In this study, we present a synthetic route for the preparation of a novel 1,10- phenanthroline-based tetraza-macrocyclic ligand, 5,12,25,28-tetraazaheptacyclo [14.8.4.2⁴,⁷.210,13.0⁶,11.019,27.022,26]dotriaconta-1 (25),4,6,8,10,12,16(28),17,19(27),20,22(26),23,29, 31-tetradecaene, 3 and its corresponding nickel complex, (28Z)-1,3,6,31-tetraaza-2-nickelaoctacyclo [17.9.3.2⁷,28.0³,16.0⁴,13.0⁵, 10.022,30.025,29]tritriaconta-4(13),5(10),6,8,11,14,16,19(31),20,22(30), 23,25(29),26,28(32)-tetradecaene, 8. The ligand was synthesized via a condensation reaction involving 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and 2,9-dicarbaldehyde-1,10 phenanthroline, followed by nickel metal complexation. Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and thermal analyses were employed to characterize the ligand and its Ni complex. Their ADMET parameters and potential macromolecular targets calculations showed they have therapeutic potentials. The antioxidant assay shows that Ni-complex is approximately 9 times more potent than the ligand with IC50 values of 0.045 mg/ml and 0.404 mg/ml, respectively. Their microspecies distribution which was predicted using ChemAxon Predictor revealed their catalytic potentials The reaction mechanisms involved are discussed. The 1,10-phenanthroline-based macrocyclic ligand and its nickel complex significantly expand the structural diversity within the tetraza-macrocyclic ligand system and serve as base ligands for the development of possible derivatives, with concomitant applicability in drug development and catalysis.
{"title":"Synthesis, characterization and antioxidant screening of a 1,10-phenanthroline-based tetraza-macrocyclic ligand and its nickel complex with therapeutic potential and catalytic significance","authors":"Emmanuel C. Ohaekenyem, Ikenna Onyido","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0212","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we present a synthetic route for the preparation of a novel 1,10- phenanthroline-based tetraza-macrocyclic ligand, 5,12,25,28-tetraazaheptacyclo [14.8.4.2⁴,⁷.2<jats:sup>10</jats:sup>,<jats:sup>13</jats:sup>.0⁶,<jats:sup>11</jats:sup>.0<jats:sup>19</jats:sup>,<jats:sup>27</jats:sup>.0<jats:sup>22</jats:sup>,<jats:sup>26</jats:sup>]dotriaconta-1 (25),4,6,8,10,12,16(28),17,19(27),20,22(26),23,29, 31-tetradecaene, 3 and its corresponding nickel complex, (28Z)-1,3,6,31-tetraaza-2-nickelaoctacyclo [17.9.3.2⁷,<jats:sup>28</jats:sup>.0³,<jats:sup>16</jats:sup>.0⁴,<jats:sup>13</jats:sup>.0⁵, <jats:sup>10</jats:sup>.0<jats:sup>22</jats:sup>,<jats:sup>30</jats:sup>.0<jats:sup>25</jats:sup>,<jats:sup>29</jats:sup>]tritriaconta-4(13),5(10),6,8,11,14,16,19(31),20,22(30), 23,25(29),26,28(32)-tetradecaene, 8. The ligand was synthesized via a condensation reaction involving 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and 2,9-dicarbaldehyde-1,10 phenanthroline, followed by nickel metal complexation. Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and thermal analyses were employed to characterize the ligand and its Ni complex. Their ADMET parameters and potential macromolecular targets calculations showed they have therapeutic potentials. The antioxidant assay shows that Ni-complex is approximately 9 times more potent than the ligand with IC<jats:sub>50</jats:sub> values of 0.045 mg/ml and 0.404 mg/ml, respectively. Their microspecies distribution which was predicted using ChemAxon Predictor revealed their catalytic potentials The reaction mechanisms involved are discussed. The 1,10-phenanthroline-based macrocyclic ligand and its nickel complex significantly expand the structural diversity within the tetraza-macrocyclic ligand system and serve as base ligands for the development of possible derivatives, with concomitant applicability in drug development and catalysis.