AlSaba Gul, Sultan Alam, Muhammad Ilyas, Muhammad Zahoor, Muhammad Naveed Umar, Riaz Ullah, Zafar Iqbal
Activated carbon was prepared at 300 °C and 600 °C, characterized by SEM, EDX and XRD, and was then used as an adsorbent for the removal of acidic dyes; acid yellow 25 and acid red 4. The activated carbon prepared at high temperature (600 °C) due to its high carbon contents and surface area was subsequently used as adsorbent for the selected dyes adsorption using batch adsorption approaches to estimate different adsorption parameters. For the estimation of kinetics and equilibrium parameters a number of kinetics and isotherm models were employed. Dyes were adsorbed on activated carbon surface at a high rate for the first 15 min, after which it began to diffuse into the micro pores and thus the process became steady. The rate constant was estimated for first and second order kinetics models. The maximum adsorption capacities recorded were 526.32 mg g−1 for acid red 4 and 555.55 mg g−1 for acid yellow 25. The enthalpy change values recorded were; 19.44 kJ mol−1 for acid yellow 25 adsorption and 16 kJ mol−1 for acid red 4 adsorption, meant that the process is endothermic. The negative values of Gibbs free energy change (−393.28, −1,515.48, −2,634.68 J mol−1) of acid red 4 and acid yellow 25 (−251.72, −1,058.06, −2,367.84 J mol−1) at tested temperatures, confirmed the feasibility and spontaneity of the adsorption processes. The adsorption of dyes on the carbon surface was diffusion-controlled process, as demonstrated by the linear graph of intraparticle diffusion model.
{"title":"Removal of acidic dyes; acid yellow 25 and acid red 4 from wastewater by degassed activated carbon","authors":"AlSaba Gul, Sultan Alam, Muhammad Ilyas, Muhammad Zahoor, Muhammad Naveed Umar, Riaz Ullah, Zafar Iqbal","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0240","url":null,"abstract":"Activated carbon was prepared at 300 °C and 600 °C, characterized by SEM, EDX and XRD, and was then used as an adsorbent for the removal of acidic dyes; acid yellow 25 and acid red 4. The activated carbon prepared at high temperature (600 °C) due to its high carbon contents and surface area was subsequently used as adsorbent for the selected dyes adsorption using batch adsorption approaches to estimate different adsorption parameters. For the estimation of kinetics and equilibrium parameters a number of kinetics and isotherm models were employed. Dyes were adsorbed on activated carbon surface at a high rate for the first 15 min, after which it began to diffuse into the micro pores and thus the process became steady. The rate constant was estimated for first and second order kinetics models. The maximum adsorption capacities recorded were 526.32 mg g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for acid red 4 and 555.55 mg g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for acid yellow 25. The enthalpy change values recorded were; 19.44 kJ mol<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for acid yellow 25 adsorption and 16 kJ mol<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for acid red 4 adsorption, meant that the process is endothermic. The negative values of Gibbs free energy change (−393.28, −1,515.48, −2,634.68 J mol<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) of acid red 4 and acid yellow 25 (−251.72, −1,058.06, −2,367.84 J mol<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) at tested temperatures, confirmed the feasibility and spontaneity of the adsorption processes. The adsorption of dyes on the carbon surface was diffusion-controlled process, as demonstrated by the linear graph of intraparticle diffusion model.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142255327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kirill Yu. Monakhov, Christoph Meinecke, Marco Moors, Carolin Schmitz-Antoniak, Thomas Blaudeck, Julia Hann, Christopher Bickmann, Danny Reuter, Thomas Otto, Stefan E. Schulz, Harish Parala, Anjana Devi
Energy dissipation through physical downscaling towards more complex types of memory and logic devices, loss of ultrapure water and consumption of large amounts of (toxic) chemicals for wafer cleaning processes, as well as high thermal budget of solid-state synthesis and thin film growth of standard semiconductors including the use of rare earth elements – all this poses great challenges for semiconductor materials science and technology. Therefore, research and development of alternative methods for micro- and nanofabrication and chemical functionalization of a new type of resource- and energy-efficient semiconductors as the core component of every computer chip is crucial. One of the promising opportunities is the transformation of today’s complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronics into ecofriendly and neuroinspired electronics driven by molecular design and multi-level switching mechanisms at room temperature. The sustainable chemical technology of electron transport and switching materials in semiconductor manufacturing and the development of devices with new unconventional nanophysics, improved performance, and augmented functionalities (beyond-CMOS and More-than-Moore) is becoming increasingly important in the context of a gradual transition to a future-oriented concept of Internet of Everything (IoE). In this article, we focus on the technological significance of semiconductor preparation from single-source (molecular) precursors and the prospect of functionalizing semiconductors using DNA origami nanotechnology and stimuli-responsive metal–oxygen cluster ions such as polyoxometalates (POMs). We also describe the advanced characterization of these qualified molecular systems by soft X-rays. We emphasize the technical relevance of using solution-based methods for the bottom-up preparation of novel and hybrid semiconductors as well as their challenging scalability and the compatibility of methods of molecular technology with lithography-based mass production. Our article aims to contribute to the achievement of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure).
