The need for abundant, sustainable, and clean energy is becoming increasingly important in the modern world due to continuous population growth and industrial expansion. Hydrogen (H2) has been identified as a potential energy carrier due to its high gravimetric energy density. Because H2 is not frequently found in its molecular form, it has to be obtained through various methods such as steam methane reforming, coal gasification, fossil fuels, and electrochemical techniques. H2 produced via PEMWE has proved to be an efficient method compared to other electrolysers. The limiting factor of a PEM electrolyser system is the OER catalyst. Commercially, IrO2 and RuO2 are used; however, both these metals are rare and expensive. Current research reports the use of binary metal oxides as an alternative OER catalyst to decrease the overall CAPEX costs. Various synthesis methods are available, with the Adams’ fusion method being the simplest. Characterisation techniques used to evaluate the performance of these catalysts include cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear scan voltammetry (LSV), XRD, XRF, SEM/EDS, and chronopotentiometry. Hydrogen as a clean fuel has a broad potential for use across all sectors, including transportation, residential, and industrial. In recent years, extensive research has been done on all aspects of hydrogen production, storage, and transportation. This review paper aims to study other bimetallic metals to reduce the Ir content used as an oxidative evolution reaction to reduce the capital cost of the PEM electrolyser. To produce green hydrogen that could reduce the carbon footprint in several industrial processes.
由于人口的持续增长和工业的不断扩张，现代社会对充足、可持续和清洁能源的需求正变得越来越重要。氢气（H2）因其较高的重力能量密度而被认为是一种潜在的能源载体。由于 H2 不常以分子形式存在，因此必须通过各种方法获取，如蒸汽甲烷转化、煤气化、化石燃料和电化学技术。事实证明，与其他电解槽相比，通过 PEMWE 生产 H2 是一种高效的方法。PEM 电解槽系统的限制因素是 OER 催化剂。商业上使用的催化剂有 IrO2 和 RuO2，但这两种金属既稀有又昂贵。目前的研究报告称，可使用二元金属氧化物作为 OER 催化剂的替代品，以降低总体 CAPEX 成本。合成方法多种多样，其中亚当斯熔融法最为简单。用于评估这些催化剂性能的表征技术包括循环伏安法 (CV)、线性扫描伏安法 (LSV)、XRD、XRF、SEM/EDS 和时变电位计。氢作为一种清洁燃料，在交通、住宅和工业等各个领域都具有广泛的应用潜力。近年来，人们对氢的生产、储存和运输等各个方面进行了广泛的研究。本综述论文旨在研究其他双金属，以减少作为氧化进化反应的 Ir 含量，从而降低 PEM 电解槽的投资成本。生产绿色氢气，减少若干工业流程中的碳足迹。
{"title":"Production of green hydrogen through PEM water electrolysis","authors":"Shawn Gouws, Jason Mackay","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1022","url":null,"abstract":"The need for abundant, sustainable, and clean energy is becoming increasingly important in the modern world due to continuous population growth and industrial expansion. Hydrogen (H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) has been identified as a potential energy carrier due to its high gravimetric energy density. Because H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> is not frequently found in its molecular form, it has to be obtained through various methods such as steam methane reforming, coal gasification, fossil fuels, and electrochemical techniques. H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> produced via PEMWE has proved to be an efficient method compared to other electrolysers. The limiting factor of a PEM electrolyser system is the OER catalyst. Commercially, IrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and RuO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> are used; however, both these metals are rare and expensive. Current research reports the use of binary metal oxides as an alternative OER catalyst to decrease the overall CAPEX costs. Various synthesis methods are available, with the Adams’ fusion method being the simplest. Characterisation techniques used to evaluate the performance of these catalysts include cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear scan voltammetry (LSV), XRD, XRF, SEM/EDS, and chronopotentiometry. Hydrogen as a clean fuel has a broad potential for use across all sectors, including transportation, residential, and industrial. In recent years, extensive research has been done on all aspects of hydrogen production, storage, and transportation. This review paper aims to study other bimetallic metals to reduce the Ir content used as an oxidative evolution reaction to reduce the capital cost of the PEM electrolyser. To produce green hydrogen that could reduce the carbon footprint in several industrial processes.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140836888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is the preface of the proceedings of the Virtual Conference on Chemistry and its Applications (VCCA-2023) which was held from 7th to 11th August 2023. This special issue of PAC is the proceedings of VCCA-2023 with a collection of the 12 manuscripts with topics ranging from pure to applied chemistry.