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141745999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this research was to assess the impact of the components of alkanolamine deep eutectic solvents (DESs) on the physical properties of those DESs and their carbon dioxide capacity. To achieve this goal, novel deep eutectic solvents were synthesized by using 2-(butylamino)ethanol (BAE) as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD), along with tetrabutylammonium bromide TBAB), tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC), or tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC) as the hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) at various molar ratios (1:6, 1:8, and 1:10). To confirm the presence of hydrogen bond interactions between the components Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy measurements were conducted. Furthermore, thermal properties, including melting points and thermal stability, of these deep eutectic solvents as well as key physical properties, such as density, viscosity, refractive index, and sound velocity, within the temperature range of 293.15–333.15 K and at a pressure of 0.1 MPa were examined. The effect of the molar ratio of HBA to HBD, the type of anion, and the length of the alkyl chain were studied and analysed in regard to physicochemical properties. In this work, the solubility of carbon dioxide in DESs derived from 2-(butylamino)ethanol, 3-aminopropan-1-ol (AP), and 2-(methylamino)ethanol (MAE) was measured. The highest CO2 capacity was found for TEAC:MAE 1:10 DES characterized by the shortest alkyl chain length in both HBA and HBD molecules, the highest amine content, and the lowest viscosity. Additionally, the effect of water addition on carbon dioxide solubility was explored. The results showed that the influence of water on CO2 solubility varies with the type of DES. In general, this work highlighted that DESs can serve as effective media for carbon dioxide capture, and their performance can be tailored by changing the type of hydrogen bond acceptor or donor, their molar ratio and by the addition of water.
本研究旨在评估烷醇胺深共晶溶剂（DES）的成分对这些溶剂的物理性质及其二氧化碳容量的影响。为了实现这一目标，我们以 2-（丁氨基）乙醇 (BAE) 作为氢键供体 (HBD)，并以四丁基溴化铵 (TBAB)、四丁基氯化铵 (TBAC) 或四乙基氯化铵 (TEAC) 作为氢键受体 (HBA)，以不同的摩尔比（1:6、1:8 和 1:10）合成了新型深共晶溶剂。为证实各组分之间存在氢键相互作用，进行了傅立叶变换红外光谱测量。此外，还考察了这些深共晶溶剂在 293.15-333.15 K 温度范围内和 0.1 MPa 压力下的热特性（包括熔点和热稳定性）以及关键物理性质（如密度、粘度、折射率和声速）。研究分析了 HBA 与 HBD 的摩尔比、阴离子类型和烷基链长度对理化性质的影响。在这项工作中，测量了二氧化碳在由 2-（丁氨基）乙醇、3-氨基-1-丙醇（AP）和 2-（甲氨基）乙醇（MAE）衍生的 DES 中的溶解度。TEAC:MAE 1:10 DES 的二氧化碳容量最高，其特点是 HBA 和 HBD 分子中的烷基链长度最短、胺含量最高、粘度最低。此外，还探讨了加水对二氧化碳溶解度的影响。结果表明，水对二氧化碳溶解度的影响因 DES 的类型而异。总之，这项研究突出表明，DES 可作为捕获二氧化碳的有效介质，其性能可通过改变氢键受体或供体的类型、摩尔比以及加水来调整。
{"title":"Comprehensive evaluation of physical properties and carbon dioxide capacities of new 2-(butylamino)ethanol-based deep eutectic solvents","authors":"Bartosz Nowosielski, Marzena Jamrógiewicz, Iwona Cichowska-Kopczyńska, Dorota Warmińska","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0228","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research was to assess the impact of the components of alkanolamine deep eutectic solvents (DESs) on the physical properties of those DESs and their carbon dioxide capacity. To achieve this goal, novel deep eutectic solvents were synthesized by using 2-(butylamino)ethanol (BAE) as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD), along with tetrabutylammonium bromide TBAB), tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC), or tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC) as the hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) at various molar ratios (1:6, 1:8, and 1:10). To confirm the presence of hydrogen bond interactions between the components Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy measurements were conducted. Furthermore, thermal properties, including melting points and thermal stability, of these deep eutectic solvents as well as key physical properties, such as density, viscosity, refractive index, and sound velocity, within the temperature range of 293.15–333.15 K and at a pressure of 0.1 MPa were examined. The effect of the molar ratio of HBA to HBD, the type of anion, and the length of the alkyl chain were studied and analysed in regard to physicochemical properties. In this work, the solubility of carbon dioxide in DESs derived from 2-(butylamino)ethanol, 3-aminopropan-1-ol (AP), and 2-(methylamino)ethanol (MAE) was measured. The highest CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> capacity was found for TEAC:MAE 1:10 DES characterized by the shortest alkyl chain length in both HBA and HBD molecules, the highest amine content, and the lowest viscosity. Additionally, the effect of water addition on carbon dioxide solubility was explored. The results showed that the influence of water on CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> solubility varies with the type of DES. In general, this work highlighted that DESs can serve as effective media for carbon dioxide capture, and their performance can be tailored by changing the type of hydrogen bond acceptor or donor, their molar ratio and by the addition of water.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141740788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alfonso Canales-Martínez, Rosa M. Pérez-Pastor, Gabriel García