通过物理降级实现更复杂类型的存储器和逻辑器件的能量消耗、超纯水的损耗、晶圆清洗过程中大量（有毒）化学品的消耗，以及标准半导体固态合成和薄膜生长的高热预算（包括稀土元素的使用）--所有这些都对半导体材料科学与技术提出了巨大挑战。因此，研究和开发微纳米制造和化学功能化的替代方法，使新型资源和能源效率高的半导体成为每个计算机芯片的核心部件至关重要。其中一个大有可为的机会是将当今的互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）电子器件转变为由分子设计和室温下多级开关机制驱动的环保型神经启发电子器件。在逐步过渡到面向未来的万物互联（IoE）概念的背景下，半导体制造中电子传输和开关材料的可持续化学技术，以及具有新的非常规纳米物理特性、更高性能和增强功能（超越 CMOS 和 More-than-Moore）的器件开发正变得越来越重要。在这篇文章中，我们将重点讨论从单源（分子）前体制备半导体的技术意义，以及利用 DNA 折纸纳米技术和刺激响应型金属氧簇离子（如聚氧金属盐 (POM)）实现半导体功能化的前景。我们还介绍了利用软 X 射线对这些合格分子系统进行高级表征的方法。我们强调了使用基于溶液的方法自下而上制备新型和混合半导体的技术相关性，以及其具有挑战性的可扩展性和分子技术方法与基于光刻技术的大规模生产的兼容性。我们的文章旨在为实现联合国可持续发展目标 9（工业、创新和基础设施）做出贡献。
{"title":"Molecular approach to semiconductors: a shift towards ecofriendly manufacturing and neuroinspired interfaces","authors":"Kirill Yu. Monakhov, Christoph Meinecke, Marco Moors, Carolin Schmitz-Antoniak, Thomas Blaudeck, Julia Hann, Christopher Bickmann, Danny Reuter, Thomas Otto, Stefan E. Schulz, Harish Parala, Anjana Devi","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0242","url":null,"abstract":"Energy dissipation through physical downscaling towards more complex types of memory and logic devices, loss of ultrapure water and consumption of large amounts of (toxic) chemicals for wafer cleaning processes, as well as high thermal budget of solid-state synthesis and thin film growth of standard semiconductors including the use of rare earth elements – all this poses great challenges for semiconductor materials science and technology. Therefore, research and development of alternative methods for micro- and nanofabrication and chemical functionalization of a new type of resource- and energy-efficient semiconductors as the core component of every computer chip is crucial. One of the promising opportunities is the transformation of today’s complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronics into ecofriendly and neuroinspired electronics driven by molecular design and multi-level switching mechanisms at room temperature. The sustainable chemical technology of electron transport and switching materials in semiconductor manufacturing and the development of devices with new unconventional nanophysics, improved performance, and augmented functionalities (beyond-CMOS and More-than-Moore) is becoming increasingly important in the context of a gradual transition to a future-oriented concept of Internet of Everything (IoE). In this article, we focus on the technological significance of semiconductor preparation from single-source (molecular) precursors and the prospect of functionalizing semiconductors using DNA origami nanotechnology and stimuli-responsive metal–oxygen cluster ions such as polyoxometalates (POMs). We also describe the advanced characterization of these qualified molecular systems by soft X-rays. We emphasize the technical relevance of using solution-based methods for the bottom-up preparation of novel and hybrid semiconductors as well as their challenging scalability and the compatibility of methods of molecular technology with lithography-based mass production. Our article aims to contribute to the achievement of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure).","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142255328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the morphology and various thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of polylactic acid (PLA)-based nanobiocomposites. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the potential of modified Algerian clay as a nanofiller through an examination of the characteristics of PLA/Mag-CTA and PLA/CMC nanobiocomposites with varying levels of prepared fillers. This study is concerned with the synthesis of poly(lactic acid)/Maghnite-CTA (PLA/Mag-CTA) and poly(lactic acid)/microcrystalline cellulose (CMC) nanobiocomposites, with two distinctive catalysts and organic reinforcements produced in solution. The outcomes of the various techniques employed demonstrate that PLA nanobiocomposites exhibit a mixed morphology, comprising intercalation and exfoliation. The results from the diverse techniques used show that the PLA nanobiocomposites developed have a mixed intercalated-exfoliated morphology. The dispersion of the Maghnite-CTA filler and microcrystalline cellulose was enhanced during the production of the various materials, as well as the presence of aggregates at high levels. The best rheological performance, corresponding to the optimal dispersion of the nanofiller, was observed for a low quantity of organic filler. Thermal behavior properties were significantly enhanced with the incorporation of the two nanofillers. Analysis by steric exclusion chromatography showed that the fillers used in the nanobiocomposite synthesis increased the average molecular weights of the PLA chains, while the polydispersity index remained constant.
