Zeolite Y is the active phase of the modern fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst. However, a functional and active FCC catalyst comprises, in addition to zeolite Y, matrices and a binder that introduce some levels of synergistic interaction between the catalyst components, impacting its activity. This study investigates the interactive properties of a zeolite-matrix-binder composite on a typical FCC catalyst using various characterization techniques. Characterization of synthesized FCC catalyst samples reveals changes in the structural composition of zeolite Y dependent upon the type and ratio of binder materials. The binder is important in the crystallization of the final composite. Acidic binder induces dealumination of zeolite, leading to amorphization, loss of Brønsted acid sites, framework structure impairment, and the formation of defective sites. TEM indicates the formation of zeolite-matrix interfaces upon binding of zeolite by the matrix. Depending on the extent and severity of thermal processing, the clay–alumina–silica binder undergoes dehydroxylation to varying degrees by cross-linking of terminal hydroxyl groups between neighboring binder particles, which contributes to the increased thermal and mechanical stability of the bound catalysts.
沸石 Y 是现代流体催化裂化（FCC）催化剂的活性相。然而，功能性和活性催化裂化催化剂除沸石 Y 外，还包括基质和粘结剂，它们会在催化剂组分之间产生一定程度的协同作用，从而影响催化剂的活性。本研究采用各种表征技术研究了典型催化裂化催化剂上的沸石-基质-粘合剂复合材料的相互作用特性。对合成的催化裂化催化剂样品进行表征后发现，沸石 Y 的结构组成变化取决于粘合剂材料的类型和比例。粘合剂对最终复合材料的结晶非常重要。酸性粘合剂会诱导沸石脱铝，导致非晶化、布氏酸位点的丧失、框架结构受损以及缺陷位点的形成。TEM 显示，沸石与基质结合后形成了沸石-基质界面。根据热加工的程度和严重程度，粘土-氧化铝-二氧化硅粘合剂会通过相邻粘合剂颗粒之间的末端羟基交联而发生不同程度的脱羟基反应，这有助于提高结合催化剂的热稳定性和机械稳定性。
{"title":"Elucidating the interaction of FCC catalyst components: the discrete roles of matrix and binder on zeolite structure","authors":"Ubong J. Etim, Peng Bai, Fazle Subhan, Zifeng Yan","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0111","url":null,"abstract":"Zeolite Y is the active phase of the modern fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst. However, a functional and active FCC catalyst comprises, in addition to zeolite Y, matrices and a binder that introduce some levels of synergistic interaction between the catalyst components, impacting its activity. This study investigates the interactive properties of a zeolite-matrix-binder composite on a typical FCC catalyst using various characterization techniques. Characterization of synthesized FCC catalyst samples reveals changes in the structural composition of zeolite Y dependent upon the type and ratio of binder materials. The binder is important in the crystallization of the final composite. Acidic binder induces dealumination of zeolite, leading to amorphization, loss of Brønsted acid sites, framework structure impairment, and the formation of defective sites. TEM indicates the formation of zeolite-matrix interfaces upon binding of zeolite by the matrix. Depending on the extent and severity of thermal processing, the clay–alumina–silica binder undergoes dehydroxylation to varying degrees by cross-linking of terminal hydroxyl groups between neighboring binder particles, which contributes to the increased thermal and mechanical stability of the bound catalysts.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phi Hung Dao, Hoang Nghia Trinh, Thuy Chinh Nguyen, Anh Hiep Nguyen, Dinh Hieu Vu, Xuan Thai Nguyen, Thi Huong Giang Hoang, Tien Dung Nguyen, Hoang Thai
Silver–zirconia nanoparticles (Ag–ZrO2 NPs) were synthesized via an in situ strategy at room temperature using NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The surface modification of ZrO2 nanoparticles with nano silver was confirmed through various characterization techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The obtained results demonstrated that Ag nanoparticles, with a crystallite size of approximately 12 nm, were uniformly distributed on the surface of ZrO2 nanoparticles. The incorporation of Ag nanoparticles to the ZrO2 nanoparticles led to increasing the light absorption ability and reducing the band gap of Ag–ZrO2 nanoparticles, thereby enhancing their photocatalytic performance under infrared lamp exposure. When 1 g/L of Ag–ZrO2 nanoparticles was employed to methylene blue (MB) solution, the degradation of MB reached 90 % after 5 h of exposure. Additionally, the Ag–ZrO2 nanoparticles exhibited a high antibacterial activity against two bacterial strains, E. coli and S. aureus. These findings highlight the potential of Ag–ZrO2 nanoparticles as effective materials for environmental pollution treatment through advanced oxidation processes.
