This article reviews the use of natural resources in analytical chemistry throughout history. Plant extracts were employed as indicators in chemistry for identifying the acidity or alkalinity of liquids as early as the 1650s. Later, as the industrial revolution altered people’s lives, synthetic chemicals were used instead. Modern techniques of analysis have replaced conventional ones as a result of advancements in physics and technology. The industrial revolution was an era of excitement until the toxic pollutants released from industries severely damaged people and the environment. The concepts of green chemistry and green analytical chemistry were proposed as potential solutions to the problems. The use of natural extracts as chemical analysis reagents has been reconsidered recently as a sustainable alternative. While new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) will influence future trends in analytical chemistry development, the primary goal is to move toward sustainable analytical chemistry, which includes using natural reagents and reducing the amount of chemicals consumed and waste produced.
{"title":"The past is the future: from natural acid-base indicators to natural reagents in sustainable analytical chemistry","authors":"Siripat Suteerapataranon, Kanokwan Kiwfo, Pei Meng Woi, Chalermpong Saenjum, Kate Grudpan","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0204","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the use of natural resources in analytical chemistry throughout history. Plant extracts were employed as indicators in chemistry for identifying the acidity or alkalinity of liquids as early as the 1650s. Later, as the industrial revolution altered people’s lives, synthetic chemicals were used instead. Modern techniques of analysis have replaced conventional ones as a result of advancements in physics and technology. The industrial revolution was an era of excitement until the toxic pollutants released from industries severely damaged people and the environment. The concepts of green chemistry and green analytical chemistry were proposed as potential solutions to the problems. The use of natural extracts as chemical analysis reagents has been reconsidered recently as a sustainable alternative. While new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) will influence future trends in analytical chemistry development, the primary goal is to move toward sustainable analytical chemistry, which includes using natural reagents and reducing the amount of chemicals consumed and waste produced.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140836812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most contaminants in the sea originate from land sources. Radionuclides in sea water are transported by sea currents. Marine sediment is a physical trap for pollutants that are introduced to the environment and play an important role in radiological studies. Radionuclides from seawater bound to particulates sink to the seabed. Their resuspension causes the reintroduction of pollutants to the water column. Remobilization and horizontal/vertical transport by various processes may occur. Long-lived radionuclides become buried in sub-surface sediment. Grain size sediment classification and sediment geochemical composition all play a significant role in the development of the radionuclide content of marine sediment. Atmospheric fallout from the Chernobyl and the Fukushima accidents, atmospheric nuclear weapon testing, releases from nuclear industry plants, river runoff, and to a lesser extent directed and submarine groundwater discharges are the major sources of radionuclides in the marine environment.
{"title":"Radionuclides in marine sediment","authors":"Fani Sakellariadou","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-0905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-0905","url":null,"abstract":"Most contaminants in the sea originate from land sources. Radionuclides in sea water are transported by sea currents. Marine sediment is a physical trap for pollutants that are introduced to the environment and play an important role in radiological studies. Radionuclides from seawater bound to particulates sink to the seabed. Their resuspension causes the reintroduction of pollutants to the water column. Remobilization and horizontal/vertical transport by various processes may occur. Long-lived radionuclides become buried in sub-surface sediment. Grain size sediment classification and sediment geochemical composition all play a significant role in the development of the radionuclide content of marine sediment. Atmospheric fallout from the Chernobyl and the Fukushima accidents, atmospheric nuclear weapon testing, releases from nuclear industry plants, river runoff, and to a lesser extent directed and submarine groundwater discharges are the major sources of radionuclides in the marine environment.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140836563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be addressed through chemistry. Researchers at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada, have been sharing their stories on September 25 for the past two years through the Global Conversation on Sustainability. This article describes the details of one of these stories. As the global population increases, food production including aquaculture is increasing to provide for this. At the same time, this means more waste is produced. Waste from aquaculture is often overlooked as a source of valuable chemicals. By-products from farming blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) is dominated by shells rich in calcite. A ‘soft’ calcite material prepared from waste mussels, via a combination of heat and acetic acid treatment, was investigated for its adsorptive properties and its possible use in wastewater remediation. The adsorption of two cationic dyes, methylene blue and safranin-O, on this material were evaluated through isothermal and kinetic modelling. The adsorption systems for both methylene blue and safranin-O can best be described using Langmuir isotherms and the respective adsorption capacities were 1.81 and 1.51 mg/g. The adsorption process was dominated by pseudo-second order rate kinetics. Comparisons are made with other mollusc-derived materials reported to date.
