Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy最新文献

Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and separation anxiety often show high comorbidity after trauma, which complicates the course of disease and treatment response. However, it is unclear how PTSD and separation anxiety comorbidity occur. According to the cognitive model of PTSD, rumination may be a key cognitive process linking the two constructs. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relation between PTSD and separation anxiety and to assess the mediating role of rumination in this relation among adolescents after trauma.

Method: A follow-up survey was conducted among 204 adolescent survivors of the Ya'an earthquake, at 6 months (T1), 12 months (T2), and 18 months (T3). A random-intercept cross-lagged panel model was used for data analysis to disentangle within-person dynamics from stable between-person differences.

Results: The results showed that at the within-person level, PTSD increased separation anxiety via rumination, and early PTSD further exacerbated later PTSD through increased rumination and separation anxiety.

Conclusions: These findings highlight the mediating role of rumination, elucidate the relation between PTSD and separation anxiety, and provide theoretical support for the development of transdiagnostic clinical interventions and treatments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: The City Birth Trauma Scale (City BiTS) assesses postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) criteria. Although it has been validated worldwide, predictive validity has not been previously examined. Moreover, no Italian version of the scale exists. This study aimed to test the bifactor latent structure and alternative models, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, divergent validity, and predictive validity of the City BiTS.

Method: Women (N = 629) who had given birth within the past 3 months completed an online survey including sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, the City BiTS, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. After 3 months, women completed the City BiTS again and reported their intention to breastfeed during the 1-year postpartum.

Results: Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the two-factorial structure. In confirmatory factor analysis, the two-factorial solution showed the best model fit. Internal consistency was good to excellent for the subscales and the total scale. Correlation analyses showed strong convergent validity with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, high divergent validity with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, high test-retest reliability, and good predictive validity with the intention to exclusively breastfeed. Moreover, the Birth-Related Symptoms subscale distinguished between different types of delivery.

Conclusions: The City BiTS-Italian is the first measure evaluating and diagnosing childbirth-related PTSD symptoms based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) in Italy. The factorial structure and validity reported in other cultural contexts were confirmed; moreover, findings add evidence to the scale's temporal stability and predictive validity. Besides contributing to clinical purposes, the City BiTS-Italian will facilitate international comparability regarding the prevalence of PTSD following childbirth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Over the past few decades, there has been a substantial increase of interest worldwide in how trauma can cause posttraumatic changes such as posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic depreciation (PTD), and whether there exist gender-specific patterns of such changes. Despite the increase in interest, no studies have yet examined PTG and PTD in gender stratified models.

Method: Latent profile analysis was used to explore PTG and PTD using the Posttraumatic Change Scale-Short Form in a gender stratified sample of Afghanistan veterans (n = 6,205, 8.3% females). Associations between profiles and predictors (trauma type), and outcome variables (anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms) were explored using R3STEP and Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars procedures in Mplus.

Results: A three-profile model was found to be the best fitting model for female veterans, while a five-profile model was optimal for the male veterans, indicating there are gender-specific patterns in posttraumatic change. For both females and males, higher loads of trauma exposure were associated with conforming to the depreciation profiles, however, growth-related profiles also reported more trauma experiences than the no-change profile. Belonging to the depreciation profiles was associated with higher symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress for both female and male veterans.

Conclusion: A person may experience posttraumatic depreciation in one life domain, and at the same time growth in another. Male and female veterans differ in their unique profiles of posttraumatic change. Awareness of idiosyncratic profiles of growth and depreciation may improve postdeployment support and intervention strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Background: Emotional suppression is a clinically significant aspect of emotion regulation with robust associations to psychopathology, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite the fast-growing body of literature highlighting the role of positive emotion regulation difficulties in the development and maintenance of PTSD, extant work on emotional suppression and PTSD has almost exclusively focused on the role of negative emotions.

Objective: The present study aimed to advance this literature by examining the associations between PTSD symptom clusters and participants' use of state emotional suppression during a laboratory task designed to elicit negative or positive emotions.

Method: Participants were 108 community women (M_age = 39.55; 33% Black/African American) currently experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) by a male partner and using substances. Participants were interviewed using a structured diagnostic assessment for PTSD and reported on state emotional intensity and emotional suppression following idiographic negative or positive emotion inductions.

