Abstract The roof of the Ensor-gallery at Ostend is a cylindrical vault, constructed as a coarse grillage of reinforced concrete, with embedded reinforced concrete roof panels with prismatic glass tiles. The concrete ribs of the roof shell were heavily damaged by long term exposure to the chloride containing sea air, causing severe reinforcement corrosion. The paper presents the experimental data on the degradation, as well as the alternative approach used in the restoration project to avoid the loss of a major part of the authentic material. The approach is based on a combination of galvanic cathodic protection with embedded and bored in sacrificing anodes, the application of a chloride-inhibiting impregnation followed by a re-alkalizing treatment on the preserved parts, concrete repair and reconstruction with a self-compacting, shrinkage-compensating, polymer-modified repair mortar. Completely denuded steel reinforcement bars were replaced by glass fiber reinforced polyester rods.
{"title":"Durable Restoration of Reinforced Concrete Grillage Roof Shell of Ensor Gallery in Ostend (B)","authors":"S. Ignoul, D. Van Gemert","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2016-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2016-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The roof of the Ensor-gallery at Ostend is a cylindrical vault, constructed as a coarse grillage of reinforced concrete, with embedded reinforced concrete roof panels with prismatic glass tiles. The concrete ribs of the roof shell were heavily damaged by long term exposure to the chloride containing sea air, causing severe reinforcement corrosion. The paper presents the experimental data on the degradation, as well as the alternative approach used in the restoration project to avoid the loss of a major part of the authentic material. The approach is based on a combination of galvanic cathodic protection with embedded and bored in sacrificing anodes, the application of a chloride-inhibiting impregnation followed by a re-alkalizing treatment on the preserved parts, concrete repair and reconstruction with a self-compacting, shrinkage-compensating, polymer-modified repair mortar. Completely denuded steel reinforcement bars were replaced by glass fiber reinforced polyester rods.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"28 1","pages":"65 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81243483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Matteini, J. Delgado Rodrigues, Rute I. Fontinha, A. E. Charola
Abstract The equestrian statue of D. José I, in Lisbon, is a masterpiece of the sculptor Joaquim Machado de Castro. It weights over thirty eight tons and was made in a single casting by Bartolomeu da Costa in a copper alloy (brass). After over two centuries exposure, the statue presented an unappealing heterogeneous appearance and showed some deterioration features that required attention. Preliminary studies showed that the deterioration phenomena were typical of copper alloys exposed to outdoor urban environments. The proximity of the seacoast also contributed to some specific decay mechanisms. The highly contrasting patterns of the superficial patinas consisted of black dense deposits covering an original cuprite layer side by side with the common green deposits of basic copper sulfates, hydroxides and chlorides. The highly corrosive nantokite was present in sheltered areas, where chlorides are able to accumulate. The conservation intervention included cleaning, mostly carried out with low pressure jets of round glass beads. Onsite tests were made to select the cleaning levels required to match the areas of black and green patinas. A reddish brown cuprite layer was found underneath most of the areas with black dense deposits, while it could only be perceived by transparency on the green covered areas. When a high contrast remained between the two areas, these were mitigated with the application of water colors during the final protection phase. Nantokite active areas were passivated with sodium oxalate after the entire statue was first washed with clean water and treated with lime water to leave an alkaline reserve to slow down the eventual corrosion process, and the sculpture rinsed with ethanol to accelerate its drying. The final protection was made with Paraloid B44 and microcrystalline waxes.
