D. Van Gemert, K. Brosens, S. Ignoul, Caroline Vandegehuchte, M. Janssen
Abstract An archaeological cellar has been excavated under the Basilica of Our Lady in Tongeren, as part of an extensive restoration and revitalization campaign that started in 1999, Figure 1. The cellar will enable to descend to the early Roman history of the site under and surrounding the basilica. The excavation and construction of the archaeological cellar were finished in 2007. After that the air-conditioning system and the accessibility of the cellar were installed In successive phases. At present, the integration of the archaeological cellar under the basilica with the archaeological field around the basilica is under construction. Building in the large cellar under the complete church without endangering the stability of the building was a complex construction work, as explained further in the paper. The project was realized in successive phases, to enable continuous use of the church for services as well as its accessibility as pilgrimage site. After the construction of the cellar, the focus shifted to the conservation of the archaeological remains in view of the future (touristic) exploitation of the cellar. In view of that, climate control in the cellar is crucial. The foundation footings and walls have been covered underground during centuries, and are now suddenly exposed to an inside environment with higher temperatures and lower humidity. The climate control measures during the construction works are presented, as well as the performance of the final permanent climate control installation. The specific consolidation and conservation works on the foundation masonries are profoundly discussed.
{"title":"Impact of Environmental Exposure on Historical Building Materials in the Archaeological Cellar of Our Lady’s Basilica in Tongeren (B)","authors":"D. Van Gemert, K. Brosens, S. Ignoul, Caroline Vandegehuchte, M. Janssen","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2017-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2017-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An archaeological cellar has been excavated under the Basilica of Our Lady in Tongeren, as part of an extensive restoration and revitalization campaign that started in 1999, Figure 1. The cellar will enable to descend to the early Roman history of the site under and surrounding the basilica. The excavation and construction of the archaeological cellar were finished in 2007. After that the air-conditioning system and the accessibility of the cellar were installed In successive phases. At present, the integration of the archaeological cellar under the basilica with the archaeological field around the basilica is under construction. Building in the large cellar under the complete church without endangering the stability of the building was a complex construction work, as explained further in the paper. The project was realized in successive phases, to enable continuous use of the church for services as well as its accessibility as pilgrimage site. After the construction of the cellar, the focus shifted to the conservation of the archaeological remains in view of the future (touristic) exploitation of the cellar. In view of that, climate control in the cellar is crucial. The foundation footings and walls have been covered underground during centuries, and are now suddenly exposed to an inside environment with higher temperatures and lower humidity. The climate control measures during the construction works are presented, as well as the performance of the final permanent climate control installation. The specific consolidation and conservation works on the foundation masonries are profoundly discussed.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"72 1","pages":"121 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89207057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) is a traditional building material in many parts of the world and provides service lives of more than 50 years when used for thatching. However, during the last decades a significant number of thatched roofs showed premature failure due to decay. Potential reasons for this are manifold but not clearly identified, yet. This monitoring project aimed therefore on investigating the moisture and temperature conditions within a thatched roof structure showing severe degradation after only seven years in service to obtain more information about the decay risk of reed and its potential causes. Highest moisture loads were found on the outermost layers of the North-faced roof, which also showed superficial growth of algae, lichens, and mosses. However, it stayed unclear if increased moisture content (MC) was the reason for or the consequence of decay. An increased MC was also found where the roof pitch turned from steep to flat. The use of so-called substitute sensors made from preservative treated wood turned out as a useful method to determine equilibrium moisture contents as well as time of wetness in reed structures and might be applied also for further field testing and monitoring with reed, straw, or other organic fibrous materials.