{"title":"The impact of nanofiller composition and nature on the enhancement of mechanical and rheological properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanobiocomposite films is achieved by regulating the spacing of organic fillers and PLA crystallinity","authors":"Zoulikha Khiati, Soufiane Guella, Lahouari Mrah, Abdelmoumin Mezrai","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0253","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the morphology and various thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of polylactic acid (PLA)-based nanobiocomposites. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the potential of modified Algerian clay as a nanofiller through an examination of the characteristics of PLA/Mag-CTA and PLA/CMC nanobiocomposites with varying levels of prepared fillers. This study is concerned with the synthesis of poly(lactic acid)/Maghnite-CTA (PLA/Mag-CTA) and poly(lactic acid)/microcrystalline cellulose (CMC) nanobiocomposites, with two distinctive catalysts and organic reinforcements produced in solution. The outcomes of the various techniques employed demonstrate that PLA nanobiocomposites exhibit a mixed morphology, comprising intercalation and exfoliation. The results from the diverse techniques used show that the PLA nanobiocomposites developed have a mixed intercalated-exfoliated morphology. The dispersion of the Maghnite-CTA filler and microcrystalline cellulose was enhanced during the production of the various materials, as well as the presence of aggregates at high levels. The best rheological performance, corresponding to the optimal dispersion of the nanofiller, was observed for a low quantity of organic filler. Thermal behavior properties were significantly enhanced with the incorporation of the two nanofillers. Analysis by steric exclusion chromatography showed that the fillers used in the nanobiocomposite synthesis increased the average molecular weights of the PLA chains, while the polydispersity index remained constant.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carlos Alberto da Silva Júnior, Gildo Girotto Júnior, Carla Morais, Dosil Pereira de Jesus
The three principles of Inclusive Green and Sustainable Chemistry Education (IGSCE) are presented to guide the reflection, design, and implementation of potentially inclusive materials and approaches. These principles refer to (i) embracing student-centered learning, (ii) promoting teaching in the five levels of representation in chemistry, and (iii) adapting the curriculum to empower students to apply their academic skills effectively to real-life situations through supportive teaching and social guidance. Educational elements conducive to potentially inclusive classrooms and their interconnections are identified and discussed. These include using the Triangular Bipyramid Metaphor (TBM) to facilitate academic inclusivity for individuals with and without disabilities, such as those who are deaf and blind. Further, the importance of ensuring that all students, regardless of their abilities, can fully participate in the educational experience is highlighted, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG #4) to achieve inclusive education and lifelong learning opportunities. Green chemistry should be available to everyone, not just a few. It promotes sustainable development and deserves global recognition and support. The change agents targeted by these three principles of IGSCE include, but are not limited to, educators, researchers, teachers, and students in secondary and university education.