里斯本的D. jossev一世骑马雕像是雕塑家Joaquim Machado de Castro的杰作。它重达38吨，由Bartolomeu da Costa用铜合金(黄铜)一次铸造而成。经过两个多世纪的暴露，雕像呈现出一种不吸引人的异质外观，并显示出一些需要注意的老化特征。初步研究表明，铜合金暴露在室外城市环境中，其劣化现象是典型的。靠近海岸也促成了一些特定的衰变机制。表面铜绿的鲜明对比图案由黑色致密沉积物组成，覆盖着原始的铜层，与普通的碱性硫酸铜、氢氧化物和氯化物的绿色沉积物并列。高腐蚀性的纳米风筝出现在避风处，氯化物会在那里积聚。保护措施包括清洁，主要是用圆形玻璃珠的低压射流进行。现场测试选择所需的清洁水平，以匹配黑色和绿色铜绿的区域。在大多数黑色致密沉积物区域的下方发现了一层红棕色的铜矿层，而只有在绿色覆盖区域的透明度才能看到它。当两个区域之间仍然存在高对比度时，在最后的保护阶段使用水彩来减轻这些对比度。整个雕像首先用清水清洗，然后用石灰水处理，留下碱性储备，以减缓最终的腐蚀过程，然后用乙醇冲洗，以加速其干燥，然后用草酸钠钝化Nantokite活性区域。最后用副碱B44和微晶蜡进行保护。
{"title":"Conservation and Restoration of the Don José I Monument in Lisbon, Portugal. Part II: Metal Components","authors":"M. Matteini, J. Delgado Rodrigues, Rute I. Fontinha, A. E. Charola","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2016-5678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2016-5678","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The equestrian statue of D. José I, in Lisbon, is a masterpiece of the sculptor Joaquim Machado de Castro. It weights over thirty eight tons and was made in a single casting by Bartolomeu da Costa in a copper alloy (brass). After over two centuries exposure, the statue presented an unappealing heterogeneous appearance and showed some deterioration features that required attention. Preliminary studies showed that the deterioration phenomena were typical of copper alloys exposed to outdoor urban environments. The proximity of the seacoast also contributed to some specific decay mechanisms. The highly contrasting patterns of the superficial patinas consisted of black dense deposits covering an original cuprite layer side by side with the common green deposits of basic copper sulfates, hydroxides and chlorides. The highly corrosive nantokite was present in sheltered areas, where chlorides are able to accumulate. The conservation intervention included cleaning, mostly carried out with low pressure jets of round glass beads. Onsite tests were made to select the cleaning levels required to match the areas of black and green patinas. A reddish brown cuprite layer was found underneath most of the areas with black dense deposits, while it could only be perceived by transparency on the green covered areas. When a high contrast remained between the two areas, these were mitigated with the application of water colors during the final protection phase. Nantokite active areas were passivated with sodium oxalate after the entire statue was first washed with clean water and treated with lime water to leave an alkaline reserve to slow down the eventual corrosion process, and the sculpture rinsed with ethanol to accelerate its drying. The final protection was made with Paraloid B44 and microcrystalline waxes.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"20 1","pages":"81 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75341989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The articles presented in this issue deal with different aspects of restoration of historic monuments at urban, building and materials level through three case studies, and a review work on bioconsolidation of stone masonry. In the restoration of historic monuments one of the main challenges of the architect is to give a new function and identity to the monument, which needs to be appreciated and well perceived by the society. The first article “Revitalisation of the ruin.s of the Abbey-Tower at SintTruiden” reports a case study on the restoration of a tower conceived to be a key element between the town and the abbey site in Sint-Truiden in Belgium. The authors, D. Van Gemert and K. Brosens as the engineers and H. van Meer as the architect of this restoration project, reflect how societal sense can change the perception and appreciation of restoration decisions, and how a right reconciliation between monument, society and urban texture can lead to a successful restoration for the city by making the monument accessible and visible to the public. This can only be done with the active involvement of all parties of local society, local authorities, historians, technicians, architects and engineers in the restoration project. The presented case study represents a nice example on how a monument can be integrated successfully in the built and social environment so that it will contribute to the urban identity and its sustainable development. Another crucial item, which must be taken into consideration in the restoration of historic monuments, is the structural interaction between building and foundation. The second article presented by Van Gemert et al. reports structural deformations induced by the earlier foundation interventions that were performed inappropriately as part of an