{"title":"The virtual conference on chemistry and its applications, VCCA-2023, 7–11 August 2023","authors":"Ponnadurai Ramasami","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0226","url":null,"abstract":"This is the preface of the proceedings of the Virtual Conference on Chemistry and its Applications (VCCA-2023) which was held from 7<jats:sup>th</jats:sup> to 11<jats:sup>th</jats:sup> August 2023. This special issue of PAC is the proceedings of VCCA-2023 with a collection of the 12 manuscripts with topics ranging from pure to applied chemistry.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140836632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this investigation, we study the influence of the loading of ground tyre rubber (GTR), referred to as rubber dust 40 mesh (RD40), on the intrinsic self-healing natural rubber (NR) based on metal-thiolate ionic networks. The loading of RD40 particles was varied at 10, 20, and 30 phr to assess the optimum amount for interfacial bonding, mechanical and dynamic properties, and healing efficiency. The quantitative measurement of metal-thiolate ion networks and covalent crosslinks was assessed through swelling tests. The effects of RD40 loading on the dynamic mechanical properties and morphological characteristics were also investigated. Tensile properties of the rubbers before and after healing were measured using universal testing tester to obtain healing efficiency of the materials. The results showed that the developed materials have the ability to autonomously repair themselves at room temperature without the need for manual intervention. The results also revealed the tensile strength and elongation at break of self-healing NRs filled with 10 phr of RD40 were recovered 92 % and 93 %, respectively. The findings demonstrated the benefits of utilizing GTR as an effective sustainable filler and advanced the understanding of self-healing strategies and the interaction between ground tyre rubber and rubber matrices.
{"title":"Effect of ground tyre rubber content on self-healing properties of natural rubber composites","authors":"Mimi Syahira Masraff, Nadras Othman, Muhamad Sharan Musa, Dai Lam Tran, Raa Khimi Shuib","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1203","url":null,"abstract":"In this investigation, we study the influence of the loading of ground tyre rubber (GTR), referred to as rubber dust 40 mesh (RD40), on the intrinsic self-healing natural rubber (NR) based on metal-thiolate ionic networks. The loading of RD40 particles was varied at 10, 20, and 30 phr to assess the optimum amount for interfacial bonding, mechanical and dynamic properties, and healing efficiency. The quantitative measurement of metal-thiolate ion networks and covalent crosslinks was assessed through swelling tests. The effects of RD40 loading on the dynamic mechanical properties and morphological characteristics were also investigated. Tensile properties of the rubbers before and after healing were measured using universal testing tester to obtain healing efficiency of the materials. The results showed that the developed materials have the ability to autonomously repair themselves at room temperature without the need for manual intervention. The results also revealed the tensile strength and elongation at break of self-healing NRs filled with 10 phr of RD40 were recovered 92 % and 93 %, respectively. The findings demonstrated the benefits of utilizing GTR as an effective sustainable filler and advanced the understanding of self-healing strategies and the interaction between ground tyre rubber and rubber matrices.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flexible electronics is a new generation of electronic devices in which electronic components are integrated into flexible substrates. It is used in the fabrication of displays, solar cells, integrated circuits, and increasingly in the fabrication of electronic skin (E-skin), which can mimic the properties of human skin by being able to follow skin movements and flexures without loss of mechanical and electrical properties. E-skin is suitable for integrating various sensors to monitor personal health. Conductive polymers are used in flexible electronics due to their electrical conductivity, low mass, and stability. However, their main disadvantage is their brittleness, which is why they don’t possess flexibility property without modification. Therefore, in this work, the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was used as the main chain and the side branches of poly(acrylate-urethane) (PAU) were grafted onto it by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) onto it, obtaining the grafted copolymer PEDOT-g-PAU. In this way, the main chain of PEDOT retains the property of electrical conductivity without losing conjugation, while the side branches of PAU have the ability to crosslink non-covalently through hydrogen bonds with PAU side branches of adjacent polymer molecules due to the presence of oxygen in their structure. The presence of hydrogen bonds allows increasing the stretchability and flexibility of the material, and they also have the ability to spontaneously renew themselves when they break due to excessive stress. Three different synthesis conditions were used to obtain polymers of different structure, which were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and measurement of electrical conductivity with a four-point probe (4PP) method. The obtained graft copolymer was prepared in the form of ink and printed on a polyurethane (PU) substrate using inkjet technique. The conductivity of the printed layer, its elongation and adhesion were investigated, while possible delamination of the printed polymer layer was also monitored. The results showed that the PEDOT-g-PAU copolymer was successfully synthesized and inkjet printing on PU film was successful. The obtained material has satisfactory electrical and mechanical properties and could be used for the integration of fully functional biosensors with further optimization of the composition.
