highest marketable head fresh weight values were 449.6 and 451.0 g found in the black mulch, while the lowest values were 391.4 and 397.5 g found in the winter and spring seasons for the red mulch, respectively. The N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in the broccoli heads ranged from 2.0 to 2.8%, 0.9 to 1.0%, 2.7 to 3.6%, 1.9 to 5.9% and 0.5 to 0.89%, respectively, for all the treatments.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":"66 1","pages":"112-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/84/2019-rae","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43610380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper is focused on the uncertainty estimation of the mean isobaric and isochoric specific heat capacity calculation. The differences in the data among the individual sources for the technical calculation are presented in the first part of the paper. These differences are discussed in this paper. Research of scientific work with listed values of measurement uncertainties has been carried out in the second part of the paper. Furthermore, mathematical models were calculated which describe the dependence of the specific heat capacities and temperature. The maximal error models were carried out. Two approaches were used for the calculation of the mean specific heat capacity. The first approach is the calculation with help of integration of the function which describes the dependence of the specific heat capacity and temperature. The second approach is the calculation of a simple arithmetic mean of the specific heat capacity related to the maximal and minimal value of the temperature interval. The conclusion of the work shows that the time-effective second way is applicable in the case of a narrow temperature range. A value of 5.5% (Δt = 200 K) was reached for the relative uncertainty. This is a similar value to that in the case of using the first way.
{"title":"Uncertainty estimation of the mean specific heat capacity for the major gases contained in biogas","authors":"P. Trávnícek, I. Vitázek","doi":"10.17221/4/2020-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/4/2020-rae","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is focused on the uncertainty estimation of the mean isobaric and isochoric specific heat capacity calculation. The differences in the data among the individual sources for the technical calculation are presented in the first part of the paper. These differences are discussed in this paper. Research of scientific work with listed values of measurement uncertainties has been carried out in the second part of the paper. Furthermore, mathematical models were calculated which describe the dependence of the specific heat capacities and temperature. The maximal error models were carried out. Two approaches were used for the calculation of the mean specific heat capacity. The first approach is the calculation with help of integration of the function which describes the dependence of the specific heat capacity and temperature. The second approach is the calculation of a simple arithmetic mean of the specific heat capacity related to the maximal and minimal value of the temperature interval. The conclusion of the work shows that the time-effective second way is applicable in the case of a narrow temperature range. A value of 5.5% (Δt = 200 K) was reached for the relative uncertainty. This is a similar value to that in the case of using the first way.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":"66 1","pages":"52-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/4/2020-rae","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42490348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The preservation of fresh produce can provide rural households with better diets all-year round and income by reducing their deterioration. Promotion of low-cost temporary storage technologies requires evidence of their effectiveness to attain conducive conditions. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of an evaporative charcoal cooler for the preservation of tomatoes and kales. The cooler microclimate and outdoor conditions were investigated by measuring the air temperature and relative humidity. During the study period, the maximum temperature difference between the cooler and the outdoors was found to be 9.2 °C while the maximum relative humidity difference was 36.8%. Due to the presence of light rain and, consequently, low solar radiation, the temperature and relative humidity differences were significantly reduced. Despite the light rain, the cooler still registered a maximum relative humidity of 83.5% and a maximum cooling efficiency of 91.5%. Overall, the cooler demonstrated promising results in terms of favourable microclimate conditions, the shelf-life and colour changes for tomatoes and kales.
{"title":"Effectiveness of an evaporative charcoal cooler for the postharvest preservation of tomatoes and kales","authors":"E. Ronoh, C. Kanali, S. Ndirangu","doi":"10.17221/52/2019-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/52/2019-rae","url":null,"abstract":"The preservation of fresh produce can provide rural households with better diets all-year round and income by reducing their deterioration. Promotion of low-cost temporary storage technologies requires evidence of their effectiveness to attain conducive conditions. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of an evaporative charcoal cooler for the preservation of tomatoes and kales. The cooler microclimate and outdoor conditions were investigated by measuring the air temperature and relative humidity. During the study period, the maximum temperature difference between the cooler and the outdoors was found to be 9.2 °C while the maximum relative humidity difference was 36.8%. Due to the presence of light rain and, consequently, low solar radiation, the temperature and relative humidity differences were significantly reduced. Despite the light rain, the cooler still registered a maximum relative humidity of 83.5% and a maximum cooling efficiency of 91.5%. Overall, the cooler demonstrated promising results in terms of favourable microclimate conditions, the shelf-life and colour changes for tomatoes and kales.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/52/2019-rae","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46507201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the work was to determine the quality of a new and used cultivator blade to assess the condition of the metal with the development of rejection norms of its variability in a magnetic parameter – coercive force using various types of equipment – coercimeters. The new cultivator blade shows the highest level of coercive force that is characteristic of its right and left parts and its decrease occurs towards the toe. After operation, variability is noted, characterised by both an increase and a decrease in the indicators of the coercive force. Rejection norms of the metal state, which determine the possibility of restoring a worn cultivator blade, which can also provide satisfactory indicators for their further use in operation, have been proposed. For restoration, it is recommended to use a cultivator blade made of low carbon steel, the zones of which should not change the level of the coercive force > 10.0% during operation. It is not recommended to restore those blades in which, after increasing the indicators, they then decreased to (< 5.0%) and are characterised by close values of the indicators.