{"title":"Enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of silver–zirconia nanoparticles for environmental pollution treatment","authors":"Phi Hung Dao, Hoang Nghia Trinh, Thuy Chinh Nguyen, Anh Hiep Nguyen, Dinh Hieu Vu, Xuan Thai Nguyen, Thi Huong Giang Hoang, Tien Dung Nguyen, Hoang Thai","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0108","url":null,"abstract":"Silver–zirconia nanoparticles (Ag–ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> NPs) were synthesized via an in situ strategy at room temperature using NaBH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> as a reducing agent. The surface modification of ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles with nano silver was confirmed through various characterization techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The obtained results demonstrated that Ag nanoparticles, with a crystallite size of approximately 12 nm, were uniformly distributed on the surface of ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles. The incorporation of Ag nanoparticles to the ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles led to increasing the light absorption ability and reducing the band gap of Ag–ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles, thereby enhancing their photocatalytic performance under infrared lamp exposure. When 1 g/L of Ag–ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles was employed to methylene blue (MB) solution, the degradation of MB reached 90 % after 5 h of exposure. Additionally, the Ag–ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles exhibited a high antibacterial activity against two bacterial strains, <jats:italic>E. coli</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. aureus</jats:italic>. These findings highlight the potential of Ag–ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles as effective materials for environmental pollution treatment through advanced oxidation processes.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Density functional study (DFT) is performed for understanding the reactivity, aromaticity, and UV-visible absorption spectra of chrysene-based materials. Effect of BN doping on the said parameters are analyzed along with the effect of –Me (methyl), –OH (hydroxyl), –CHO (formyl) –COOH (carboxyl) and –CN (cyano) substituents. Global reactivity parameters viz. energy of HOMO (EHOMO), global hardness (η), chemical potential (μ) and electrophilicity (ω) are computed. Nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) values are estimated to study the variation in aromaticity. Time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is used to study the UV–Visible absorption spectra. Effects of BN doping and substituents on corresponding dipole moments and band gaps are also analyzed. Presence of BN unit and/or substituents induced considerable impact on global reactivity, dipole moment, band gap and aromaticity of the chosen systems, especially for BN doped chrysene at the edge. Absorption spectra which are red shifted in presence of BN and substituents are mostly found within the UV-region.
{"title":"Computational study on reactivity, aromaticity, and absorption spectra of chrysene: effect of BN doping and substituents","authors":"Bapan Saha, Pradip Kr. Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1105","url":null,"abstract":"Density functional study (DFT) is performed for understanding the reactivity, aromaticity, and UV-visible absorption spectra of chrysene-based materials. Effect of BN doping on the said parameters are analyzed along with the effect of –Me (methyl), –OH (hydroxyl), –CHO (formyl) –COOH (carboxyl) and –CN (cyano) substituents. Global reactivity parameters viz. energy of HOMO (<jats:italic>E</jats:italic> <jats:sub>HOMO</jats:sub>), global hardness (<jats:italic>η</jats:italic>), chemical potential (<jats:italic>μ</jats:italic>) and electrophilicity (<jats:italic>ω</jats:italic>) are computed. Nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) values are estimated to study the variation in aromaticity. Time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is used to study the UV–Visible absorption spectra. Effects of BN doping and substituents on corresponding dipole moments and band gaps are also analyzed. Presence of BN unit and/or substituents induced considerable impact on global reactivity, dipole moment, band gap and aromaticity of the chosen systems, especially for BN doped chrysene at the edge. Absorption spectra which are red shifted in presence of BN and substituents are mostly found within the UV-region.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natalia Tarasova, Alexey Zanin, Alexander Ponomarev, Ilya Toropygin, Efrem Krivoborodov
This research article describes the results of studies of the processes occurring under the electron beam irradiation of elemental phosphorus in an aqueous medium. Comparisons of the results of white phosphorus samples irradiation using electron accelerators with different technical parameters are presented. The structure of the obtained phosphorus-containing polymers was determined using MALDI mass spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence analysis. A scheme of the formation of macroparticles in the process of irradiation of elemental phosphorus by a beam of accelerated electrons in an aqueous medium is discussed.