{"title":"One story as part of the Global Conversation on Sustainability: dye adsorption studies using a novel bio-derived calcite material","authors":"Sachel Christian-Robinson, Francesca M. Kerton","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0209","url":null,"abstract":"Many of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be addressed through chemistry. Researchers at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada, have been sharing their stories on September 25 for the past two years through the Global Conversation on Sustainability. This article describes the details of one of these stories. As the global population increases, food production including aquaculture is increasing to provide for this. At the same time, this means more waste is produced. Waste from aquaculture is often overlooked as a source of valuable chemicals. By-products from farming blue mussels (<jats:italic>Mytilus edulis</jats:italic>) is dominated by shells rich in calcite. A ‘soft’ calcite material prepared from waste mussels, via a combination of heat and acetic acid treatment, was investigated for its adsorptive properties and its possible use in wastewater remediation. The adsorption of two cationic dyes, methylene blue and safranin-O, on this material were evaluated through isothermal and kinetic modelling. The adsorption systems for both methylene blue and safranin-O can best be described using Langmuir isotherms and the respective adsorption capacities were 1.81 and 1.51 mg/g. The adsorption process was dominated by pseudo-second order rate kinetics. Comparisons are made with other mollusc-derived materials reported to date.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140836805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the years, studies showed that hydrogels can be produced through synthetic route to overcome the limitations in obtaining natural-based hydrogels. Biomass resources offer potential alternatives as renewable feedstocks due to their outstanding biodegradability and biocompatibility. Oil palm mesocarp fiber (MF) is the biomass residue obtained after the pressing of palm fruits during palm oil extraction. There is approximately 11 % MF generated from palm fruits after oil extraction. However, the applications of MF are limited. This study aimed to investigate the development of hydrogels from holocellulose MF instead of commonly used cellulose which involving several pretreatment steps, through acid cross-linkers. Holocellulose MF was selected as polymer for chemical cross-linking with two inexpensive and nontoxic hydrophilic organic acids, citric acid and acetic acid for hydrogel production. Comparison study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical properties, and degree of swelling, as well as gel content in different media for both acids in the production of hydrogel from holocellulose MF. Results indicated that the optimum concentrations of citric acid and acetic acid for gel content and degree of swelling were 5 M and 2 M, respectively. Both optimized hydrogels exhibited comparable profiles in terms of morphology, thermal stability and functional groups, in addition to showing similar degree of swelling profile in different media, i.e., salt solution, acidic, neutral to alkaline, implying their distinctive characteristics. In summary, holocellulose MF is suitable for the production of hydrogel with citric acid and acetic acid as crosslinkers for different desired applications.
{"title":"Production of oil palm mesocarp fiber-based hydrogel using selected cross-linking acids","authors":"Soek Sin Teh, Harrison Lik Nang Lau, Siau Hui Mah","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0208","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, studies showed that hydrogels can be produced through synthetic route to overcome the limitations in obtaining natural-based hydrogels. Biomass resources offer potential alternatives as renewable feedstocks due to their outstanding biodegradability and biocompatibility. Oil palm mesocarp fiber (MF) is the biomass residue obtained after the pressing of palm fruits during palm oil extraction. There is approximately 11 % MF generated from palm fruits after oil extraction. However, the applications of MF are limited. This study aimed to investigate the development of hydrogels from holocellulose MF instead of commonly used cellulose which involving several pretreatment steps, through acid cross-linkers. Holocellulose MF was selected as polymer for chemical cross-linking with two inexpensive and nontoxic hydrophilic organic acids, citric acid and acetic acid for hydrogel production. Comparison study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical properties, and degree of swelling, as well as gel content in different media for both acids in the production of hydrogel from holocellulose MF. Results indicated that the optimum concentrations of citric acid and acetic acid for gel content and degree of swelling were 5 M and 2 M, respectively. Both optimized hydrogels exhibited comparable profiles in terms of morphology, thermal stability and functional groups, in addition to showing similar degree of swelling profile in different media, i.e., salt solution, acidic, neutral to alkaline, implying their distinctive characteristics. In summary, holocellulose MF is suitable for the production of hydrogel with citric acid and acetic acid as crosslinkers for different desired applications.