{"title":"Inkjet printed acrylate-urethane modified poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) flexible conductive films","authors":"Lucija Fiket, Marin Božičević, Patricia Žagar, Dražan Jozić, Zvonimir Katančić","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1020","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible electronics is a new generation of electronic devices in which electronic components are integrated into flexible substrates. It is used in the fabrication of displays, solar cells, integrated circuits, and increasingly in the fabrication of electronic skin (E-skin), which can mimic the properties of human skin by being able to follow skin movements and flexures without loss of mechanical and electrical properties. E-skin is suitable for integrating various sensors to monitor personal health. Conductive polymers are used in flexible electronics due to their electrical conductivity, low mass, and stability. However, their main disadvantage is their brittleness, which is why they don’t possess flexibility property without modification. Therefore, in this work, the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was used as the main chain and the side branches of poly(acrylate-urethane) (PAU) were grafted onto it by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) onto it, obtaining the grafted copolymer PEDOT-<jats:italic>g</jats:italic>-PAU. In this way, the main chain of PEDOT retains the property of electrical conductivity without losing conjugation, while the side branches of PAU have the ability to crosslink non-covalently through hydrogen bonds with PAU side branches of adjacent polymer molecules due to the presence of oxygen in their structure. The presence of hydrogen bonds allows increasing the stretchability and flexibility of the material, and they also have the ability to spontaneously renew themselves when they break due to excessive stress. Three different synthesis conditions were used to obtain polymers of different structure, which were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and measurement of electrical conductivity with a four-point probe (4PP) method. The obtained graft copolymer was prepared in the form of ink and printed on a polyurethane (PU) substrate using inkjet technique. The conductivity of the printed layer, its elongation and adhesion were investigated, while possible delamination of the printed polymer layer was also monitored. The results showed that the PEDOT-<jats:italic>g</jats:italic>-PAU copolymer was successfully synthesized and inkjet printing on PU film was successful. The obtained material has satisfactory electrical and mechanical properties and could be used for the integration of fully functional biosensors with further optimization of the composition.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcello Baricco, Erika M. Dematteis, Jussara Barale, Mattia Costamagna, Mauro F. Sgroi, Mauro Palumbo, Paola Rizzi
After production and before the use in different applications, hydrogen may need to be purified, transported, compressed and stored. Hydrogen is conventionally stored in high pressure gas cylinders and, as a liquid phase at low temperatures, in opened tanks. These methods present several economic and security problems. So, hydrogen storage in liquid or solid carriers is a suitable method for future applications. Hydrogen absorption and desorption in metal and complex hydrides will be discussed. Examples are provided, including the role of additives in promoting hydrogen sorption reactions. Some case studies using metal hydrides as hydrogen carrier are presented. The HyCARE project, focussed on the development of an efficient metal hydride-based system for the storage of renewables energies is presented, giving evidence of about 50 kg of hydrogen stored in metal hydrides. A small-scale hydrogen refuelling station developed to provide hydrogen for a fuel cell driven drone will be described. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with developed systems is also shortly described. Finally, main open challenges will be outlined, suggesting possible approaches for their overcoming.