{"title":"Green chemistry for all: three principles of Inclusive Green and Sustainable Chemistry Education","authors":"Carlos Alberto da Silva Júnior, Gildo Girotto Júnior, Carla Morais, Dosil Pereira de Jesus","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0245","url":null,"abstract":"The three principles of Inclusive Green and Sustainable Chemistry Education (IGSCE) are presented to guide the reflection, design, and implementation of potentially inclusive materials and approaches. These principles refer to (i) embracing student-centered learning, (ii) promoting teaching in the five levels of representation in chemistry, and (iii) adapting the curriculum to empower students to apply their academic skills effectively to real-life situations through supportive teaching and social guidance. Educational elements conducive to potentially inclusive classrooms and their interconnections are identified and discussed. These include using the Triangular Bipyramid Metaphor (TBM) to facilitate academic inclusivity for individuals with and without disabilities, such as those who are deaf and blind. Further, the importance of ensuring that all students, regardless of their abilities, can fully participate in the educational experience is highlighted, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG #4) to achieve inclusive education and lifelong learning opportunities. Green chemistry should be available to everyone, not just a few. It promotes sustainable development and deserves global recognition and support. The change agents targeted by these three principles of IGSCE include, but are not limited to, educators, researchers, teachers, and students in secondary and university education.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lee D. Hansen, Brian F. Woodfield, H. Dennis Tolley
This paper reviews observations on processes involving concentration gradients to show that (1) Concentration gradients can do external work during discharge if the system is arranged in a manner that requires it. (2) Work has to be done on the system (i.e. energy has to be added) to create a concentration gradient. (3) Concentration gradients can spontaneously discharge with no change in energy except interaction energy. These three observations are significant since, together, these observations demonstrate an apparent violation of the law of conservation of energy which is resolved by proposing that a probability field is a common element for all concentration gradients. This paper thus introduces two new concepts into thermodynamics: (1) Many spontaneous processes occur because of an increase in probability, not because of a decrease in the energy state of the system. (2) Concentration gradients coincide with a probability field and a constraint-dependent and temperature-dependent potential energy.
{"title":"The case of the disappearing energy: potential energies in concentration gradients","authors":"Lee D. Hansen, Brian F. Woodfield, H. Dennis Tolley","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0220","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews observations on processes involving concentration gradients to show that (1) Concentration gradients can do external work during discharge if the system is arranged in a manner that requires it. (2) Work has to be done on the system (i.e. energy has to be added) to create a concentration gradient. (3) Concentration gradients can spontaneously discharge with no change in energy except interaction energy. These three observations are significant since, together, these observations demonstrate an apparent violation of the law of conservation of energy which is resolved by proposing that a probability field is a common element for all concentration gradients. This paper thus introduces two new concepts into thermodynamics: (1) Many spontaneous processes occur because of an increase in probability, not because of a decrease in the energy state of the system. (2) Concentration gradients coincide with a probability field and a constraint-dependent and temperature-dependent potential energy.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elisa Carignani, Augusta Maria Paci, Silvia Borsacchi, Maurizio Peruzzini
Global Conversation on Sustainability (GCS) 2023 was enthusiastically welcomed by researchers of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR). Highly committed to international organizations such as IUPAC and ISC, the promoters participated to the 2023 edition of the Global Conversation on Sustainability hosting a local in person event held in one of the major CNR institute for chemistry research. The format was a round-table discussion involving colleagues of different age, gender, experience, and area of expertise, who participated to an informal dialogue with the aim of reflecting and sharing aspects of the respective research activities contributing to sustainable development goals. From many chemistry research areas, it emerged a wide range of subjects, which stimulated an interesting and purpose-oriented discussion. Therefore, GCS 2023 at CNR prompted a reflection on how improving chemists’ impact on sustainability including laboratories’ practises and on considering communication becoming part of scientific process. Transformation requires continuous investment in research and innovation and evolving scientific activities, but also requires synergies, collaborations and policy making on cross-cutting issues that can make this successful. Global initiatives as GCS, in the framework of international scientific organizations, represent a key global vehicle for enhancing the big area of science communication. Overcoming time and spatial limitations, these initiatives enable to link global and locally tailored in person events.