这篇研究文章介绍了电子束辐照水介质中元素磷过程的研究结果。文章对使用不同技术参数的电子加速器辐照白磷样品的结果进行了比较。利用 MALDI 质谱法和 X 射线荧光分析法确定了所获得的含磷聚合物的结构。讨论了在水介质中用加速电子束辐照元素磷的过程中形成大颗粒的原理。
{"title":"Conversion of elemental phosphorus under the electron beam irradiation","authors":"Natalia Tarasova, Alexey Zanin, Alexander Ponomarev, Ilya Toropygin, Efrem Krivoborodov","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0027","url":null,"abstract":"This research article describes the results of studies of the processes occurring under the electron beam irradiation of elemental phosphorus in an aqueous medium. Comparisons of the results of white phosphorus samples irradiation using electron accelerators with different technical parameters are presented. The structure of the obtained phosphorus-containing polymers was determined using MALDI mass spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence analysis. A scheme of the formation of macroparticles in the process of irradiation of elemental phosphorus by a beam of accelerated electrons in an aqueous medium is discussed.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lenar I. Musin, Renat M. Akhmadullin, Karim R. Gizutdinov, Lilya Sh. Nigmatullina, Leonid V. Lopukhov, Anna N. Zaripova, Dinar D. Nigamatullin, Valerii V. Spiryagin, Huu Quynh Anh Le, Thi Nam Pham, My Uyen Dao, Hong Dung Lai, Hien Y Hoang
This study presents a short communication on exploring, for the first time, a simple approach for the selective and highly effective synthesis of tricaproin by synergistically combining silicon tripolyphosphate and phosphoric acid in the catalytic esterification of glycerol with caproic acid. Results reveal that within the initial hour of the synthesis, the conversion in the presence of the proposed mixture achieved an efficiency of 62.99 %, whereas this figure for individual catalysts only modestly stopped at 27.50 and 11.74 %, respectively. Furthermore, the inherent shortcomings in the tricaprion synthesis, such as catalyst deactivation, resinification of the reaction solution, and generation of numerous by-products, were successfully addressed. The structure of the resultant tricaproin and the possible absence of undesired by-products were confirmed by NMR, mass spectrometry, FT-IR, and TLC. The optimal conditions for the synthesis were also investigated. The study not only contributes a practical and selective synthetic approach for tricaproin but also paves the way for exploring novel avenues to enhance the efficiency of the catalytic esterification.
{"title":"Efficient synthesis of tricaproin: catalyst and reaction optimization","authors":"Lenar I. Musin, Renat M. Akhmadullin, Karim R. Gizutdinov, Lilya Sh. Nigmatullina, Leonid V. Lopukhov, Anna N. Zaripova, Dinar D. Nigamatullin, Valerii V. Spiryagin, Huu Quynh Anh Le, Thi Nam Pham, My Uyen Dao, Hong Dung Lai, Hien Y Hoang","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0017","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a short communication on exploring, for the first time, a simple approach for the selective and highly effective synthesis of tricaproin by synergistically combining silicon tripolyphosphate and phosphoric acid in the catalytic esterification of glycerol with caproic acid. Results reveal that within the initial hour of the synthesis, the conversion in the presence of the proposed mixture achieved an efficiency of 62.99 %, whereas this figure for individual catalysts only modestly stopped at 27.50 and 11.74 %, respectively. Furthermore, the inherent shortcomings in the tricaprion synthesis, such as catalyst deactivation, resinification of the reaction solution, and generation of numerous by-products, were successfully addressed. The structure of the resultant tricaproin and the possible absence of undesired by-products were confirmed by NMR, mass spectrometry, FT-IR, and TLC. The optimal conditions for the synthesis were also investigated. The study not only contributes a practical and selective synthetic approach for tricaproin but also paves the way for exploring novel avenues to enhance the efficiency of the catalytic esterification.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140325625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fresh water outflows to sea are a source of marine contamination by radionuclides, most originating from nuclear industry operations. Usually, these lead to small amounts of radionuclides entering the sea, for example, because of the discharge of cooling water. However, under accident conditions large amounts of radionuclides may enter river systems. The extent of radionuclide transport along freshwater systems and their subsequent dispersal in the ocean depends upon their speciation. This manuscript examines the speciation of uranium, with particular reference to sulphate complexes, along the Shu River in Central Asia with a view to predict its transport along such rivers to receiving seas. The speciation of uranium isotopes in the Shu River (at the border of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) was determined. Calculations were based on the measured concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na++K+, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, and of uranium isotopes. These calculations were determined by either titrimetric methods, gravimetric methods or, for uranium isotopes, by alpha-particle spectrometry. Almost all uranium was present as one of three soluble complexes, either [UO2OH]+, [UO2(CO3)2(H2O)2]2− or [UO2(CO3)3]4−. However, despite the significant concentration of sulphate-ions in the water, especially for the Lower Shu in Kazakhstan, the probability of uranium being present as of sulphate complexes in the analyzed water was very low. The presence of soluble ions is consistent with their mobility along freshwater systems and their transfer to the marine environment. No evidence of an effect from influxes of sulphate was identified.