earlier restoration project in 1949–1950 as well as by non-balanced forces from the vaults of St Martin church at Meise in Belgium. A concrete footing placed in this earlier restoration under the total length of the south wall of the nave of the church was discovered as a result of archaeological excavations performed preceding the planned foundation works. Besides inappropriate execution of refilling of masonry joints with cement mortar has been identified as one of the main reasons for the observed cracks and deformations. Based on these findings, the authors have adapted a global restoration concept that was strongly simplified to consolidate the foundation, masonry and vaults. In the third article, another case study is reported on the materials level. Tarek Nazel has investigated the characteristics and damage problems of main construction materials of limestone, brick and mortar used in the construction of Sharaf Al-Din Mosque. This historic monument, dating back to the 14 century, represents an important example of Cairo’s Islamic historic architecture composed of polychrome technique with alternating courses of different building materials. However, the current state
本文通过三个案例研究，从城市、建筑和材料层面探讨了历史遗迹修复的不同方面，并对石质砌体的生物固结进行了综述。在历史古迹的修复中，建筑师面临的主要挑战之一是赋予纪念碑新的功能和身份，这需要得到社会的欣赏和认可。第一篇文章“废墟的复兴”。《the abbey - tower of the SintTruiden》报告了一个修复塔楼的案例研究，该塔楼被认为是比利时Sint-Truiden城镇和修道院遗址之间的关键元素。作者D. Van Gemert和K. Brosens作为工程师，H. Van Meer作为这个修复项目的建筑师，反映了社会意识如何改变对修复决策的看法和欣赏，以及纪念碑、社会和城市肌体之间的正确协调如何通过使纪念碑对公众开放和可见来导致城市的成功修复。只有当地社会各方、地方当局、历史学家、技术人员、建筑师和工程师积极参与修复项目，才能做到这一点。这个案例研究是一个很好的例子，说明了纪念碑如何成功地融入建筑和社会环境，从而有助于城市的身份和可持续发展。在修复历史遗迹时必须考虑到的另一个关键项目是建筑物和基础之间的结构相互作用。Van Gemert等人发表的第二篇文章报道了1949-1950年早期修复项目中不适当的早期基础干预以及比利时Meise圣马丁教堂拱顶的不平衡力引起的结构变形。在早期修复中，在教堂中殿南墙的总长度下发现了一个混凝土基础，这是在计划的基础工程之前进行的考古发掘的结果。此外，对砌体接缝进行水泥砂浆充填不当也是造成裂缝和变形的主要原因之一。基于这些发现，作者采用了一种整体修复概念，该概念被大大简化，以巩固基础、砖石和拱顶。在第三篇文章中，报告了材料层面的另一个案例研究。Tarek Nazel研究了Sharaf Al-Din清真寺建筑中使用的石灰石、砖和砂浆等主要建筑材料的特点和损坏问题。这座历史悠久的纪念碑可以追溯到14世纪，代表了开罗伊斯兰历史建筑的一个重要例子，该建筑由不同建筑材料交替使用的彩色技术组成。然而，目前的物质损害状况表明，清真寺需要进行干预。材料有盐花和亚花。盐石是一种天然杂质，起源于石灰岩。石膏在砂浆中被发现，而钙矾石由于使用波特兰水泥混凝土的建筑添加剂而沉淀在砖的边界上。这清楚地表明水泥与历史材料的不相容性及其对历史材料造成的损害。作者提出了一些干预措施，作为古迹预防性保护的一部分。生物因素引起的碳酸钙沉淀或生物矿化引起的碳酸钙碳酸化，在自然界中发生在许多生物过程中，激发了许多研究人员在保护碳酸盐石碑和历史建筑材料中模仿这一过程。Tarek Nazel撰写的综述文章“石碑的生物巩固”介绍了生物矿化过程的主要方面，即微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICCP)，并对该领域的研究现状和未来挑战进行了批判性的展望。
{"title":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","authors":"Ö. Cizer","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2015-3000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2015-3000","url":null,"abstract":"The articles presented in this issue deal with different aspects of restoration of historic monuments at urban, building and materials level through three case studies, and a review work on bioconsolidation of stone masonry. In the restoration of historic monuments one of the main challenges of the architect is to give a new function and identity to the monument, which needs to be appreciated and well perceived by the society. The first article “Revitalisation of the ruin.s of the Abbey-Tower at SintTruiden” reports a case study on the restoration of a tower conceived to be a key element between the town and the abbey site in Sint-Truiden in Belgium. The authors, D. Van Gemert and K. Brosens as the engineers and H. van Meer as the architect of this restoration project, reflect how societal sense can change the perception and appreciation of restoration decisions, and how a right reconciliation between monument, society and urban texture can lead to a successful restoration for the city by making the monument accessible and visible to the public. This can only be done with the active involvement of all parties of local society, local authorities, historians, technicians, architects and engineers in the restoration project. The presented case study represents a nice example on how a monument can be integrated successfully in the built and social environment so that it will contribute to the urban identity and its sustainable development. Another crucial item, which must be taken into consideration in the restoration of historic monuments, is the structural interaction between building and foundation. The second article presented by Van Gemert et al. reports structural deformations induced by the earlier foundation interventions that were performed inappropriately as part of an earlier restoration project in 1949–1950 as well as by non-balanced forces from the vaults of St Martin church at Meise in Belgium. A concrete footing placed in this earlier restoration under the total length of the south wall of the nave of the church was discovered as a result of