{"title":"Outreach in coordinated individual events: the GCS format of CNR Italy","authors":"Elisa Carignani, Augusta Maria Paci, Silvia Borsacchi, Maurizio Peruzzini","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0238","url":null,"abstract":"Global Conversation on Sustainability (GCS) 2023 was enthusiastically welcomed by researchers of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR). Highly committed to international organizations such as IUPAC and ISC, the promoters participated to the 2023 edition of the Global Conversation on Sustainability hosting a local in person event held in one of the major CNR institute for chemistry research. The format was a round-table discussion involving colleagues of different age, gender, experience, and area of expertise, who participated to an informal dialogue with the aim of reflecting and sharing aspects of the respective research activities contributing to sustainable development goals. From many chemistry research areas, it emerged a wide range of subjects, which stimulated an interesting and purpose-oriented discussion. Therefore, GCS 2023 at CNR prompted a reflection on how improving chemists’ impact on sustainability including laboratories’ practises and on considering communication becoming part of scientific process. Transformation requires continuous investment in research and innovation and evolving scientific activities, but also requires synergies, collaborations and policy making on cross-cutting issues that can make this successful. Global initiatives as GCS, in the framework of international scientific organizations, represent a key global vehicle for enhancing the big area of science communication. Overcoming time and spatial limitations, these initiatives enable to link global and locally tailored in person events.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohd Hafiz Zainol, Raa Khimi Shuib, Ismail Ibrahim, Fairul Sharin Abd Razak, Noor Faezah Mohd Sani, Trans Dai Lam
Natural rubber (NR) is a complex material that is often discarded due to its three-dimensional structure. Recycling of rubber is difficult due to its complex structure, and only 1.7 million tonnes of waste, such as tyres and gloves, are considered recyclable. This study aims to develop self-healing rubber, which allows a product to recover without affecting structural reliability. Commercial NR was ionically crosslinked with zinc thiolate, forming an ionic crosslink network between rubber chains and zinc thiolate ions. The ionic crosslinks allow the rearrangement of rubber molecular chains under external heat, providing self-healing capabilities. The highest ionic crosslink density was found in NR with 35 phr zinc thiolate. The self-healing NR can recover 90 % of its initial properties at room temperature for 10 min and can be reprocessed and recycled three times without compromising its properties. It also shows excellent weldability, making it a promising material for repairing existing rubber products in heavy engineering applications.
天然橡胶（NR）是一种复杂的材料，由于其三维结构而经常被丢弃。由于其结构复杂，橡胶的回收利用十分困难，只有 170 万吨轮胎和手套等废物被认为是可回收利用的。本研究旨在开发自愈合橡胶，使产品能够在不影响结构可靠性的情况下进行回收。商用 NR 与硫酸锌进行离子交联，在橡胶链和硫酸锌离子之间形成离子交联网络。离子交联可使橡胶分子链在外部热量作用下重新排列，从而提供自愈能力。含 35 phr 硫醇酸锌的 NR 的离子交联密度最高。在室温下 10 分钟，自愈合 NR 可恢复其 90% 的初始特性，并可进行三次再加工和再循环，而不会影响其特性。它还具有出色的可焊性，是重型工程应用中修复现有橡胶产品的理想材料。
{"title":"Investigation on recycling and reprocessing ability of self-healing natural rubber based on ionic crosslink network","authors":"Mohd Hafiz Zainol, Raa Khimi Shuib, Ismail Ibrahim, Fairul Sharin Abd Razak, Noor Faezah Mohd Sani, Trans Dai Lam","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Natural rubber (NR) is a complex material that is often discarded due to its three-dimensional structure. Recycling of rubber is difficult due to its complex structure, and only 1.7 million tonnes of waste, such as tyres and gloves, are considered recyclable. This study aims to develop self-healing rubber, which allows a product to recover without affecting structural reliability. Commercial NR was ionically crosslinked with zinc thiolate, forming an ionic crosslink network between rubber chains and zinc thiolate ions. The ionic crosslinks allow the rearrangement of rubber molecular chains under external heat, providing self-healing capabilities. The highest ionic crosslink density was found in NR with 35 phr zinc thiolate. The self-healing NR can recover 90 % of its initial properties at room temperature for 10 min and can be reprocessed and recycled three times without compromising its properties. It also shows excellent weldability, making it a promising material for repairing existing rubber products in heavy engineering applications.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcia F. Mesko, Larissa C. A. Costa, Jenifer H. Cerqueira, Fernanda P. Balbinot, Filipe S. Rondan
Microwave-induced combustion was evaluated as a sample preparation method for several types of tea (black, green, lemon balm, boldo, and mint) for further determination of bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, and sulfur by ion chromatography. Parameters such as the sample mass efficiently decomposed and the most suitable absorbing solution (ultrapure water and 25, 50, 100, and 150 mmol L−1 NH4OH) were evaluated, considering the characteristics of the analytes and the determination technique used. The maximum sample mass possible to be decomposed was 900 mg of milled tea in the form of pellets, and the absorbing solution chosen was 100 mmol L−1 NH4OH, which provided suitable stabilization of the analytes (recoveries between 95 % and 103 %). To assess the accuracy of the proposed method, a certified reference material (BCR 060, aquatic plant) was analyzed. Agreements with the certified values ranged from 101 % to 107 %. The proposed method was used to analyze tea samples and the concentrations ranged from 549 to 2,549 mg kg−1 for chlorine, 223 to 828 mg kg−1 for fluorine, and 786 to 4,023 mg kg−1 for sulfur; bromine and iodine concentrations were below the limits of quantification (42 and 80 mg kg−1, respectively) in all evaluated samples.