{"title":"Monitoring of a Cold Roof Thatched with Reed (Phragmites australis) Using Wooden Substitute Sensors for Moisture Content Measurements","authors":"C. Brischke, T. Bornemann, A. Rapp","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2016-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2016-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) is a traditional building material in many parts of the world and provides service lives of more than 50 years when used for thatching. However, during the last decades a significant number of thatched roofs showed premature failure due to decay. Potential reasons for this are manifold but not clearly identified, yet. This monitoring project aimed therefore on investigating the moisture and temperature conditions within a thatched roof structure showing severe degradation after only seven years in service to obtain more information about the decay risk of reed and its potential causes. Highest moisture loads were found on the outermost layers of the North-faced roof, which also showed superficial growth of algae, lichens, and mosses. However, it stayed unclear if increased moisture content (MC) was the reason for or the consequence of decay. An increased MC was also found where the roof pitch turned from steep to flat. The use of so-called substitute sensors made from preservative treated wood turned out as a useful method to determine equilibrium moisture contents as well as time of wetness in reed structures and might be applied also for further field testing and monitoring with reed, straw, or other organic fibrous materials.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"98 1","pages":"89 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83589600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Borsoi, B. Lubelli, R. van Hees, R. Veiga, A. Santos Silva
Abstract Calcareous materials such as limestone and lime-based mortars, widely used in the Built Heritage, are often subjected to degradation processes that can lead to loss of cohesion and material loss. Consolidation of these materials with liquid products via the surface is a common practice; however, the most used consolidation products (e. g. TEOS-based) show a poor physical-chemical compatibility with calcareous substrates. For application on calcareous materials, the so-called nanolimes, i. e. dispersions of lime nanoparticles in alcohols, are an alternative to TEOS-based products, thanks to their chemical compatibility with lime-based substrates. Nanolimes can help to recover a superficial loss of cohesion. However, their in-depth consolidation effect is not always satisfactory. Previous work has shown that a better deposition of lime nanoparticles in depth can be achieved by adapting the properties of the nanolime dispersion (kinetic stability and evaporation rate) to the moisture transport properties of the substrate, through optimization of the solvent. In this paper, freshly synthetized nanolimes were dispersed in pure ethanol and/or in binary mixture of ethanol (95 %) and water (5 %). These nanolimes were applied on Maastricht limestone and on a lime-based mortar by capillary absorption (method commonly used for laboratory tests) and by nebulization (method widely used in situ). The aim of this research is to fill the gap between laboratory tests and on site application, providing an application protocol for restorers and professionals in the field. The research shows that results obtained by application by capillary absorption do not always correspond to those obtained by nebulization. This fact should be considered when deciding on the use of a consolidation surface treatment in practice.
{"title":"Application Protocol for the Consolidation of Calcareous Substrates by the Use of Nanolimes: From Laboratory Research to Practice","authors":"G. Borsoi, B. Lubelli, R. van Hees, R. Veiga, A. Santos Silva","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2016-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2016-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Calcareous materials such as limestone and lime-based mortars, widely used in the Built Heritage, are often subjected to degradation processes that can lead to loss of cohesion and material loss. Consolidation of these materials with liquid products via the surface is a common practice; however, the most used consolidation products (e. g. TEOS-based) show a poor physical-chemical compatibility with calcareous substrates. For application on calcareous materials, the so-called nanolimes, i. e. dispersions of lime nanoparticles in alcohols, are an alternative to TEOS-based products, thanks to their chemical compatibility with lime-based substrates. Nanolimes can help to recover a superficial loss of cohesion. However, their in-depth consolidation effect is not always satisfactory. Previous work has shown that a better deposition of lime nanoparticles in depth can be achieved by adapting the properties of the nanolime dispersion (kinetic stability and evaporation rate) to the moisture transport properties of the substrate, through optimization of the solvent. In this paper, freshly synthetized nanolimes were dispersed in pure ethanol and/or in binary mixture of ethanol (95 %) and water (5 %). These nanolimes were applied on Maastricht limestone and on a lime-based mortar by capillary absorption (method commonly used for laboratory tests) and by nebulization (method widely used in situ). The aim of this research is to fill the gap between laboratory tests and on site application, providing an application protocol for restorers and professionals in the field. The research shows that results obtained by application by capillary absorption do not always correspond to those obtained by nebulization. This fact should be considered when deciding on the use of a consolidation surface treatment in practice.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"21 1","pages":"109 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84985810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper is aimed at achieving a better understanding of the original state before the restoration project in 1931 and the current structural state of the great Mosque of Mohamed Ali in citadel Cairo, Egypt. A 3-D finite element model for the whole Mosque was constructed for these purposes. Elastic analysis under static and lateral earthquake loads was conducted to verify the efficiency of the main covering domes restoration project in 1931 and to specify the positions of the critical stresses. The accurate and detailed information that was collected during the restoration project in 1931 concerning the structure of the Mosque was used as database for identifying the geometrical and structural properties of the model. The results provide insight to the structural behavior of the Mosque and the current state of stresses. The study also verifies the main causes for the valuable restoration project in 1931, where the stone domes and semi-domes covering the Mosque were replaced by reinforced concrete one . Also, the places of the Mosque that need more sophisticated analysis could be identified.