archaeological excavations performed preceding the planned foundation works. Besides inappropriate execution of refilling of masonry joints with cement mortar has been identified as one of the main reasons for the observed cracks and deformations. Based on these findings, the authors have adapted a global restoration concept that was strongly simplified to consolidate the foundation, masonry and vaults. In the third article, another case study is reported on the materials level. Tarek Nazel has investigated the characteristics and damage problems of main construction materials of limestone, brick and mortar used in the construction of Sharaf Al-Din Mosque. This historic monument, dating back to the 14 century, represents an important example of Cairo’s Islamic historic architecture composed of polychrome technique with alternating courses of different building materials. However, the current state ","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"29 1","pages":"v - v"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78268643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nathalie Van Roy, K. van Balen, E. Verstrynge, S. Naldini
Abstract In heritage conservation, a gap is often observed between the theory of conservation as a durable process that aims at the preservation of a historic building and the practice of restoration as a single intervention that aims at a fast and convincing result. This paper describes the proposed approach for the conservation of the main façade of the Shoemakers Chapel (in Dutch: Schoenmakerskapel) in Antwerp (Belgium), a listed monument since 1976. It serves as an example of how to develop a durable and realistic approach for the conservation of a sixteenth century façade. The basis for the conservation approach is the understanding that each intervention should take the stratified significance of the historic façade into account. In this paper, it will be shown how to combine a study of the façade from a technical point of view with an analysis of the façade as a carrier of cultural significance.
{"title":"The Stratified Significance of a Historic Façade as a Basis for a more Durable Conservation Approach","authors":"Nathalie Van Roy, K. van Balen, E. Verstrynge, S. Naldini","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2015-1004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2015-1004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In heritage conservation, a gap is often observed between the theory of conservation as a durable process that aims at the preservation of a historic building and the practice of restoration as a single intervention that aims at a fast and convincing result. This paper describes the proposed approach for the conservation of the main façade of the Shoemakers Chapel (in Dutch: Schoenmakerskapel) in Antwerp (Belgium), a listed monument since 1976. It serves as an example of how to develop a durable and realistic approach for the conservation of a sixteenth century façade. The basis for the conservation approach is the understanding that each intervention should take the stratified significance of the historic façade into account. In this paper, it will be shown how to combine a study of the façade from a technical point of view with an analysis of the façade as a carrier of cultural significance.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"52 1","pages":"137 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78888234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The study of microstructure formation in polymer-cement concrete provides opportunities to exploit synergetic actions between cement and polymer, leading to performance improvement and to a wide range of new and innovative properties and applications. Polymers can reduce the impact of construction industry on environment, by decreasing the carbon footprint of cement and concrete production. Renovation and restoration, largely figuring in the concept of sustainable construction development, thank their growing share in construction activity to the input of polymers in repair and binder materials and in rehabilitation procedures. The study of ancient binders and mortars reveals aspects of the origins of the observed long lasting durability of those ancient mortars. It also reveals the interaction mechanisms between carbonation of air hardening components and hydration of hydraulic components, which in turn helps to develop chemical activation methods (i.e. alkaline activation) to improve the hydraulic properties of pozzolans and industrial residues to develop inorganic polymers (i.e. geopolymers) for eventually full replacement of cement in binders.