{"title":"Speciation and mobility of uranium isotopes in the Shu River: impacts for river to sea transfer","authors":"Ilona V. Matveyeva, Mukhambetkali М. Burkitbayev","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1009","url":null,"abstract":"Fresh water outflows to sea are a source of marine contamination by radionuclides, most originating from nuclear industry operations. Usually, these lead to small amounts of radionuclides entering the sea, for example, because of the discharge of cooling water. However, under accident conditions large amounts of radionuclides may enter river systems. The extent of radionuclide transport along freshwater systems and their subsequent dispersal in the ocean depends upon their speciation. This manuscript examines the speciation of uranium, with particular reference to sulphate complexes, along the Shu River in Central Asia with a view to predict its transport along such rivers to receiving seas. The speciation of uranium isotopes in the Shu River (at the border of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) was determined. Calculations were based on the measured concentrations of Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, Mg<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, Na<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>+K<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>, HCO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> <jats:sup>−</jats:sup>, Cl<jats:sup>−</jats:sup>, SO<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> <jats:sup>2−</jats:sup>, and of uranium isotopes. These calculations were determined by either titrimetric methods, gravimetric methods or, for uranium isotopes, by alpha-particle spectrometry. Almost all uranium was present as one of three soluble complexes, either [UO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>OH]<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>, [UO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>(CO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>)<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>(H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O)<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>]<jats:sup>2−</jats:sup> or [UO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>(CO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>]<jats:sup>4−</jats:sup>. However, despite the significant concentration of sulphate-ions in the water, especially for the Lower Shu in Kazakhstan, the probability of uranium being present as of sulphate complexes in the analyzed water was very low. The presence of soluble ions is consistent with their mobility along freshwater systems and their transfer to the marine environment. No evidence of an effect from influxes of sulphate was identified.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140313439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermoreversible networks are very attractive materials because of a large variety of suitable thermoreversible chemical bonds which can be used for crosslinking. In future, to certain extent, they may replace so far used irreversibly crosslinked networks and contribute to more sustainable material concepts also in the field of crosslinked elastomers. This paper gives some theoretical basis for understanding the elastic deformation properties of crosslinked polymers and presents some experimental tools for studying deformation behavior not only on a macroscopic length scale but also on a segmental scale. Basic knowledge of these two topics is useful for chemists and material scientists when designing new sustainable elastomeric polymer networks.