{"title":"Evaluation of Restoration Project and Current Structural State of Mohamed Ali Mosque in Citadel, Cairo","authors":"S. Elwan, Y. Zaghloul","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2016-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2016-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper is aimed at achieving a better understanding of the original state before the restoration project in 1931 and the current structural state of the great Mosque of Mohamed Ali in citadel Cairo, Egypt. A 3-D finite element model for the whole Mosque was constructed for these purposes. Elastic analysis under static and lateral earthquake loads was conducted to verify the efficiency of the main covering domes restoration project in 1931 and to specify the positions of the critical stresses. The accurate and detailed information that was collected during the restoration project in 1931 concerning the structure of the Mosque was used as database for identifying the geometrical and structural properties of the model. The results provide insight to the structural behavior of the Mosque and the current state of stresses. The study also verifies the main causes for the valuable restoration project in 1931, where the stone domes and semi-domes covering the Mosque were replaced by reinforced concrete one . Also, the places of the Mosque that need more sophisticated analysis could be identified.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"25 1","pages":"111 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78221773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The forthcoming restoration campaign of the former house of the Flemish Baroque painter Pieter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) in Antwerp includes the design and construction of a new glass canopy. It is to replace the actual non-transparent roof structure, which was erected in the 1990s to protect the portico, separating the inner court yard of the house from the gardens, and especially its sculptural artworks from further material loss. The design parameters of the new glass canopy were evaluated based on the distribution probability of the rain on the portico as a function of rain intensity and wind velocity, while the rain distribution was determined based on the raindrop trajectories combining the vertical raindrop velocity and the horizontal drag from the wind. A minimum wind velocity of 40 km/h is required before rain can reach the feet of the sculptured artworks during intense rain showers. Statistical analysis of the hourly wind velocity and rain shower duration and intensity reveals a return period of approximately 4.2 years when the portico is protected by a glass canopy with identical dimensions of the actual provisory roof structure. Although the influence of intermittent wind gusts and squalls, which will more frequently drag along rainwater to the critical areas, and increase the amount of rainwater attaining the artworks during storms, could so far not be studied more in detail. The above risks are however considered acceptable to prevent future damage accumulation.
佛兰德巴洛克画家Pieter Paul Rubens(1577-1640)在安特卫普的故居即将进行的修复运动包括设计和建造一个新的玻璃顶篷。它将取代实际的非透明屋顶结构，该结构建于20世纪90年代，用于保护门廊，将房屋的内庭院与花园分开，特别是其雕塑艺术品，以免进一步流失材料。根据降雨在柱廊上的分布概率作为降雨强度和风速的函数来评估新玻璃雨棚的设计参数，而降雨分布是根据雨滴轨迹结合垂直雨滴速度和风的水平阻力来确定的。在强降雨期间，在雨水到达雕塑艺术品的脚下之前，最低风速需要达到40公里/小时。对每小时风速、阵雨持续时间和强度的统计分析显示，当门廊被一个尺寸与实际临时屋顶结构相同的玻璃顶篷保护时，其回复期约为4.2年。虽然间歇性阵风和阵雨的影响到目前为止还没有更详细的研究，因为阵风和阵雨会更频繁地将雨水拖到关键区域，并增加暴风雨期间到达艺术品的雨水量。然而，上述风险被认为是可以接受的，以防止未来的损害累积。
{"title":"Protecting the Stone Artworks of the Seventeenth Century Portico of the House of Pieter Paul Rubens in Antwerp (Belgium) from Wind Driven Rain","authors":"R. Hayen, H. de Clercq","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2015-1007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2015-1007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The forthcoming restoration campaign of the former house of the Flemish Baroque painter Pieter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) in Antwerp includes the design and construction of a new glass canopy. It is to replace the actual non-transparent roof structure, which was erected in the 1990s to protect the portico, separating the inner court yard of the house from the gardens, and especially its sculptural artworks from further material loss. The design parameters of the new glass canopy were evaluated based on the distribution probability of the rain on the portico as a function of rain intensity and wind velocity, while the rain distribution was determined based on the raindrop trajectories combining the vertical raindrop velocity and the horizontal drag from the wind. A minimum wind velocity of 40 km/h is required before rain can reach the feet of the sculptured artworks during intense rain showers. Statistical analysis of the hourly wind velocity and rain shower duration and intensity reveals a return period of approximately 4.2 years when the portico is protected by a glass canopy with identical dimensions of the actual provisory roof structure. Although the influence of intermittent wind gusts and squalls, which will more frequently drag along rainwater to the critical areas, and increase the amount of rainwater attaining the artworks during storms, could so far not be studied more in detail. The above risks are however considered acceptable to prevent future damage accumulation.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"139 1","pages":"47 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73199610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article reviews the carbonation process through biomineralization referred to as Microbial Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICCP) for the conservation of carbonate stone monuments and historic building materials. This biological process widely occurs in nature as microbes produce inorganic materials within their basic metabolic activities. The first patent, which explained this method dates from approximately twenty-five years ago. Since then, different research groups have investigated substitute methodologies and various technical applications to provide a protective calcium carbonate layer on the surface of deteriorated historic buildings and stone monuments as well as to consolidate their inner weakened structure through this biodeposition process. The article reviews selected literature, highlights open queries and promotes discussion of a selection of issues, production mechanisms, application techniques, performance and bonding with stone structure. While many questions regarding this significant method have been focused in published sources, there are considerable possibilities for new research.