{"title":"Combining Mineral and Polymer Binder Material Science for Sustainability in Construction and Restoration","authors":"D. Van Gemert, Ö. Cizer","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2015-2001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2015-2001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study of microstructure formation in polymer-cement concrete provides opportunities to exploit synergetic actions between cement and polymer, leading to performance improvement and to a wide range of new and innovative properties and applications. Polymers can reduce the impact of construction industry on environment, by decreasing the carbon footprint of cement and concrete production. Renovation and restoration, largely figuring in the concept of sustainable construction development, thank their growing share in construction activity to the input of polymers in repair and binder materials and in rehabilitation procedures. The study of ancient binders and mortars reveals aspects of the origins of the observed long lasting durability of those ancient mortars. It also reveals the interaction mechanisms between carbonation of air hardening components and hydration of hydraulic components, which in turn helps to develop chemical activation methods (i.e. alkaline activation) to improve the hydraulic properties of pozzolans and industrial residues to develop inorganic polymers (i.e. geopolymers) for eventually full replacement of cement in binders.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"16 1","pages":"149 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77772424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This research outlines a case study for the structural rehabilitation of a historic masonry arch bridge. The major part of the railway bridge was destroyed due to high flood. The remaining parts were evaluated from structural point of view. A detailed investigation for the historic and current state of the bridge was performed. A precise description for the structural system, main elements, method of construction, materials used, and internal component was done. Also, 3D finite element analysis was conducted for the proposed rehabilitated bridge in order to identify the level of internal stresses in different structural components of the arch bridge under the effect of dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, water flow rate, and temperature changes. The results of the finite element modeling together with the structural studies and investigations were used to develop structural guidelines for the rehabilitation project taking into account the proposed new usage as a historic walkway and the hydrological requirements as a structure over flood flow channel.
{"title":"Rehabilitation of Historic Railway Masonry Arch Bridge: A Case Study","authors":"S. Elwan","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2015-1002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2015-1002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research outlines a case study for the structural rehabilitation of a historic masonry arch bridge. The major part of the railway bridge was destroyed due to high flood. The remaining parts were evaluated from structural point of view. A detailed investigation for the historic and current state of the bridge was performed. A precise description for the structural system, main elements, method of construction, materials used, and internal component was done. Also, 3D finite element analysis was conducted for the proposed rehabilitated bridge in order to identify the level of internal stresses in different structural components of the arch bridge under the effect of dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, water flow rate, and temperature changes. The results of the finite element modeling together with the structural studies and investigations were used to develop structural guidelines for the rehabilitation project taking into account the proposed new usage as a historic walkway and the hydrological requirements as a structure over flood flow channel.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"47 1","pages":"107 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72588263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract One of the key deterioration factors for porous inorganic building materials are soluble salts. To be able to remediate or mitigate this problem it is fundamental to understand the principal processes governing their behavior. While the actual mechanisms involved in these processes are still under study, the deterioration can be mitigated or remediated by the long practical experience gained in the field. The paper aims to provide an overview of the basic principles that rule the interaction of salts with the porous inorganic material. Understanding these will allow the development of appropriate procedures to control the deterioration process.
{"title":"Salts in Masonry: An Overview of the Problem","authors":"A. E. Charola, C. Bläuer","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2015-1005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2015-1005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the key deterioration factors for porous inorganic building materials are soluble salts. To be able to remediate or mitigate this problem it is fundamental to understand the principal processes governing their behavior. While the actual mechanisms involved in these processes are still under study, the deterioration can be mitigated or remediated by the long practical experience gained in the field. The paper aims to provide an overview of the basic principles that rule the interaction of salts with the porous inorganic material. Understanding these will allow the development of appropriate procedures to control the deterioration process.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"1 1","pages":"119 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91327895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Water is one of the key deterioration factors for porous building materials and has the capability of enhancing the deleterious effect of other factors such as air pollution and biocolonization, among others. The focus of the paper is the interaction of water with the porous inorganic materials: how does water enter the pore system, and how does it leave it? How does the presence of clays or soluble salts in porous materials affect these mechanisms? Pairwise examples are provided to illustrate the varying behavior of water in different materials. Also addressed is the importance of the pore size distribution on the behavior of water and its transport mechanisms. The aim of the paper is to synthesize the key points required to understand why water enters a porous system, in what way it is distributed within it, and the slow manner in which it departs, since time of wetness is fundamental in enhancing the effect of co-factors.