{"title":"Flexible polymer networks: rubber elasticity and segmental orientation","authors":"Volker Abetz","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1130","url":null,"abstract":"Thermoreversible networks are very attractive materials because of a large variety of suitable thermoreversible chemical bonds which can be used for crosslinking. In future, to certain extent, they may replace so far used irreversibly crosslinked networks and contribute to more sustainable material concepts also in the field of crosslinked elastomers. This paper gives some theoretical basis for understanding the elastic deformation properties of crosslinked polymers and presents some experimental tools for studying deformation behavior not only on a macroscopic length scale but also on a segmental scale. Basic knowledge of these two topics is useful for chemists and material scientists when designing new sustainable elastomeric polymer networks.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140313364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mathematics constitutes a fundamental key for the description and understanding of many phenomena. The chemistry discourse incorporates mathematics in various ways and instances. At educational level, interchanges occur in two directions: mathematics provides support for clearer understanding of chemical phenomena, and the level at which students use the relevant mathematics is an indication of the clarity of their conceptual understanding in chemistry. The present work focuses on an issue for which mathematics tightly links to the conceptual understanding of physical terms – the issue of independent and dependent variables. The definition is in principle well known. On the other hand, the distinction between the two types of variables and their roles is not always clearly underlined at explanation level, and is often not sufficiently internalised by students. This results in a variety of misunderstandings and errors. Careful analysis of students’ works enables the identification of errors that can be tracked down to unclear distinction between the dependent and independent variables in a given context; such errors appear in several areas of chemistry, at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The present work considers and analyses a number of representative examples, highlighting the impact of their unclear distinction and the ensuing importance of devoting specific attention to it. Selected addressing approaches from direct experience are included and their outcomes discussed.
{"title":"Crucial role of the internalisation of the distinction between dependent and independent variables for clearer chemistry understanding","authors":"Liliana Mammino","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1119","url":null,"abstract":"Mathematics constitutes a fundamental key for the description and understanding of many phenomena. The chemistry discourse incorporates mathematics in various ways and instances. At educational level, interchanges occur in two directions: mathematics provides support for clearer understanding of chemical phenomena, and the level at which students use the relevant mathematics is an indication of the clarity of their conceptual understanding in chemistry. The present work focuses on an issue for which mathematics tightly links to the conceptual understanding of physical terms – the issue of independent and dependent variables. The definition is in principle well known. On the other hand, the distinction between the two types of variables and their roles is not always clearly underlined at explanation level, and is often not sufficiently internalised by students. This results in a variety of misunderstandings and errors. Careful analysis of students’ works enables the identification of errors that can be tracked down to unclear distinction between the dependent and independent variables in a given context; such errors appear in several areas of chemistry, at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The present work considers and analyses a number of representative examples, highlighting the impact of their unclear distinction and the ensuing importance of devoting specific attention to it. Selected addressing approaches from direct experience are included and their outcomes discussed.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140313440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Van Cuong Bui, Thi Lan Pham, Thi Lam Nguyen, Thi Kim Chinh Tran, Thi My Hanh Le Le, Xuan Minh Vu, Irina M. Le-Deygen, Chau Anh Nguyen, Thanh Tung Mai, Raa Khimi Shuib
This study aims to synthesize inclusion complex derived from sorafenib (Sor) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) (denoted as [Sor-HPβCD]). The complex of Sor with HPβCD has been synthesized in a mixed solvent of H2O-DMSO, with a DMSO volume fraction of 80 %. The results of FTIR, DSC, and UV–Vis analysis have demonstrated the success of complex formation: the intensity of some characteristic peaks for the Sor binding decreased after complex formation, indicating that a part of the guest molecule has entered the cavity of the HPβCD molecule. This is further supported by the DSC analysis results, showing the transformation of the complex’s crystalline form to an amorphous form. The phase solubility diagram study also indicates that the solubility of Sor significantly increases, approximately 7 times higher than pure Sor, after complex formation. The results of the cell growth inhibition activity test in a water environment show that the complex inhibits the growth of Hep-G2 cells with an IC50 value of 62.4 μg/mL, while pure Sor does not exhibit activity as it is practically insoluble in water.