{"title":"Bioconsolidation of Stone Monuments. An Overview","authors":"T. Nazel","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2016-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2016-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article reviews the carbonation process through biomineralization referred to as Microbial Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICCP) for the conservation of carbonate stone monuments and historic building materials. This biological process widely occurs in nature as microbes produce inorganic materials within their basic metabolic activities. The first patent, which explained this method dates from approximately twenty-five years ago. Since then, different research groups have investigated substitute methodologies and various technical applications to provide a protective calcium carbonate layer on the surface of deteriorated historic buildings and stone monuments as well as to consolidate their inner weakened structure through this biodeposition process. The article reviews selected literature, highlights open queries and promotes discussion of a selection of issues, production mechanisms, application techniques, performance and bonding with stone structure. While many questions regarding this significant method have been focused in published sources, there are considerable possibilities for new research.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"53 1","pages":"37 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80076005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The restoration of the ruins of the Abbey-Tower in the city centre of Sint-Truiden in Belgium is presented as an example of the tedious and comprehensive task involved in all restoration or rehabilitation projects, where the extra cost of the restoration must be justified by the added value connected with the conservation of authenticity and with the contribution to sustainable development. The development and evolution of the project took 28 years, between the damages caused by the fire in 1975 and the start of the restoration in 2003. Since 2004, the restored ruin started a new life as a beacon of the city of Sint-Truiden, highly appreciated by tourists as well as by the inhabitants.
{"title":"Revitalisation of the Ruins of the Abbey-Tower at Sint-Truiden","authors":"D. Van Gemert, K. Brosens, H. van Meer","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2016-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2016-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The restoration of the ruins of the Abbey-Tower in the city centre of Sint-Truiden in Belgium is presented as an example of the tedious and comprehensive task involved in all restoration or rehabilitation projects, where the extra cost of the restoration must be justified by the added value connected with the conservation of authenticity and with the contribution to sustainable development. The development and evolution of the project took 28 years, between the damages caused by the fire in 1975 and the start of the restoration in 2003. Since 2004, the restored ruin started a new life as a beacon of the city of Sint-Truiden, highly appreciated by tourists as well as by the inhabitants.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"33 1","pages":"1 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74967494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The polychrome mosque of Sharaf Al-Din in the historic center of Cairo dates back to (717–738ah) (1317–1337ad). It consists of different layers of red brick and yellow limestone, characteristic of Mamluk architecture; the building is currently below the street level. The study concentrated on the mineralogical and physicochemical composition of these two construction materials, as well as identifying the Mokattam quarry as the source for the limestone. Furthermore, the presence of efflorescence in specific locations of the building was noted, and their composition was analyzed to identify the main soluble salts; these were found to be halite, gypsum and ettringite, the former two on limestone ashlars, and the latter on brick boundaries. Their formation and their possible different origins are discussed.
{"title":"The Sharaf Al-Din Mosque in Cairo: A Case Study","authors":"T. Nazel","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2015-1003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2015-1003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The polychrome mosque of Sharaf Al-Din in the historic center of Cairo dates back to (717–738ah) (1317–1337ad). It consists of different layers of red brick and yellow limestone, characteristic of Mamluk architecture; the building is currently below the street level. The study concentrated on the mineralogical and physicochemical composition of these two construction materials, as well as identifying the Mokattam quarry as the source for the limestone. Furthermore, the presence of efflorescence in specific locations of the building was noted, and their composition was analyzed to identify the main soluble salts; these were found to be halite, gypsum and ettringite, the former two on limestone ashlars, and the latter on brick boundaries. Their formation and their possible different origins are discussed.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"102 1","pages":"27 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80923413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The equestrian statue of D. José I, in Lisbon, Portugal, stands on an elegant and decorated plinth fashioned in a very dense limestone. The sculptor, Joaquim Machado de Castro, designed the pedestal with colossal stone pieces and selected one of the best Portuguese stones for this purpose, the Lioz limestone. The same stone was also used for the flanking sculpture groups and the base This stone is a very pure reef limestone, rich in fossils and a low porosity <1 %. It is extremely compact and highly resistant, even in the harsh environment of a busy metropolis and within the impact of marine winds. The generalized deterioration is surface erosion caused by direct runoff water, with some incipient black crusts and soiling incrustations occurring in sheltered places. In some areas copper stains originating from the metal statue were also found. An extensive network of cracks was found, mostly at or near the top of the plinth, which could be ascribed to the presence of iron rods and clamps left inside the structure to hold the stone pieces together. During the intervention, these cracks were sealed with a multi-barrier system, given the impossibility to access the interior to remove or directly passivate the iron inclusions. Inoperative joints were cleaned out and repointed. Black deposits could be eliminated by nebulized water and soft brushing while the copper stains required the application of poultices with ammonium carbonate, in some cases requiring the addition of a complexing agent.