In this work, we describe the synthesis and characterisation of the starting materials [Cp*IrCl2]2 and four new ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) complexes half sandwich, contain the fragments [(p-cymene)Ru]2+ and [Cp*Ir]2+; (Cp* = CpMe4Et) of stoichiometry: [Cp*IrCl2(2-aminopyridine)] (I), [Cp*IrCl2(4-aminopyridine)] (II), [Cp*IrCl2(adenine)] (III) and [(p-cymene)RuCl2(adenine)] (IV). The new compounds have been characterised by C, H, and N elemental analysis; infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy with 1H–1H COSY, ESI/TOF mass spectrometry and thermogravimetry. A study of the cytotoxicity of these compounds against the Hela cell line was carried out, with results indicating a low activity.
在这项工作中，我们描述了起始材料 [Cp*IrCl2]2 和四种新的钌(II)和铱(III)配合物半夹心的合成和表征：[Cp*IrCl2(2-氨基吡啶)] (I)、[Cp*IrCl2(4-氨基吡啶)] (II)、[Cp*IrCl2(腺嘌呤)] (III) 和 [(对伞花烃)RuCl2(腺嘌呤)] (IV)。新化合物的表征方法包括：C、H 和 N 元素分析；红外和 1H NMR 光谱及 1H-1H COSY、ESI/TOF 质谱分析和热重分析。对这些化合物对 Hela 细胞系的细胞毒性进行了研究，结果表明活性较低。
{"title":"New half sandwich complexes of ruthenium(ii) and iridium(iii). Study of their toxicity against Hela","authors":"Alfonso Canales-Martínez, Rosa M. Pérez-Pastor, Gabriel García","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0224","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we describe the synthesis and characterisation of the starting materials [Cp*IrCl<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>]<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and four new ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) complexes half sandwich, contain the fragments [(p-cymene)Ru]<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> and [Cp*Ir]<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>; (Cp* = Cp<jats:sup>Me4Et</jats:sup>) of stoichiometry: [Cp*IrCl<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>(2-aminopyridine)] (I), [Cp*IrCl<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>(4-aminopyridine)] (II), [Cp*IrCl<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>(adenine)] (III) and [(<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>-cymene)RuCl<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>(adenine)] (IV). The new compounds have been characterised by C, H, and N elemental analysis; infrared and <jats:sup>1</jats:sup>H NMR spectroscopy with <jats:sup>1</jats:sup>H–<jats:sup>1</jats:sup>H COSY, ESI/TOF mass spectrometry and thermogravimetry. A study of the cytotoxicity of these compounds against the Hela cell line was carried out, with results indicating a low activity.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141611896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Currently, we find ourselves with the urgent need for chemistry to exert a substantial positive influence on environmental impact, by means of products and chemical processes. To achieve these objectives, we must pay special attention in terms of resource sustainability, considering factors such as life cycle assessments and minimizing carbon footprints. Biomass obtained from organic matter found in plants as well as agricultural and industrial waste, represents the most abundant reserve of renewable materials on our planet. In this perspective we highlight the research and innovation possibilities provided by renewable raw materials obtained from biomass within the domain of organic synthesis toward sustainable development. We focus our discussion on different reactions in the field of organic chemistry, primarily employing furanic platforms as renewable compounds derived from cellulosic biomass. The main aim is to generate high-value products, with a special emphasis on potential development of new pharmaceuticals.