{"title":"Evaluation of the stress state of a cultivator blade in production and operation","authors":"T. Skoblo, I. Rybalko, A. Tihonov, T. Maltsev","doi":"10.17221/8/2020-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/8/2020-rae","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the work was to determine the quality of a new and used cultivator blade to assess the condition of the metal with the development of rejection norms of its variability in a magnetic parameter – coercive force using various types of equipment – coercimeters. The new cultivator blade shows the highest level of coercive force that is characteristic of its right and left parts and its decrease occurs towards the toe. After operation, variability is noted, characterised by both an increase and a decrease in the indicators of the coercive force. Rejection norms of the metal state, which determine the possibility of restoring a worn cultivator blade, which can also provide satisfactory indicators for their further use in operation, have been proposed. For restoration, it is recommended to use a cultivator blade made of low carbon steel, the zones of which should not change the level of the coercive force > 10.0% during operation. It is not recommended to restore those blades in which, after increasing the indicators, they then decreased to (< 5.0%) and are characterised by close values of the indicators.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":"66 1","pages":"60-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/8/2020-rae","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48636166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Lawal, K. Ogedengbe, O. Ojo, Abubakre Adeyanju Odufowokan
Cassava processing activity is characterised by the generation of an enormous quantity of toxic wastewater with detrimental effects on the environment if disposed of without adequate treatment. To alleviate this concern, lab-scaled cylindrical-shaped composite ceramic filters produced from rice husk and clay mixed with equal proportions of activated carbon, kaolin and sherd powder were produced and assessed in a membrane bioreactor. The permeate obtained from the filter with 2.39% rice husks, 0.95% activated carbon, 0.80% kaolin, 0.40% sherd powder and 95.47% clay gave the optimum pollutant removal efficiency. The average removal efficiencies of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) were 98.32, 78.93, 37.81 and 56.52%, respectively. The pH increased from 3.8 to a maximum value of 6.5. The flux ranges from 0.005 [m3·(m2·d–1)] to a maximum value of 0.108 [m3·(m2·d–1)] obtained for the filter with 1.45% rice husks. The availability of low-cost construction materials and the ease of operation makes the concept a promising option for treating cassava wastewater, however, an optimisation study is required to improve the filter performance and enhance the field applications.
{"title":"Assessment of a submerged membrane bioreactor with composite ceramic filters for cassava wastewater treatment","authors":"N. Lawal, K. Ogedengbe, O. Ojo, Abubakre Adeyanju Odufowokan","doi":"10.17221/109/2018-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/109/2018-rae","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava processing activity is characterised by the generation of an enormous quantity of toxic wastewater with detrimental effects on the environment if disposed of without adequate treatment. To alleviate this concern, lab-scaled cylindrical-shaped composite ceramic filters produced from rice husk and clay mixed with equal proportions of activated carbon, kaolin and sherd powder were produced and assessed in a membrane bioreactor. The permeate obtained from the filter with 2.39% rice husks, 0.95% activated carbon, 0.80% kaolin, 0.40% sherd powder and 95.47% clay gave the optimum pollutant removal efficiency. The average removal efficiencies of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) were 98.32, 78.93, 37.81 and 56.52%, respectively. The pH increased from 3.8 to a maximum value of 6.5. The flux ranges from 0.005 [m3·(m2·d–1)] to a maximum value of 0.108 [m3·(m2·d–1)] obtained for the filter with 1.45% rice husks. The availability of low-cost construction materials and the ease of operation makes the concept a promising option for treating cassava wastewater, however, an optimisation study is required to improve the filter performance and enhance the field applications.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":"66 1","pages":"72-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/109/2018-rae","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49322274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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