在葡萄牙的里斯本，约瑟一世的马术雕像矗立在一个由非常致密的石灰石制成的优雅装饰的底座上。雕刻家Joaquim Machado de Castro用巨大的石块设计了底座，并为此选择了葡萄牙最好的石头之一——廖兹石灰石。侧翼的雕塑群和基座也使用了同样的石头，这种石头是一种非常纯净的礁灰岩，富含化石，孔隙率< 1%。即使在繁忙的大都市的恶劣环境和海风的影响下，它也是非常紧凑和高度抵抗的。广义的恶化是由直接径流引起的地表侵蚀，在有遮蔽的地方出现了一些早期的黑色结壳和污染结壳。在一些地区还发现了来自金属雕像的铜渍。发现了一个广泛的裂缝网络，主要是在基座的顶部或附近，这可能是由于在结构内部留下了铁棒和夹子来将石头碎片固定在一起。在修井过程中，由于无法进入内部去除或直接钝化铁夹杂物，这些裂缝被多屏障系统密封。切除无效关节并复位。黑色沉积物可以通过雾化水和软刷消除，而铜渍需要使用含有碳酸铵的药膏，在某些情况下需要添加络合剂。
{"title":"Conservation and Restoration of the Don José I Monument in Lisbon, Portugal. Part I: Stone Components","authors":"J. Delgado Rodrigues, A. E. Charola, F. Henriques","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2016-1234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2016-1234","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The equestrian statue of D. José I, in Lisbon, Portugal, stands on an elegant and decorated plinth fashioned in a very dense limestone. The sculptor, Joaquim Machado de Castro, designed the pedestal with colossal stone pieces and selected one of the best Portuguese stones for this purpose, the Lioz limestone. The same stone was also used for the flanking sculpture groups and the base This stone is a very pure reef limestone, rich in fossils and a low porosity <1 %. It is extremely compact and highly resistant, even in the harsh environment of a busy metropolis and within the impact of marine winds. The generalized deterioration is surface erosion caused by direct runoff water, with some incipient black crusts and soiling incrustations occurring in sheltered places. In some areas copper stains originating from the metal statue were also found. An extensive network of cracks was found, mostly at or near the top of the plinth, which could be ascribed to the presence of iron rods and clamps left inside the structure to hold the stone pieces together. During the intervention, these cracks were sealed with a multi-barrier system, given the impossibility to access the interior to remove or directly passivate the iron inclusions. Inoperative joints were cleaned out and repointed. Black deposits could be eliminated by nebulized water and soft brushing while the copper stains required the application of poultices with ammonium carbonate, in some cases requiring the addition of a complexing agent.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"101 1","pages":"75 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86651586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The restoration of St Martin church started end of the 1990’s by lacing-up the building with stabilizing steel frames. The layout of the lacing-up frames was inspired by the assumption that the observed cracks and deformations in the building were caused by differential settlements of the foundations. Further investigations during the final restoration works in 2011–2012 revealed that cracks were caused by inappropriate foundation interventions as part of an earlier restoration project in 1949–1950 as well as by non-balanced forces from the vaults. Based on the new findings the global restoration concept was adapted and strongly simplified.
{"title":"Innovative Concepts in the Restoration of St Martin Church at Meise (B)","authors":"D. Van Gemert, G. Heirman, D. Geeroms","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2015-1010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2015-1010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The restoration of St Martin church started end of the 1990’s by lacing-up the building with stabilizing steel frames. The layout of the lacing-up frames was inspired by the assumption that the observed cracks and deformations in the building were caused by differential settlements of the foundations. Further investigations during the final restoration works in 2011–2012 revealed that cracks were caused by inappropriate foundation interventions as part of an earlier restoration project in 1949–1950 as well as by non-balanced forces from the vaults. Based on the new findings the global restoration concept was adapted and strongly simplified.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"30 1","pages":"25 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80586752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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