{"title":"Renewable carbon resource from biomass: building molecular architectures from furanic platforms","authors":"Gloria V. López, Williams Porcal","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0230","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, we find ourselves with the urgent need for chemistry to exert a substantial positive influence on environmental impact, by means of products and chemical processes. To achieve these objectives, we must pay special attention in terms of resource sustainability, considering factors such as life cycle assessments and minimizing carbon footprints. Biomass obtained from organic matter found in plants as well as agricultural and industrial waste, represents the most abundant reserve of renewable materials on our planet. In this perspective we highlight the research and innovation possibilities provided by renewable raw materials obtained from biomass within the domain of organic synthesis toward sustainable development. We focus our discussion on different reactions in the field of organic chemistry, primarily employing furanic platforms as renewable compounds derived from cellulosic biomass. The main aim is to generate high-value products, with a special emphasis on potential development of new pharmaceuticals.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141611897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A previously published paper provided six examples of spontaneous processes for ideal systems that cannot be explained using classical thermodynamics. These six examples include free expansion of an ideal gas, mixing of ideal gases, diffusion of an ideal solute, mixing of ideal solutes, osmosis with ideal solutions, and free discharge of a concentration battery with ideal solutions. The previous paper demonstrated how energy was not a driving force in any of these examples and then proceeded to develop a positional entropy model, SD, that explains why these spontaneous processes occur. This new paper provides a method for calculating positional entropy, SD, for the same six systems, but for real particles that include nonzero volumes, particles with different volumes, and particles with different particle-particle interactions. The important outcome of this work shows that spontaneous discharge of these six example systems, either for ideal or real particles, is the result of a probability field created by the non-equilibrium distribution of the microstates that exists after the constraints on the system are changed, e.g., by removal of a separating partition or the shorting of a concentration cell. The probability field biases the movement of the particles toward the equilibrium distribution, where the bias is a consequence of an increased probability and not because of a decrease in energy. An additional conclusion of this work shows that the discharge of the probability field to the final equilibrium distribution of positional microstates removes the potential energy in the system but does not violate the law of conservation of energy.
之前发表的一篇论文提供了六个无法用经典热力学解释的理想系统自发过程的例子。这六个例子包括：理想气体的自由膨胀、理想气体的混合、理想溶质的扩散、理想溶质的混合、理想溶液的渗透以及理想溶液浓度电池的自由放电。上一篇论文证明了能量在这些例子中都不是驱动力，并进而建立了一个位置熵模型 S D，解释了这些自发过程发生的原因。这篇新论文为同样的六个系统提供了计算位置熵 S D 的方法，但针对的是实际粒子，包括非零体积粒子、不同体积粒子以及粒子间相互作用不同的粒子。这项工作的重要成果表明，无论是理想粒子还是真实粒子，这六个示例系统的自发放电都是由微观状态的非平衡分布所产生的概率场造成的。概率场会使粒子向平衡分布偏移，偏移是概率增加的结果，而不是能量减少的原因。这项工作的另一个结论表明，概率场对位置微态最终平衡分布的放电消除了系统中的势能，但并不违反能量守恒定律。
{"title":"Positional microstates and probability fields in real systems","authors":"Dennis Tolley, Brian F. Woodfield, Lee D. Hansen","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0221","url":null,"abstract":"A previously published paper provided six examples of spontaneous processes for ideal systems that cannot be explained using classical thermodynamics. These six examples include free expansion of an ideal gas, mixing of ideal gases, diffusion of an ideal solute, mixing of ideal solutes, osmosis with ideal solutions, and free discharge of a concentration battery with ideal solutions. The previous paper demonstrated how energy was not a driving force in any of these examples and then proceeded to develop a positional entropy model, <jats:italic>S</jats:italic> <jats:sub>D</jats:sub>, that explains why these spontaneous processes occur. This new paper provides a method for calculating positional entropy, <jats:italic>S</jats:italic> <jats:sub>D</jats:sub>, for the same six systems, but for real particles that include nonzero volumes, particles with different volumes, and particles with different particle-particle interactions. The important outcome of this work shows that spontaneous discharge of these six example systems, either for ideal or real particles, is the result of a probability field created by the non-equilibrium distribution of the microstates that exists after the constraints on the system are changed, e.g., by removal of a separating partition or the shorting of a concentration cell. The probability field biases the movement of the particles toward the equilibrium distribution, where the bias is a consequence of an increased probability and not because of a decrease in energy. An additional conclusion of this work shows that the discharge of the probability field to the final equilibrium distribution of positional microstates removes the potential energy in the system but does not violate the law of conservation of energy.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"477 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141611894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radioactive materials may contain primordial radionuclides, and radionuclides of anthropogenic, nuclear accident, and waste disposal which are present in marine environments. This review explores various approaches for the effective sampling and detection of marine radionuclides. The different types of samples that can be collected, including water, sediment, biota, and suspended particulate matter are discussed. Additionally, this paper discusses the various analytical techniques employed for radionuclide detection, such as gamma spectrometry and radiochemical separation. The review emphasizes the importance of choosing appropriate sampling and detection methods based on the specific radionuclides, environmental conditions, and the desired level of sensitivity. It also highlights the challenges associated with their sampling and detection in complex marine environments. These include low radionuclide concentrations, interference from natural matrices, and contamination risks.