{"title":"Study on synthesizing the complex of sorafenib with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin to enhance the anticancer activity of the drug substance","authors":"Van Cuong Bui, Thi Lan Pham, Thi Lam Nguyen, Thi Kim Chinh Tran, Thi My Hanh Le Le, Xuan Minh Vu, Irina M. Le-Deygen, Chau Anh Nguyen, Thanh Tung Mai, Raa Khimi Shuib","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0024","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to synthesize inclusion complex derived from sorafenib (Sor) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) (denoted as [Sor-HPβCD]). The complex of Sor with HPβCD has been synthesized in a mixed solvent of H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O-DMSO, with a DMSO volume fraction of 80 %. The results of FTIR, DSC, and UV–Vis analysis have demonstrated the success of complex formation: the intensity of some characteristic peaks for the Sor binding decreased after complex formation, indicating that a part of the guest molecule has entered the cavity of the HPβCD molecule. This is further supported by the DSC analysis results, showing the transformation of the complex’s crystalline form to an amorphous form. The phase solubility diagram study also indicates that the solubility of Sor significantly increases, approximately 7 times higher than pure Sor, after complex formation. The results of the cell growth inhibition activity test in a water environment show that the complex inhibits the growth of Hep-G2 cells with an IC<jats:sub>50</jats:sub> value of 62.4 μg/mL, while pure Sor does not exhibit activity as it is practically insoluble in water.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140297913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akingbolabo Daniel Ogunlakin, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Matthew Iyobhebhe, Toluwanimi Ayonitemi Ajiboye, Gideon Ampoma Gyebi, Peluola Olujide Ayeni, Damilare Iyinkristi Ayokunle, Mubo Adeola Sonibare, Joel Ojogbane Onoja, Enitan O. Adesanya, Omolola Adenike Ajayi-Odoko, Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo, Sophie Adedamola Adeyeye
Various derivatives of cinnamic acid have been reported to possess significant activities such as antioxidant and hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Interestingly, testicular toxicity has been linked to several causes, with oxidative damage being one of the pathophysiological mechanisms. 3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid (1), a derivative of cinnamic acid, was synthesized and then investigated for its effects on iron-induced testicular injury and oxidative stress via ex vivo and in silico studies, respectively. Evaluations were done on KAD-1’s FRAP, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and iron chelating potential. Through the ex vivo incubation of tissue supernatant and 0.1 mM FeSO4 for 30 min at 37 °C with different concentration of 1, oxidative testicular damage treatments were induced. The scavenging property of 1 increases significantly (p < 0.05) as the concentration increases when compared with the standard quercetin. The MDA, CAT, ATPase, and ENTPDase activities were reduced when testicular damage was induced (p < 0.05). The group treated with 30 mg/mL had the highest level of MDA. A significant rise in GSH level and activity of SOD were observed. The result obtained indicated that 1 has the potential to prevent oxidative testicular toxicity, as evidenced by its capacity to control nucleotide hydrolysis and reduce oxidative stress. Overall, the results of this experimental study point to some possible uses of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid (1) in the prevention of oxidative testicular dysfunction. Therefore, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid (1) would be a good product in developing a medication to alleviate male infertility.
{"title":"3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid halts redox imbalance and modulate purinergic enzyme activity in iron-induced testicular injury","authors":"Akingbolabo Daniel Ogunlakin, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Matthew Iyobhebhe, Toluwanimi Ayonitemi Ajiboye, Gideon Ampoma Gyebi, Peluola Olujide Ayeni, Damilare Iyinkristi Ayokunle, Mubo Adeola Sonibare, Joel Ojogbane Onoja, Enitan O. Adesanya, Omolola Adenike Ajayi-Odoko, Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo, Sophie Adedamola Adeyeye","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1201","url":null,"abstract":"Various derivatives of cinnamic acid have been reported to possess significant activities such as antioxidant and hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Interestingly, testicular toxicity has been linked to several causes, with oxidative damage being one of the pathophysiological mechanisms. 3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid (1), a derivative of cinnamic acid, was synthesized and then investigated for its effects on iron-induced testicular injury and oxidative stress via <jats:italic>ex vivo</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in silico</jats:italic> studies, respectively. Evaluations were done on KAD-1’s FRAP, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and iron chelating potential. Through the <jats:italic>ex vivo</jats:italic> incubation of tissue supernatant and 0.1 mM FeSO<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> for 30 min at 37 °C with different concentration of 1, oxidative testicular damage treatments were induced. The scavenging property of 1 increases significantly (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.05) as the concentration increases when compared with the standard quercetin. The MDA, CAT, ATPase, and ENTPDase activities were reduced when testicular damage was induced (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.05). The group treated with 30 mg/mL had the highest level of MDA. A significant rise in GSH level and activity of SOD were observed. The result obtained indicated that 1 has the potential to prevent oxidative testicular toxicity, as evidenced by its capacity to control nucleotide hydrolysis and reduce oxidative stress. Overall, the results of this experimental study point to some possible uses of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid (1) in the prevention of oxidative testicular dysfunction. Therefore, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid (1) would be a good product in developing a medication to alleviate male infertility.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140297810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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