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140836809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The need for abundant, sustainable, and clean energy is becoming increasingly important in the modern world due to continuous population growth and industrial expansion. Hydrogen (H2) has been identified as a potential energy carrier due to its high gravimetric energy density. Because H2 is not frequently found in its molecular form, it has to be obtained through various methods such as steam methane reforming, coal gasification, fossil fuels, and electrochemical techniques. H2 produced via PEMWE has proved to be an efficient method compared to other electrolysers. The limiting factor of a PEM electrolyser system is the OER catalyst. Commercially, IrO2 and RuO2 are used; however, both these metals are rare and expensive. Current research reports the use of binary metal oxides as an alternative OER catalyst to decrease the overall CAPEX costs. Various synthesis methods are available, with the Adams’ fusion method being the simplest. Characterisation techniques used to evaluate the performance of these catalysts include cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear scan voltammetry (LSV), XRD, XRF, SEM/EDS, and chronopotentiometry. Hydrogen as a clean fuel has a broad potential for use across all sectors, including transportation, residential, and industrial. In recent years, extensive research has been done on all aspects of hydrogen production, storage, and transportation. This review paper aims to study other bimetallic metals to reduce the Ir content used as an oxidative evolution reaction to reduce the capital cost of the PEM electrolyser. To produce green hydrogen that could reduce the carbon footprint in several industrial processes.
由于人口的持续增长和工业的不断扩张，现代社会对充足、可持续和清洁能源的需求正变得越来越重要。氢气（H2）因其较高的重力能量密度而被认为是一种潜在的能源载体。由于 H2 不常以分子形式存在，因此必须通过各种方法获取，如蒸汽甲烷转化、煤气化、化石燃料和电化学技术。事实证明，与其他电解槽相比，通过 PEMWE 生产 H2 是一种高效的方法。PEM 电解槽系统的限制因素是 OER 催化剂。商业上使用的催化剂有 IrO2 和 RuO2，但这两种金属既稀有又昂贵。目前的研究报告称，可使用二元金属氧化物作为 OER 催化剂的替代品，以降低总体 CAPEX 成本。合成方法多种多样，其中亚当斯熔融法最为简单。用于评估这些催化剂性能的表征技术包括循环伏安法 (CV)、线性扫描伏安法 (LSV)、XRD、XRF、SEM/EDS 和时变电位计。氢作为一种清洁燃料，在交通、住宅和工业等各个领域都具有广泛的应用潜力。近年来，人们对氢的生产、储存和运输等各个方面进行了广泛的研究。本综述论文旨在研究其他双金属，以减少作为氧化进化反应的 Ir 含量，从而降低 PEM 电解槽的投资成本。生产绿色氢气，减少若干工业流程中的碳足迹。
{"title":"Production of green hydrogen through PEM water electrolysis","authors":"Shawn Gouws, Jason Mackay","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1022","url":null,"abstract":"The need for abundant, sustainable, and clean energy is becoming increasingly important in the modern world due to continuous population growth and industrial expansion. Hydrogen (H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) has been identified as a potential energy carrier due to its high gravimetric energy density. Because H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> is not frequently found in its molecular form, it has to be obtained through various methods such as steam methane reforming, coal gasification, fossil fuels, and electrochemical techniques. H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> produced via PEMWE has proved to be an efficient method compared to other electrolysers. The limiting factor of a PEM electrolyser system is the OER catalyst. Commercially, IrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and RuO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> are used; however, both these metals are rare and expensive. Current research reports the use of binary metal oxides as an alternative OER catalyst to decrease the overall CAPEX costs. Various synthesis methods are available, with the Adams’ fusion method being the simplest. Characterisation techniques used to evaluate the performance of these catalysts include cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear scan voltammetry (LSV), XRD, XRF, SEM/EDS, and chronopotentiometry. Hydrogen as a clean fuel has a broad potential for use across all sectors, including transportation, residential, and industrial. In recent years, extensive research has been done on all aspects of hydrogen production, storage, and transportation. This review paper aims to study other bimetallic metals to reduce the Ir content used as an oxidative evolution reaction to reduce the capital cost of the PEM electrolyser. To produce green hydrogen that could reduce the carbon footprint in several industrial processes.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140836888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is the preface of the proceedings of the Virtual Conference on Chemistry and its Applications (VCCA-2023) which was held from 7th to 11th August 2023. This special issue of PAC is the proceedings of VCCA-2023 with a collection of the 12 manuscripts with topics ranging from pure to applied chemistry.