{"title":"Hydrogen storage and handling with hydrides","authors":"Marcello Baricco, Erika M. Dematteis, Jussara Barale, Mattia Costamagna, Mauro F. Sgroi, Mauro Palumbo, Paola Rizzi","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1134","url":null,"abstract":"After production and before the use in different applications, hydrogen may need to be purified, transported, compressed and stored. Hydrogen is conventionally stored in high pressure gas cylinders and, as a liquid phase at low temperatures, in opened tanks. These methods present several economic and security problems. So, hydrogen storage in liquid or solid carriers is a suitable method for future applications. Hydrogen absorption and desorption in metal and complex hydrides will be discussed. Examples are provided, including the role of additives in promoting hydrogen sorption reactions. Some case studies using metal hydrides as hydrogen carrier are presented. The HyCARE project, focussed on the development of an efficient metal hydride-based system for the storage of renewables energies is presented, giving evidence of about 50 kg of hydrogen stored in metal hydrides. A small-scale hydrogen refuelling station developed to provide hydrogen for a fuel cell driven drone will be described. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with developed systems is also shortly described. Finally, main open challenges will be outlined, suggesting possible approaches for their overcoming.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minenhle Peculiar Deo-volente Sibisi, Albertus Kotze Basson, Zuzingcebo Golden Ntombela, Viswanadha Srirama Rajasekhar Pullabhotla
The application of microbial flocculants in nanoparticle synthesis is attracting scientists to utilize them due to their eco-friendliness. This study was mainly focused on biosynthesizing and characterizing copper nanoparticles from a non-pathogenic microorganism Kytococcus sedentarius to produce bioflocculant. The formed copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were analyzed using UV–vis spectroscope (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). After extraction and purification, 2.4 g was produced from bioflocculant in a 1 L culture fermentation mixture. During CuNP biosynthesis, a blue color change was obtained after 24 h of incubation indicating their successful formation. A variety of elements namely, C, O, Cu, P, Ca, Mg and Al were found in the as-synthesized CuNPs with 25.23 % (wt) carbon, 20.13 % (wt) of oxygen and 23.37 % (wt) of Cu element. SEM and TEM images of the product depicted it to be agglomerated with different size and shapes. The TGA showed the CuNPs to be thermal stable as 70 % weight was retained at 900 °C with 30 % weight lost. FT-IR spectrum of the biosynthesized CuNPs contains a variety of functional groups related to sugar and proteins namely, hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl groups and a typical Cu–O bond at 559 cm−1. The crystallite size was estimated to be 28.3 nm, which is in line with JCPDS card no. 89–5899 of copper standard confirming the correct peak orientation. UV–vis analysis revealed the absorption peak to be 275 nm which confirms synthesis of the CuNPs using a bioflocculant.
{"title":"Copper nanoparticle biosynthesis and characterization utilizing a bioflocculant from Kytococcus sedentarius","authors":"Minenhle Peculiar Deo-volente Sibisi, Albertus Kotze Basson, Zuzingcebo Golden Ntombela, Viswanadha Srirama Rajasekhar Pullabhotla","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1021","url":null,"abstract":"The application of microbial flocculants in nanoparticle synthesis is attracting scientists to utilize them due to their eco-friendliness. This study was mainly focused on biosynthesizing and characterizing copper nanoparticles from a non-pathogenic microorganism <jats:italic>Kytococcus sedentarius</jats:italic> to produce bioflocculant. The formed copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were analyzed using UV–vis spectroscope (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). After extraction and purification, 2.4 g was produced from bioflocculant in a 1 L culture fermentation mixture. During CuNP biosynthesis, a blue color change was obtained after 24 h of incubation indicating their successful formation. A variety of elements namely, C, O, Cu, P, Ca, Mg and Al were found in the as-synthesized CuNPs with 25.23 % (wt) carbon, 20.13 % (wt) of oxygen and 23.37 % (wt) of Cu element. SEM and TEM images of the product depicted it to be agglomerated with different size and shapes. The TGA showed the CuNPs to be thermal stable as 70 % weight was retained at 900 °C with 30 % weight lost. FT-IR spectrum of the biosynthesized CuNPs contains a variety of functional groups related to sugar and proteins namely, hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl groups and a typical Cu–O bond at 559 cm<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. The crystallite size was estimated to be 28.3 nm, which is in line with JCPDS card no. 89–5899 of copper standard confirming the correct peak orientation. UV–vis analysis revealed the absorption peak to be 275 nm which confirms synthesis of the CuNPs using a bioflocculant.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zeolite Y is the active phase of the modern fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst. However, a functional and active FCC catalyst comprises, in addition to zeolite Y, matrices and a binder that introduce some levels of synergistic interaction between the catalyst components, impacting its activity. This study investigates the interactive properties of a zeolite-matrix-binder composite on a typical FCC catalyst using various characterization techniques. Characterization of synthesized FCC catalyst samples reveals changes in the structural composition of zeolite Y dependent upon the type and ratio of binder materials. The binder is important in the crystallization of the final composite. Acidic binder induces dealumination of zeolite, leading to amorphization, loss of Brønsted acid sites, framework structure impairment, and the formation of defective sites. TEM indicates the formation of zeolite-matrix interfaces upon binding of zeolite by the matrix. Depending on the extent and severity of thermal processing, the clay–alumina–silica binder undergoes dehydroxylation to varying degrees by cross-linking of terminal hydroxyl groups between neighboring binder particles, which contributes to the increased thermal and mechanical stability of the bound catalysts.