{"title":"Method development for multielement determination of halogens and sulfur in teas","authors":"Marcia F. Mesko, Larissa C. A. Costa, Jenifer H. Cerqueira, Fernanda P. Balbinot, Filipe S. Rondan","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0219","url":null,"abstract":"Microwave-induced combustion was evaluated as a sample preparation method for several types of tea (black, green, lemon balm, boldo, and mint) for further determination of bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, and sulfur by ion chromatography. Parameters such as the sample mass efficiently decomposed and the most suitable absorbing solution (ultrapure water and 25, 50, 100, and 150 mmol L<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> NH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>OH) were evaluated, considering the characteristics of the analytes and the determination technique used. The maximum sample mass possible to be decomposed was 900 mg of milled tea in the form of pellets, and the absorbing solution chosen was 100 mmol L<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> NH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>OH, which provided suitable stabilization of the analytes (recoveries between 95 % and 103 %). To assess the accuracy of the proposed method, a certified reference material (BCR 060, aquatic plant) was analyzed. Agreements with the certified values ranged from 101 % to 107 %. The proposed method was used to analyze tea samples and the concentrations ranged from 549 to 2,549 mg kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for chlorine, 223 to 828 mg kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for fluorine, and 786 to 4,023 mg kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for sulfur; bromine and iodine concentrations were below the limits of quantification (42 and 80 mg kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, respectively) in all evaluated samples.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cintia D. F. Milagre, Humberto M. S. Milagre, Dulce Helena S. Silva, Victor Hugo O. Cavalcanti, Laerte Ganeo Neto
This manuscript aims to bring reflections and inspiration towards how the university can act as a vector for tackling the 17 SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) of the 2030 Agenda from the UN (United Nations) and the role of its community (undergraduate and graduate students, staff, and faculty members). In this regard, the Institute of Chemistry from Sao Paulo State University – UNESP combines efforts with the university’s central administration and non-governmental organizations to implement and stimulate activities to spread green chemistry and sustainable practices in each of the four fundamental pillars of the university: teaching, research, outreach, and administrative sectors.
{"title":"Paths and synergies in accelerating the UN 17 SDGs through the lens of green chemistry: contributions from a Brazilian university and its Institute of Chemistry","authors":"Cintia D. F. Milagre, Humberto M. S. Milagre, Dulce Helena S. Silva, Victor Hugo O. Cavalcanti, Laerte Ganeo Neto","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0232","url":null,"abstract":"This manuscript aims to bring reflections and inspiration towards how the university can act as a vector for tackling the 17 SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) of the 2030 Agenda from the UN (United Nations) and the role of its community (undergraduate and graduate students, staff, and faculty members). In this regard, the Institute of Chemistry from Sao Paulo State University – UNESP combines efforts with the university’s central administration and non-governmental organizations to implement and stimulate activities to spread green chemistry and sustainable practices in each of the four fundamental pillars of the university: teaching, research, outreach, and administrative sectors.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141873065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evon Akram, Alaa A. Rashad, Mokdad Hayawi Rahman, Rasheed N. Abed, Mohammed Al-Baidhani, Ali Basem, Mohammed Kadhom, Muna S. Bufaroosha, Abas Hadawey, Emad Yousif
A newly synthesis composite thin films of poly(vinyl chloride) has been refinement with ionic liquid, where PVC dissolved in THF with various concentrations of IL by casting method to form the composite thin films, without any reaction and IL dangles within PVC matrix. The thin films were examined by the diffusive reflectance device under the wavelength range (238–1300 nm). The XRD, EDX, and AFM techniques were utilized to discover the structure of the PVC matrix after additive IL. The XRD analysis illustrated the amorphous structure of the films, while the EDS analysis illustrated the main composition of pure PVC and composite PVC/IL. The optical properties and optical parameters were studied. The reflectance, extinction factor, transmittance, and imaginary dielectric constant declined, the absorption value was between (80–89 %), and the refractive index, real dielectric constant, and optical conductivity were increased. The indirect energy gap declined from 4.2 eV to 2.2 eV and the direct energy gap declined from 3.7 eV to 2.6 eV. The Urbach energy was increased from 2.09 eV to 15.45 eV revealing an increase in the disorders of electrons. The Ed increased from 23.42 eV to 70.68 eV and Eo increased from 7.00 eV to 10.88 eV. AFM analysis illustrated the roughness of the films increased after additive IL to the PVC Matrix from 1.08 nm to 4.45 nm and the root mean square of the particles ranged from 1.57 nm to 5.56 nm. The PVC composite thin films are utilized in solar cell and sodium-ion battery applications.