{"title":"The virtual conference on chemistry and its applications, VCCA-2023, 7–11 August 2023","authors":"Ponnadurai Ramasami","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0226","url":null,"abstract":"This is the preface of the proceedings of the Virtual Conference on Chemistry and its Applications (VCCA-2023) which was held from 7<jats:sup>th</jats:sup> to 11<jats:sup>th</jats:sup> August 2023. This special issue of PAC is the proceedings of VCCA-2023 with a collection of the 12 manuscripts with topics ranging from pure to applied chemistry.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140836632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this investigation, we study the influence of the loading of ground tyre rubber (GTR), referred to as rubber dust 40 mesh (RD40), on the intrinsic self-healing natural rubber (NR) based on metal-thiolate ionic networks. The loading of RD40 particles was varied at 10, 20, and 30 phr to assess the optimum amount for interfacial bonding, mechanical and dynamic properties, and healing efficiency. The quantitative measurement of metal-thiolate ion networks and covalent crosslinks was assessed through swelling tests. The effects of RD40 loading on the dynamic mechanical properties and morphological characteristics were also investigated. Tensile properties of the rubbers before and after healing were measured using universal testing tester to obtain healing efficiency of the materials. The results showed that the developed materials have the ability to autonomously repair themselves at room temperature without the need for manual intervention. The results also revealed the tensile strength and elongation at break of self-healing NRs filled with 10 phr of RD40 were recovered 92 % and 93 %, respectively. The findings demonstrated the benefits of utilizing GTR as an effective sustainable filler and advanced the understanding of self-healing strategies and the interaction between ground tyre rubber and rubber matrices.
{"title":"Effect of ground tyre rubber content on self-healing properties of natural rubber composites","authors":"Mimi Syahira Masraff, Nadras Othman, Muhamad Sharan Musa, Dai Lam Tran, Raa Khimi Shuib","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1203","url":null,"abstract":"In this investigation, we study the influence of the loading of ground tyre rubber (GTR), referred to as rubber dust 40 mesh (RD40), on the intrinsic self-healing natural rubber (NR) based on metal-thiolate ionic networks. The loading of RD40 particles was varied at 10, 20, and 30 phr to assess the optimum amount for interfacial bonding, mechanical and dynamic properties, and healing efficiency. The quantitative measurement of metal-thiolate ion networks and covalent crosslinks was assessed through swelling tests. The effects of RD40 loading on the dynamic mechanical properties and morphological characteristics were also investigated. Tensile properties of the rubbers before and after healing were measured using universal testing tester to obtain healing efficiency of the materials. The results showed that the developed materials have the ability to autonomously repair themselves at room temperature without the need for manual intervention. The results also revealed the tensile strength and elongation at break of self-healing NRs filled with 10 phr of RD40 were recovered 92 % and 93 %, respectively. The findings demonstrated the benefits of utilizing GTR as an effective sustainable filler and advanced the understanding of self-healing strategies and the interaction between ground tyre rubber and rubber matrices.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flexible electronics is a new generation of electronic devices in which electronic components are integrated into flexible substrates. It is used in the fabrication of displays, solar cells, integrated circuits, and increasingly in the fabrication of electronic skin (E-skin), which can mimic the properties of human skin by being able to follow skin movements and flexures without loss of mechanical and electrical properties. E-skin is suitable for integrating various sensors to monitor personal health. Conductive polymers are used in flexible electronics due to their electrical conductivity, low mass, and stability. However, their main disadvantage is their brittleness, which is why they don’t possess flexibility property without modification. Therefore, in this work, the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was used as the main chain and the side branches of poly(acrylate-urethane) (PAU) were grafted onto it by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) onto it, obtaining the grafted copolymer PEDOT-g-PAU. In this way, the main chain of PEDOT retains the property of electrical conductivity without losing conjugation, while the side branches of PAU have the ability to crosslink non-covalently through hydrogen bonds with PAU side branches of adjacent polymer molecules due to the presence of oxygen in their structure. The presence of hydrogen bonds allows increasing the stretchability and flexibility of the material, and they also have the ability to spontaneously renew themselves when they break due to excessive stress. Three different synthesis conditions were used to obtain polymers of different structure, which were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and measurement of electrical conductivity with a four-point probe (4PP) method. The obtained graft copolymer was prepared in the form of ink and printed on a polyurethane (PU) substrate using inkjet technique. The conductivity of the printed layer, its elongation and adhesion were investigated, while possible delamination of the printed polymer layer was also monitored. The results showed that the PEDOT-g-PAU copolymer was successfully synthesized and inkjet printing on PU film was successful. The obtained material has satisfactory electrical and mechanical properties and could be used for the integration of fully functional biosensors with further optimization of the composition.