{"title":"Overview of marine radionuclides from sampling to monitoring","authors":"Suresh Sagadevan, Joon Ching Juan","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1010","url":null,"abstract":"Radioactive materials may contain primordial radionuclides, and radionuclides of anthropogenic, nuclear accident, and waste disposal which are present in marine environments. This review explores various approaches for the effective sampling and detection of marine radionuclides. The different types of samples that can be collected, including water, sediment, biota, and suspended particulate matter are discussed. Additionally, this paper discusses the various analytical techniques employed for radionuclide detection, such as gamma spectrometry and radiochemical separation. The review emphasizes the importance of choosing appropriate sampling and detection methods based on the specific radionuclides, environmental conditions, and the desired level of sensitivity. It also highlights the challenges associated with their sampling and detection in complex marine environments. These include low radionuclide concentrations, interference from natural matrices, and contamination risks.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141611893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vanessa K. Peterson, Matteo Bianchini, Karena W. Chapman, Martina Elice, David Brynn Hibbert, Paul Roche, Luigi Silvano, Lorenzo Stievano
The use of Latin origin terms, relevant for sample characterization modalities, is described with a focus on samples under controlled conditions, samples within devices, and samples during physico-chemical evolution. The terms in vitro, in vivo, in situ, ab initio, in silico, post mortem, ex situ, posthumous, in vacuo, (in) operando, post facto, and ex post facto, as used in the scientific literature, are considered. Uses of the Latin origin terms in situ, extra situm, in operando, in vivo, in vacuo, in vitro, extra vivum, post facto and ex post facto, ab initiis, computatro, and post mortem are discussed. It is suggested that these terms are to be used without hyphenation and that all Latin derived terms are set in italic font.
介绍了与样品表征模式相关的拉丁语术语的使用，重点是受控条件下的样品、设备中的样品以及物理化学演变过程中的样品。文中考虑了科学文献中使用的体外、体内、原位、起始、硅学、死后、原位、死后、真空（in vacuo）、（in）操作（operando）、事后（post facto）和事后（ex post facto）等术语。还讨论了拉丁源术语 in situ、extra situm、in operando、in vivo、in vacuo、in vitro、extra vivum、post facto 和 ex post facto、ab initiis、computatro 和 post mortem 的用法。建议使用这些术语时不加连字符，所有拉丁文派生术语均用斜体字。
{"title":"Terms of Latin origin relating to sample characterization (IUPAC Technical Report)","authors":"Vanessa K. Peterson, Matteo Bianchini, Karena W. Chapman, Martina Elice, David Brynn Hibbert, Paul Roche, Luigi Silvano, Lorenzo Stievano","doi":"10.1515/pac-2022-1103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2022-1103","url":null,"abstract":"The use of Latin origin terms, relevant for sample characterization modalities, is described with a focus on samples under controlled conditions, samples within devices, and samples during physico-chemical evolution. The terms <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ab initio</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>in silico</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>post mortem</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ex situ</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>posthumous</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>in vacuo</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>(in) operando</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>post facto</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>ex post facto</jats:italic>, as used in the scientific literature, are considered. Uses of the Latin origin terms <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>extra situm</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>in operando</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>in vacuo</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>extra vivum</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>post facto</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ex post facto</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ab initiis</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>computatro</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>post mortem</jats:italic> are discussed. It is suggested that these terms are to be used without hyphenation and that all Latin derived terms are set in italic font.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141611898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fotis Bilias, Divine Damertey Sewu, Seung Han Woo, Ioannis Anastopoulos, Frank Verheijen, Johannes Lehmann, Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira, Dionisios Gasparatos, Kathleen Draper, Dimitrios Kalderis
Biochar is the solid carbonaceous product of biomass pyrolysis. The properties of biochar depend on the biomass feedstock as well as the pyrolysis temperature and time. Therefore, biochars with different properties and functionalities can be produced. Biochar research has been intensive in the past 15 years, focusing mainly on soil applications, wastewater treatment, and contaminant remediation. However, a formal definition of biochar and related terms is missing, which hinders the standardization of scientific results worldwide and the scaling-up of research at the industrial level. Furthermore, an official terminology may promote the development of a harmonized legal framework for biochar production and applications, both at regional and national levels. This glossary of terms consists of 178 scientifically sound definitions of the most commonly used terms in biochar research. The definitions of this glossary are interconnected, allowing the reader to further explore the synergies between terms. The distribution of terms reflects the multidisciplinarity of biochar research: chemistry, material science and engineering, and soil science are the main disciplines represented here. The list of terms is by no means exhaustive and the strategic objective of this effort is to develop a dynamic document in which more terms will be added in the future, and the existing ones will be refined, as biochar research evolves.