沸石 Y 是现代流体催化裂化（FCC）催化剂的活性相。然而，功能性和活性催化裂化催化剂除沸石 Y 外，还包括基质和粘结剂，它们会在催化剂组分之间产生一定程度的协同作用，从而影响催化剂的活性。本研究采用各种表征技术研究了典型催化裂化催化剂上的沸石-基质-粘合剂复合材料的相互作用特性。对合成的催化裂化催化剂样品进行表征后发现，沸石 Y 的结构组成变化取决于粘合剂材料的类型和比例。粘合剂对最终复合材料的结晶非常重要。酸性粘合剂会诱导沸石脱铝，导致非晶化、布氏酸位点的丧失、框架结构受损以及缺陷位点的形成。TEM 显示，沸石与基质结合后形成了沸石-基质界面。根据热加工的程度和严重程度，粘土-氧化铝-二氧化硅粘合剂会通过相邻粘合剂颗粒之间的末端羟基交联而发生不同程度的脱羟基反应，这有助于提高结合催化剂的热稳定性和机械稳定性。
{"title":"Elucidating the interaction of FCC catalyst components: the discrete roles of matrix and binder on zeolite structure","authors":"Ubong J. Etim, Peng Bai, Fazle Subhan, Zifeng Yan","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0111","url":null,"abstract":"Zeolite Y is the active phase of the modern fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst. However, a functional and active FCC catalyst comprises, in addition to zeolite Y, matrices and a binder that introduce some levels of synergistic interaction between the catalyst components, impacting its activity. This study investigates the interactive properties of a zeolite-matrix-binder composite on a typical FCC catalyst using various characterization techniques. Characterization of synthesized FCC catalyst samples reveals changes in the structural composition of zeolite Y dependent upon the type and ratio of binder materials. The binder is important in the crystallization of the final composite. Acidic binder induces dealumination of zeolite, leading to amorphization, loss of Brønsted acid sites, framework structure impairment, and the formation of defective sites. TEM indicates the formation of zeolite-matrix interfaces upon binding of zeolite by the matrix. Depending on the extent and severity of thermal processing, the clay–alumina–silica binder undergoes dehydroxylation to varying degrees by cross-linking of terminal hydroxyl groups between neighboring binder particles, which contributes to the increased thermal and mechanical stability of the bound catalysts.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phi Hung Dao, Hoang Nghia Trinh, Thuy Chinh Nguyen, Anh Hiep Nguyen, Dinh Hieu Vu, Xuan Thai Nguyen, Thi Huong Giang Hoang, Tien Dung Nguyen, Hoang Thai
Silver–zirconia nanoparticles (Ag–ZrO2 NPs) were synthesized via an in situ strategy at room temperature using NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The surface modification of ZrO2 nanoparticles with nano silver was confirmed through various characterization techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The obtained results demonstrated that Ag nanoparticles, with a crystallite size of approximately 12 nm, were uniformly distributed on the surface of ZrO2 nanoparticles. The incorporation of Ag nanoparticles to the ZrO2 nanoparticles led to increasing the light absorption ability and reducing the band gap of Ag–ZrO2 nanoparticles, thereby enhancing their photocatalytic performance under infrared lamp exposure. When 1 g/L of Ag–ZrO2 nanoparticles was employed to methylene blue (MB) solution, the degradation of MB reached 90 % after 5 h of exposure. Additionally, the Ag–ZrO2 nanoparticles exhibited a high antibacterial activity against two bacterial strains, E. coli and S. aureus. These findings highlight the potential of Ag–ZrO2 nanoparticles as effective materials for environmental pollution treatment through advanced oxidation processes.