{"title":"Inkjet printed acrylate-urethane modified poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) flexible conductive films","authors":"Lucija Fiket, Marin Božičević, Patricia Žagar, Dražan Jozić, Zvonimir Katančić","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1020","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible electronics is a new generation of electronic devices in which electronic components are integrated into flexible substrates. It is used in the fabrication of displays, solar cells, integrated circuits, and increasingly in the fabrication of electronic skin (E-skin), which can mimic the properties of human skin by being able to follow skin movements and flexures without loss of mechanical and electrical properties. E-skin is suitable for integrating various sensors to monitor personal health. Conductive polymers are used in flexible electronics due to their electrical conductivity, low mass, and stability. However, their main disadvantage is their brittleness, which is why they don’t possess flexibility property without modification. Therefore, in this work, the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was used as the main chain and the side branches of poly(acrylate-urethane) (PAU) were grafted onto it by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) onto it, obtaining the grafted copolymer PEDOT-<jats:italic>g</jats:italic>-PAU. In this way, the main chain of PEDOT retains the property of electrical conductivity without losing conjugation, while the side branches of PAU have the ability to crosslink non-covalently through hydrogen bonds with PAU side branches of adjacent polymer molecules due to the presence of oxygen in their structure. The presence of hydrogen bonds allows increasing the stretchability and flexibility of the material, and they also have the ability to spontaneously renew themselves when they break due to excessive stress. Three different synthesis conditions were used to obtain polymers of different structure, which were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and measurement of electrical conductivity with a four-point probe (4PP) method. The obtained graft copolymer was prepared in the form of ink and printed on a polyurethane (PU) substrate using inkjet technique. The conductivity of the printed layer, its elongation and adhesion were investigated, while possible delamination of the printed polymer layer was also monitored. The results showed that the PEDOT-<jats:italic>g</jats:italic>-PAU copolymer was successfully synthesized and inkjet printing on PU film was successful. The obtained material has satisfactory electrical and mechanical properties and could be used for the integration of fully functional biosensors with further optimization of the composition.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcello Baricco, Erika M. Dematteis, Jussara Barale, Mattia Costamagna, Mauro F. Sgroi, Mauro Palumbo, Paola Rizzi
After production and before the use in different applications, hydrogen may need to be purified, transported, compressed and stored. Hydrogen is conventionally stored in high pressure gas cylinders and, as a liquid phase at low temperatures, in opened tanks. These methods present several economic and security problems. So, hydrogen storage in liquid or solid carriers is a suitable method for future applications. Hydrogen absorption and desorption in metal and complex hydrides will be discussed. Examples are provided, including the role of additives in promoting hydrogen sorption reactions. Some case studies using metal hydrides as hydrogen carrier are presented. The HyCARE project, focussed on the development of an efficient metal hydride-based system for the storage of renewables energies is presented, giving evidence of about 50 kg of hydrogen stored in metal hydrides. A small-scale hydrogen refuelling station developed to provide hydrogen for a fuel cell driven drone will be described. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with developed systems is also shortly described. Finally, main open challenges will be outlined, suggesting possible approaches for their overcoming.