{"title":"Glossary of terms used in biochar research (IUPAC Technical Report)","authors":"Fotis Bilias, Divine Damertey Sewu, Seung Han Woo, Ioannis Anastopoulos, Frank Verheijen, Johannes Lehmann, Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira, Dionisios Gasparatos, Kathleen Draper, Dimitrios Kalderis","doi":"10.1515/pac-2021-0106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2021-0106","url":null,"abstract":"Biochar is the solid carbonaceous product of biomass pyrolysis. The properties of biochar depend on the biomass feedstock as well as the pyrolysis temperature and time. Therefore, biochars with different properties and functionalities can be produced. Biochar research has been intensive in the past 15 years, focusing mainly on soil applications, wastewater treatment, and contaminant remediation. However, a formal definition of biochar and related terms is missing, which hinders the standardization of scientific results worldwide and the scaling-up of research at the industrial level. Furthermore, an official terminology may promote the development of a harmonized legal framework for biochar production and applications, both at regional and national levels. This glossary of terms consists of 178 scientifically sound definitions of the most commonly used terms in biochar research. The definitions of this glossary are interconnected, allowing the reader to further explore the synergies between terms. The distribution of terms reflects the multidisciplinarity of biochar research: chemistry, material science and engineering, and soil science are the main disciplines represented here. The list of terms is by no means exhaustive and the strategic objective of this effort is to develop a dynamic document in which more terms will be added in the future, and the existing ones will be refined, as biochar research evolves.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Perovskites materials, due to their peculiar electronic and ionic properties, play a key role in the development of hydrogen-based technologies. Their flexible structure enables an easy tuning of various physical-chemical characteristics, such as ionic and electronic conductivity and redox active sites concentration, fundamental for these applications. Moreover, the same structure can exhibit different properties that can synergically act to improve the performance of the material for a specific application.
{"title":"Perovskite: a key structure for a sustainable hydrogen economy","authors":"Alessandra Sanson","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1016","url":null,"abstract":"Perovskites materials, due to their peculiar electronic and ionic properties, play a key role in the development of hydrogen-based technologies. Their flexible structure enables an easy tuning of various physical-chemical characteristics, such as ionic and electronic conductivity and redox active sites concentration, fundamental for these applications. Moreover, the same structure can exhibit different properties that can synergically act to improve the performance of the material for a specific application.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"162 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This preface introduces the proceedings of the African Early Career Chemists Workshop & 8th Annual Symposium of the American Chemical Society (ACS), Nigeria International Chapter, which was held both virtually and onsite from June 4th to 8th, 2023. This special issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry (PAC) journal includes 8 manuscripts covering a range of topics from pure to applied chemistry.
{"title":"African Early Career Chemists Workshop & 8th Annual Symposium of the American Chemical Society, Nigeria International Chapter 2023","authors":"Nnanake-Abasi O. Offiong, Akwaowo I. Inyangudoh","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-2005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-2005","url":null,"abstract":"This preface introduces the proceedings of the African Early Career Chemists Workshop & 8th Annual Symposium of the American Chemical Society (ACS), Nigeria International Chapter, which was held both virtually and onsite from June 4th to 8th, 2023. This special issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry (PAC) journal includes 8 manuscripts covering a range of topics from pure to applied chemistry.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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