Results: Results of the moderation analyses showed that, when controlling for state emotional intensity, women experiencing clinical levels of PTSD symptom Clusters B (intrusive recollections), D (negative alterations in cognitions and mood), and E (alterations in arousal and reactivity) were significantly more likely to utilize emotional suppression, but only in the context of positive-not negative-emotions.

Conclusions: Findings provide evidence for a link between PTSD and positive emotional suppression among women currently experiencing IPV by a male partner and using substances, highlighting positive emotional suppression as a potential target in PTSD treatment for IPV populations with comorbid substance use concerns. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Retrospective memory for peritraumatic reactions occurring during or immediately after trauma exposure may decrease in intensity for some over treatment. This may be due to psychotherapy-specific memory processes, such as repeated accessing of the trauma memory. Additionally, it may be that recovery drives changes in memory for these experiences. Critical to examining these hypotheses is an effective control treatment that reduces symptoms but does not directly involve repeated retrieval of the trauma memory, such as pharmacotherapy.

Method: In a sample of 200 individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder, retrospective memory for dissociation and anxiety occurring around the index traumatic event (Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire, Marmar et al., 1997; Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire, Cardeña et al., 2000) was assessed before and after treatment in a randomized clinical trial (NCT00127673) comparing prolonged exposure and sertraline.

Results: Participants reported that their memory for dissociation and anxiety at the time of the trauma was less intense at posttreatment (d = 0.26-0.64). There was no difference between prolonged exposure and sertraline on these memory indices. However, treatment responders, using a clinically meaningful change cutoff score, remembered their reactions at the time of the trauma as less dissociative (d = 0.66) and less anxious (d = 1.19) at posttreatment than nonresponders.

Conclusions: Retrospective memory for the intensity of reactions experienced at the time of the traumatic event decreased from pre- to posttreatment, with effects most pronounced for those who made clinically meaningful gains in treatment. Inclusion of a nonpsychotherapy intervention control argues that recovery processes may explain these shifts and point to potential mood-dependent memory effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and moral injury (MI) are possible negative outcomes of combat military service. While PTSS is known to be associated with impaired paternal parenting, no study has examined the association between MI and parenting. This study examined associations between military-related PTSS, MI, and multiple measures of parenting among veteran fathers. Furthermore, we examined the mediating role of parental beliefs about children's anxiety in the association between PTSS, MI, and parenting.

Method: Participants included 310 combat veteran fathers (M_age = 34.96, SD = 6.31) who were discharged from the Israeli Defense Forces. Participants completed a set of validated self-report online questionnaires in a cross-sectional design study.

Results: Exposure to potentially morally injurious experiences (PMIEs) during military service was associated with higher levels of PTSS and MI outcomes, but not with parenting domains. Both PTSS and MI outcomes were associated with poorer parenting practices and lower levels of parental satisfaction. Importantly, PTSS and shame-based MI outcomes mediated the association between combat exposure, exposure to PMIE, and parenting. Moreover, two-step sequential mediation showed combat exposure and exposure to PMIE indirectly contributed to parenting via PTSS, shame-based MI outcomes, and parental beliefs about children's anxiety.

Conclusion: Our findings imply that beyond the possible negative effects of PTSS on parenting, military-related MI is another risk for problematic paternal parenting among veterans. Clinical implications discussed include the ripple effect of PTSS and MI on veteran fathers' cognitions regarding their children's ability to handle anxiety, and their parenting behaviors to control their painful emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: One technique for tailoring interventions and matching evidence-based procedures to idiographic problems is just-in-time adaptive approaches, also referred to as ecological momentary intervention. These technology-based approaches involve real-time delivery of evidence-based skills when most needed, which can be tailored to individual data inputs. The current article reviews just-in-time adaptive ecological momentary assessment (JITA-EMA; Schneider et al., 2023) and ecological momentary interventions (EMIs; Heron & Smyth, 2010) with respect to the field of trauma-related psychopathology in the modern age of technology.

Method: We provide a broad, narrative overview. Heterogeneity in posttraumatic psychopathology, posttraumatic psychopathology diagnostic classification models, and applicability of technology are reviewed. Next, we discuss JITA-EMA and EMI frameworks, EMA of posttraumatic psychopathology, EMI outcomes, and JITA-EMA and EMI outcomes. We conclude by discussing clinical application and considering dilemmas, ethical issues, and limitations. Future research directions and potential treatment adaptations and innovations are given.