{"title":"An Overview of the Water-Porous Building Materials Interactions","authors":"A. E. Charola, E. Wendler","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2015-2006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2015-2006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Water is one of the key deterioration factors for porous building materials and has the capability of enhancing the deleterious effect of other factors such as air pollution and biocolonization, among others. The focus of the paper is the interaction of water with the porous inorganic materials: how does water enter the pore system, and how does it leave it? How does the presence of clays or soluble salts in porous materials affect these mechanisms? Pairwise examples are provided to illustrate the varying behavior of water in different materials. Also addressed is the importance of the pore size distribution on the behavior of water and its transport mechanisms. The aim of the paper is to synthesize the key points required to understand why water enters a porous system, in what way it is distributed within it, and the slow manner in which it departs, since time of wetness is fundamental in enhancing the effect of co-factors.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"36 1","pages":"55 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75512948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kathrin A. Otten, K. Littmann, Ragna L. Fege, Xenia Oremek
Abstract This study evaluates the suitability of electrical resistance-based moisture content measurements, which are known to guarantee reliable values for moisture contents of wood, when applied to selected mineral building materials with and without water-repellent treatment. For the testing specimens of cement – mortar and solid brick were produced – the water-repellent treatment for the mortar specimens was carried out both by internal hydrophobization and surface treatment, while the bricks were hydrophobized by surface treatment only. For the measurements of electrical resistance electrodes were inserted into the specimens. For this purpose a borehole was drilled and the measuring point at the tip of the electrodes was glued conductively into the material. The remaining outer part of the electrodes was sealed with electrically isolating glue in order to establish a conductive connection in the middle of the specimens only. After storage at different relative humidity, the electrical resistance of the specimens was recorded using data logging devices. Based on gravimetrically measured moisture contents resistance characteristics for each material were established. A satisfying accuracy resulting from the comparison between gravimetrically measured and mathematically calculated material moisture contents confirmed the suitability of electrical resistance based moisture content measurements for selected treated and untreated mineral materials.
{"title":"Modelling the Influence of Hydrophobic Treatment on the Electrical Conductivity of Mortar and Brick","authors":"Kathrin A. Otten, K. Littmann, Ragna L. Fege, Xenia Oremek","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2015-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2015-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study evaluates the suitability of electrical resistance-based moisture content measurements, which are known to guarantee reliable values for moisture contents of wood, when applied to selected mineral building materials with and without water-repellent treatment. For the testing specimens of cement – mortar and solid brick were produced – the water-repellent treatment for the mortar specimens was carried out both by internal hydrophobization and surface treatment, while the bricks were hydrophobized by surface treatment only. For the measurements of electrical resistance electrodes were inserted into the specimens. For this purpose a borehole was drilled and the measuring point at the tip of the electrodes was glued conductively into the material. The remaining outer part of the electrodes was sealed with electrically isolating glue in order to establish a conductive connection in the middle of the specimens only. After storage at different relative humidity, the electrical resistance of the specimens was recorded using data logging devices. Based on gravimetrically measured moisture contents resistance characteristics for each material were established. A satisfying accuracy resulting from the comparison between gravimetrically measured and mathematically calculated material moisture contents confirmed the suitability of electrical resistance based moisture content measurements for selected treated and untreated mineral materials.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"34 1","pages":"67 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79764862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Towards the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century new technological evolutions and material developments gave rise to different modular structural flooring systems, which allowed light but strong floors to be constructed. This paper gives an overview of the evolution in flooring systems, their durability problems, and how to solve them. Similar systems also have been used for roof constructions. The strengthening of an atypical vaulted roof structure in the “Het Depot” theatre in Leuven, composed of terracotta arch and panel elements, showing its specific problematic and its specific revalorization approach serves as a case study to illustrate the methodologies applied.
{"title":"Revalorization of Structural Floor Systems in the Twentieth Century: An Overview","authors":"K. Brosens, G. Heirman, S. Ignoul, D. Gemert","doi":"10.1515/rbm-2015-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2015-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Towards the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century new technological evolutions and material developments gave rise to different modular structural flooring systems, which allowed light but strong floors to be constructed. This paper gives an overview of the evolution in flooring systems, their durability problems, and how to solve them. Similar systems also have been used for roof constructions. The strengthening of an atypical vaulted roof structure in the “Het Depot” theatre in Leuven, composed of terracotta arch and panel elements, showing its specific problematic and its specific revalorization approach serves as a case study to illustrate the methodologies applied.","PeriodicalId":20957,"journal":{"name":"Restoration of Buildings and Monuments","volume":"60 1","pages":"81 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78724129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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