{"title":"Hydrogen storage and handling with hydrides","authors":"Marcello Baricco, Erika M. Dematteis, Jussara Barale, Mattia Costamagna, Mauro F. Sgroi, Mauro Palumbo, Paola Rizzi","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1134","url":null,"abstract":"After production and before the use in different applications, hydrogen may need to be purified, transported, compressed and stored. Hydrogen is conventionally stored in high pressure gas cylinders and, as a liquid phase at low temperatures, in opened tanks. These methods present several economic and security problems. So, hydrogen storage in liquid or solid carriers is a suitable method for future applications. Hydrogen absorption and desorption in metal and complex hydrides will be discussed. Examples are provided, including the role of additives in promoting hydrogen sorption reactions. Some case studies using metal hydrides as hydrogen carrier are presented. The HyCARE project, focussed on the development of an efficient metal hydride-based system for the storage of renewables energies is presented, giving evidence of about 50 kg of hydrogen stored in metal hydrides. A small-scale hydrogen refuelling station developed to provide hydrogen for a fuel cell driven drone will be described. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with developed systems is also shortly described. Finally, main open challenges will be outlined, suggesting possible approaches for their overcoming.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minenhle Peculiar Deo-volente Sibisi, Albertus Kotze Basson, Zuzingcebo Golden Ntombela, Viswanadha Srirama Rajasekhar Pullabhotla
The application of microbial flocculants in nanoparticle synthesis is attracting scientists to utilize them due to their eco-friendliness. This study was mainly focused on biosynthesizing and characterizing copper nanoparticles from a non-pathogenic microorganism Kytococcus sedentarius to produce bioflocculant. The formed copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were analyzed using UV–vis spectroscope (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). After extraction and purification, 2.4 g was produced from bioflocculant in a 1 L culture fermentation mixture. During CuNP biosynthesis, a blue color change was obtained after 24 h of incubation indicating their successful formation. A variety of elements namely, C, O, Cu, P, Ca, Mg and Al were found in the as-synthesized CuNPs with 25.23 % (wt) carbon, 20.13 % (wt) of oxygen and 23.37 % (wt) of Cu element. SEM and TEM images of the product depicted it to be agglomerated with different size and shapes. The TGA showed the CuNPs to be thermal stable as 70 % weight was retained at 900 °C with 30 % weight lost. FT-IR spectrum of the biosynthesized CuNPs contains a variety of functional groups related to sugar and proteins namely, hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl groups and a typical Cu–O bond at 559 cm−1. The crystallite size was estimated to be 28.3 nm, which is in line with JCPDS card no. 89–5899 of copper standard confirming the correct peak orientation. UV–vis analysis revealed the absorption peak to be 275 nm which confirms synthesis of the CuNPs using a bioflocculant.
{"title":"Copper nanoparticle biosynthesis and characterization utilizing a bioflocculant from Kytococcus sedentarius","authors":"Minenhle Peculiar Deo-volente Sibisi, Albertus Kotze Basson, Zuzingcebo Golden Ntombela, Viswanadha Srirama Rajasekhar Pullabhotla","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1021","url":null,"abstract":"The application of microbial flocculants in nanoparticle synthesis is attracting scientists to utilize them due to their eco-friendliness. This study was mainly focused on biosynthesizing and characterizing copper nanoparticles from a non-pathogenic microorganism <jats:italic>Kytococcus sedentarius</jats:italic> to produce bioflocculant. The formed copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were analyzed using UV–vis spectroscope (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). After extraction and purification, 2.4 g was produced from bioflocculant in a 1 L culture fermentation mixture. During CuNP biosynthesis, a blue color change was obtained after 24 h of incubation indicating their successful formation. A variety of elements namely, C, O, Cu, P, Ca, Mg and Al were found in the as-synthesized CuNPs with 25.23 % (wt) carbon, 20.13 % (wt) of oxygen and 23.37 % (wt) of Cu element. SEM and TEM images of the product depicted it to be agglomerated with different size and shapes. The TGA showed the CuNPs to be thermal stable as 70 % weight was retained at 900 °C with 30 % weight lost. FT-IR spectrum of the biosynthesized CuNPs contains a variety of functional groups related to sugar and proteins namely, hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl groups and a typical Cu–O bond at 559 cm<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. The crystallite size was estimated to be 28.3 nm, which is in line with JCPDS card no. 89–5899 of copper standard confirming the correct peak orientation. UV–vis analysis revealed the absorption peak to be 275 nm which confirms synthesis of the CuNPs using a bioflocculant.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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