Results: JITA-EMA/Is have the potential to reinforce skill acquisition and uptake in evidence-based treatments if implemented as standalones or in conjunction with established, evidence-based interventions.

Conclusions: JITA-EMA and EMIs may eventually inform clinical and research efforts by affording an understanding of how idiographic variability in biopsychosocial factors relates to changes in etiology, course, and treatment outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: To examine the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and intimate partner violence (IPV) among married couples in Nepal as well as the relationships among ACEs, IPV (psychological, sexual, physical), and psychological distress.

Method: The sample comprised the control group (N = 720) of a cluster randomized intervention trial among married women in Nepal. Interviewers assessed ACEs, IPV, quality of life, self-efficacy, and depressive symptoms among participants. Times 2 and 3 were conducted 12 and 28 months after baseline, respectively.

Results: At baseline, 24% of women reported a history of ACEs. Across time points, married Nepali women most frequently reported psychological IPV (28%-37%). Greater ACEs and IPV scores were related to less quality of life, less self-efficacy, and more depressive symptoms, |rs| = .10-.78, ps < .025. The largest bivariate correlation existed between women's self-reported experiences of psychological and physical violence, r = .78, p < .001. Across time points, structural equation modeling (comparative fit index = .93, standardized root-mean-square residual = .05; adequate fit with physical violence removed) demonstrated that psychological violence was the most consistent statistical consequent when women's ACEs served as an antecedent; married Nepali men's ACEs were related to women's later experiences of psychological and sexual IPV, although not significantly related to psychological distress.

Conclusions: Although limitations in generalizability must be considered, these findings extend Western-focused trauma literature by examining ACEs and IPV in Nepal, a historically underrepresented country in this inquiry. Assessing childhood trauma history inclusive of psychological trauma across genders has research and clinical implications, including prevention efforts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: The present study presents a longitudinal examination of the impact of cyber abuse (CA) on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity among a racially diverse sample of women with intimate partner violence (IPV).

Method: Using data collected from a completed randomized control trial with women who sought safety in a domestic violence shelter (W-DVS; N = 172), we conducted a secondary data analysis. Participants completed measures of CA, PTSD severity, and other types of IPV at each time point. To examine predictors of the latent change factor, we estimated the influence of CA on each latent change factor while controlling for other (i.e., noncyber abuse) types of IPV and treatment condition across time.

Results: Initial results suggested that CA has a negative impact on PTSD severity over time for W-DVS, as CA predicted changes in PTSD severity across five time points when controlling for treatment condition and PTSD symptom severity at the previous time points. However, CA did not predict a change in symptom severity when controlling for other forms of (noncyber abuse) IPV.

Conclusions: Although more CA is associated with more severe PTSD symptoms from the time women are in shelter to postshelter, 3, 9, and 15 months postshelter, this is no longer the case when overall IPV is considered. This study extends our understanding of how CA can exacerbate psychological health consequences, including PTSD severity, of W-DVS, suggesting that cyber abuse should be assessed in tandem with other IPV types rather than as a separate phenomenon. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: This study investigates the connections among various forms of violence experienced by adolescents, both online and offline, including bullying, cyberbullying, child maltreatment, and witnessing parental intimate partner violence (IPV). The aim was to elucidate the patterns of these adversities to enhance understanding from a child-centered perspective.

Method: We conducted an online survey with a sample of 934 parents (M_age = 41.05 years, SD = 4.76; M_{child's age} = 14.37 years, SD = 1.84) recruited across 30 provinces and districts in China in August 2023. Network analysis was used to examine the associations among four types of bullying (physical, verbal, relational, and cyberbullying), three types of child maltreatment (physical, psychological, and neglect), and two types of parental IPV (psychological and physical).

Results: Our findings revealed that cyberbullying victimization had the highest expected influence in the network, suggesting that it plays a central role in exacerbating other adversities. The four types of bullying were strongly interconnected, both online and offline. Parental psychological IPV and child psychological abuse experiences had the highest bridge expected influence in the network, indicating their role in linking various forms of victimization.

Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that IPV can facilitate the transmission of adversities across different domains of a child's environment. Understanding the intercorrelations of child victimization within and beyond the home can contribute to the development of a comprehensive child protection approach. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).