{"title":"Enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of silver–zirconia nanoparticles for environmental pollution treatment","authors":"Phi Hung Dao, Hoang Nghia Trinh, Thuy Chinh Nguyen, Anh Hiep Nguyen, Dinh Hieu Vu, Xuan Thai Nguyen, Thi Huong Giang Hoang, Tien Dung Nguyen, Hoang Thai","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0108","url":null,"abstract":"Silver–zirconia nanoparticles (Ag–ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> NPs) were synthesized via an in situ strategy at room temperature using NaBH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> as a reducing agent. The surface modification of ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles with nano silver was confirmed through various characterization techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The obtained results demonstrated that Ag nanoparticles, with a crystallite size of approximately 12 nm, were uniformly distributed on the surface of ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles. The incorporation of Ag nanoparticles to the ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles led to increasing the light absorption ability and reducing the band gap of Ag–ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles, thereby enhancing their photocatalytic performance under infrared lamp exposure. When 1 g/L of Ag–ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles was employed to methylene blue (MB) solution, the degradation of MB reached 90 % after 5 h of exposure. Additionally, the Ag–ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles exhibited a high antibacterial activity against two bacterial strains, <jats:italic>E. coli</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. aureus</jats:italic>. These findings highlight the potential of Ag–ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles as effective materials for environmental pollution treatment through advanced oxidation processes.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Density functional study (DFT) is performed for understanding the reactivity, aromaticity, and UV-visible absorption spectra of chrysene-based materials. Effect of BN doping on the said parameters are analyzed along with the effect of –Me (methyl), –OH (hydroxyl), –CHO (formyl) –COOH (carboxyl) and –CN (cyano) substituents. Global reactivity parameters viz. energy of HOMO (EHOMO), global hardness (η), chemical potential (μ) and electrophilicity (ω) are computed. Nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) values are estimated to study the variation in aromaticity. Time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is used to study the UV–Visible absorption spectra. Effects of BN doping and substituents on corresponding dipole moments and band gaps are also analyzed. Presence of BN unit and/or substituents induced considerable impact on global reactivity, dipole moment, band gap and aromaticity of the chosen systems, especially for BN doped chrysene at the edge. Absorption spectra which are red shifted in presence of BN and substituents are mostly found within the UV-region.
{"title":"Computational study on reactivity, aromaticity, and absorption spectra of chrysene: effect of BN doping and substituents","authors":"Bapan Saha, Pradip Kr. Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1105","url":null,"abstract":"Density functional study (DFT) is performed for understanding the reactivity, aromaticity, and UV-visible absorption spectra of chrysene-based materials. Effect of BN doping on the said parameters are analyzed along with the effect of –Me (methyl), –OH (hydroxyl), –CHO (formyl) –COOH (carboxyl) and –CN (cyano) substituents. Global reactivity parameters viz. energy of HOMO (<jats:italic>E</jats:italic> <jats:sub>HOMO</jats:sub>), global hardness (<jats:italic>η</jats:italic>), chemical potential (<jats:italic>μ</jats:italic>) and electrophilicity (<jats:italic>ω</jats:italic>) are computed. Nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) values are estimated to study the variation in aromaticity. Time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is used to study the UV–Visible absorption spectra. Effects of BN doping and substituents on corresponding dipole moments and band gaps are also analyzed. Presence of BN unit and/or substituents induced considerable impact on global reactivity, dipole moment, band gap and aromaticity of the chosen systems, especially for BN doped chrysene at the edge. Absorption spectra which are red shifted in presence of BN and substituents are mostly found within the UV-region.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natalia Tarasova, Alexey Zanin, Alexander Ponomarev, Ilya Toropygin, Efrem Krivoborodov
This research article describes the results of studies of the processes occurring under the electron beam irradiation of elemental phosphorus in an aqueous medium. Comparisons of the results of white phosphorus samples irradiation using electron accelerators with different technical parameters are presented. The structure of the obtained phosphorus-containing polymers was determined using MALDI mass spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence analysis. A scheme of the formation of macroparticles in the process of irradiation of elemental phosphorus by a beam of accelerated electrons in an aqueous medium is discussed.
这篇研究文章介绍了电子束辐照水介质中元素磷过程的研究结果。文章对使用不同技术参数的电子加速器辐照白磷样品的结果进行了比较。利用 MALDI 质谱法和 X 射线荧光分析法确定了所获得的含磷聚合物的结构。讨论了在水介质中用加速电子束辐照元素磷的过程中形成大颗粒的原理。
{"title":"Conversion of elemental phosphorus under the electron beam irradiation","authors":"Natalia Tarasova, Alexey Zanin, Alexander Ponomarev, Ilya Toropygin, Efrem Krivoborodov","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0027","url":null,"abstract":"This research article describes the results of studies of the processes occurring under the electron beam irradiation of elemental phosphorus in an aqueous medium. Comparisons of the results of white phosphorus samples irradiation using electron accelerators with different technical parameters are presented. The structure of the obtained phosphorus-containing polymers was determined using MALDI mass spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence analysis. A scheme of the formation of macroparticles in the process of irradiation of elemental phosphorus by a beam of accelerated electrons in an aqueous medium is discussed.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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