一种新的聚氯乙烯（Vinyl chloride）与离子液体复合薄膜的合成方法是将聚氯乙烯溶解在 THF 中，加入不同浓度的离子液体，通过浇铸法形成复合薄膜，在聚氯乙烯基体中离子液体悬浮，不发生任何反应。薄膜在波长（238-1300 nm）范围内通过漫反射装置进行检测。利用 XRD、EDX 和 AFM 技术发现了添加 IL 后 PVC 基体的结构。XRD 分析表明了薄膜的无定形结构，而 EDS 分析表明了纯 PVC 和 PVC/IL 复合材料的主要成分。对光学特性和光学参数进行了研究。反射率、消光系数、透射率和虚介电常数下降，吸收值介于（80-89 %）之间，折射率、实介电常数和光导率上升。间接能隙从 4.2 eV 下降到 2.2 eV，直接能隙从 3.7 eV 下降到 2.6 eV。厄巴赫能从 2.09 eV 增加到 15.45 eV，表明电子失调增加。E d 从 23.42 eV 增加到 70.68 eV，E o 从 7.00 eV 增加到 10.88 eV。原子力显微镜分析表明，在 PVC 基质中添加 IL 后，薄膜的粗糙度从 1.08 nm 增加到 4.45 nm，颗粒的均方根从 1.57 nm 增加到 5.56 nm。这种 PVC 复合薄膜可用于太阳能电池和钠离子电池。
{"title":"Comprehensive evaluation of the impact of ionic liquid incorporation on the optical properties, Urbach energy, thin film morphology, and surface roughness of poly(vinyl chloride) based on ionic materials","authors":"Evon Akram, Alaa A. Rashad, Mokdad Hayawi Rahman, Rasheed N. Abed, Mohammed Al-Baidhani, Ali Basem, Mohammed Kadhom, Muna S. Bufaroosha, Abas Hadawey, Emad Yousif","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0227","url":null,"abstract":"A newly synthesis composite thin films of poly(vinyl chloride) has been refinement with ionic liquid, where PVC dissolved in THF with various concentrations of IL by casting method to form the composite thin films, without any reaction and IL dangles within PVC matrix. The thin films were examined by the diffusive reflectance device under the wavelength range (238–1300 nm). The XRD, EDX, and AFM techniques were utilized to discover the structure of the PVC matrix after additive IL. The XRD analysis illustrated the amorphous structure of the films, while the EDS analysis illustrated the main composition of pure PVC and composite PVC/IL. The optical properties and optical parameters were studied. The reflectance, extinction factor, transmittance, and imaginary dielectric constant declined, the absorption value was between (80–89 %), and the refractive index, real dielectric constant, and optical conductivity were increased. The indirect energy gap declined from 4.2 eV to 2.2 eV and the direct energy gap declined from 3.7 eV to 2.6 eV. The Urbach energy was increased from 2.09 eV to 15.45 eV revealing an increase in the disorders of electrons. The <jats:italic>E</jats:italic> <jats:sub> <jats:italic>d</jats:italic> </jats:sub> increased from 23.42 eV to 70.68 eV and <jats:italic>E</jats:italic> <jats:sub> <jats:italic>o</jats:italic> </jats:sub> increased from 7.00 eV to 10.88 eV. AFM analysis illustrated the roughness of the films increased after additive IL to the PVC Matrix from 1.08 nm to 4.45 nm and the root mean square of the particles ranged from 1.57 nm to 5.56 nm. The PVC composite thin films are utilized in solar cell and sodium-ion battery applications.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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