Meaghan K Rowe-Johnson, Bridgette Browning, Brittany Scott
Objective: Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a third-wave cognitive behavioral therapy that has shown promise as an effective treatment for reducing trauma-related symptoms. Although there have been systematic reviews on the clinical effectiveness of ACT for posttraumatic stress disorder, there are no known meta-analyses published on the impact of ACT in adult populations with trauma-related symptoms. Hence, the purpose of this meta-analysis and systematic review was to update the literature and assess the effectiveness of ACT interventions for decreasing trauma-related distress in adults who have developed trauma symptoms following exposure to one or more traumatic events.
Method: A systematic review of the literature was completed, and between-groups random effects meta-analysis was conducted assessing trauma symptom reduction at the initial posttest. Subgroup analyses were also performed to assess differences between groups based on research design, type of trauma, and comparator group.
Results: A meta-analysis of 11 studies revealed a moderate and statistically significant overall effect of ACT on symptom reduction at immediate posttest (Hedges' g = -.423, 95% CI [-.605, -.240]; I² = 25.75%), indicating that on average, those who received ACT interventions reported fewer trauma symptoms postintervention than those in various comparison groups.
Conclusions: Ultimately, this research provides additional evidence supporting the effectiveness of ACT interventions for clients reporting trauma-related concerns. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
目的:接纳与承诺疗法(ACT)是一种第三波认知行为疗法,已被证明是减少创伤相关症状的有效治疗方法。虽然已有系统性综述介绍了接纳与承诺疗法对创伤后应激障碍的临床疗效,但目前还没有关于接纳与承诺疗法对有创伤相关症状的成年人群的影响的荟萃分析。因此,本荟萃分析和系统性综述的目的是更新文献,评估 ACT 干预疗法对减少因遭受一次或多次创伤事件而出现创伤症状的成年人的创伤相关痛苦的有效性:方法:对文献进行了系统性回顾,并进行了组间随机效应荟萃分析,以评估首次后测时创伤症状的减轻情况。此外,还进行了分组分析,以评估基于研究设计、创伤类型和比较组的组间差异:对 11 项研究进行的荟萃分析表明,ACT 对即时后测症状减轻的总体影响适中且具有统计学意义(Hedges' g = -.423, 95% CI [-.605, -.240];I² = 25.75%),这表明平均而言,接受 ACT 干预的人在干预后报告的创伤症状少于各对比组的人:最终,这项研究提供了更多证据,支持对报告创伤相关问题的客户进行 ACT 干预的有效性。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
{"title":"Effects of acceptance and commitment therapy on trauma-related symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Meaghan K Rowe-Johnson, Bridgette Browning, Brittany Scott","doi":"10.1037/tra0001785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a third-wave cognitive behavioral therapy that has shown promise as an effective treatment for reducing trauma-related symptoms. Although there have been systematic reviews on the clinical effectiveness of ACT for posttraumatic stress disorder, there are no known meta-analyses published on the impact of ACT in adult populations with trauma-related symptoms. Hence, the purpose of this meta-analysis and systematic review was to update the literature and assess the effectiveness of ACT interventions for decreasing trauma-related distress in adults who have developed trauma symptoms following exposure to one or more traumatic events.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A systematic review of the literature was completed, and between-groups random effects meta-analysis was conducted assessing trauma symptom reduction at the initial posttest. Subgroup analyses were also performed to assess differences between groups based on research design, type of trauma, and comparator group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A meta-analysis of 11 studies revealed a moderate and statistically significant overall effect of ACT on symptom reduction at immediate posttest (Hedges' <i>g</i> = -.423, 95% CI [-.605, -.240]; <i>I</i>² = 25.75%), indicating that on average, those who received ACT interventions reported fewer trauma symptoms postintervention than those in various comparison groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ultimately, this research provides additional evidence supporting the effectiveness of ACT interventions for clients reporting trauma-related concerns. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2023-07-06DOI: 10.1037/tra0001537
Natasha Benfer, Breanna Grunthal, Katherine A Dondanville, Stacey Young-McCaughan, Abby Blankenship, Chadi G Abdallah, Sudie E Back, Julianne Flanagan, Edna B Foa, Peter T Fox, John H Krystal, Brian P Marx, Donald D McGeary, Carmen P McLean, Kristi E Pruiksma, Patricia A Resick, John D Roache, Paulo Shiroma, Denise M Sloan, Daniel J Taylor, Jennifer Schuster Wachen, Argelio L López-Roca, Karin L Nicholson, Richard P Schobitz, Christian C Schrader, Allah-Fard M Sharrieff, Jeffrey S Yarvis, Jim Mintz, Terence M Keane, Alan L Peterson, Brett T Litz
Objective: In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the assumption of the equipotentiality of traumas ignores potentially unique contexts and consequences of different traumas. Accordingly, Stein et al. (2012) developed a reliable typing scheme in which assessors categorized descriptions of traumatic events into six "types": life threat to self (LTS), life threat to other, aftermath of violence (AV), traumatic loss, moral injury by self (MIS), and moral injury by other (MIO). We extended this research by validating the typing scheme using participant endorsements of type, rather than assesor-based types. We examined the concordance of participant and assesor types, frequency, and validity of participant-based trauma types by examining associations with baseline mental and behavioral health problems.
Method: Interviewers enrolled military personnel and veterans (N = 1,443) in clinical trials of PTSD and helped them select the most currently distressing Criterion-A trauma. Participants and, archivally, assessors typed the distressing aspect(s) of this experience.
Results: AV was the most frequently participant-endorsed type, but LTS was the most frequently rated worst part of an event. Although participants endorsed MIS and MIO the least frequently, these were associated with worse mental and behavioral health problems. The agreement between participants and assessors regarding the worst part of the event was poor.
Conclusion: Because of discrepancies between participant and assessor typologies, clinical researchers should use participants' ratings, and these should trump assessor judgment. Differences in pretreatment behavioral and mental health problems across some participant-endorsed trauma types partially support the validity of the participant ratings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
目的:在创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)中,创伤等同性的假设忽略了不同创伤的潜在独特背景和后果。因此,Stein 等人(2012 年)开发了一种可靠的分型方案,评估者将创伤事件的描述分为六种 "类型":对自己的生命威胁(LTS)、对他人的生命威胁、暴力后遗症(AV)、创伤性损失、对自己的精神伤害(MIS)和对他人的精神伤害(MIO)。我们对这项研究进行了扩展,使用受试者对类型的认可,而不是基于评估者的类型,来验证分型方案。我们通过研究基线心理和行为健康问题的关联,检验了参与者和评估者类型的一致性、频率以及基于参与者的创伤类型的有效性:受访者招募了参加创伤后应激障碍临床试验的军人和退伍军人(1443 人),并帮助他们选择目前最令人痛苦的标准 A 型创伤。参与者和评估者在档案中键入这一经历中令人痛苦的方面:参与者最常认可的创伤类型是 "AV",但 "LTS "是事件中最常被评为最糟糕的部分。虽然参与者对 MIS 和 MIO 的认可度最低,但这两种类型与更严重的心理和行为健康问题有关。参与者和评估者在事件最糟糕的部分上的一致性很差:结论:由于参与者和评估者的类型存在差异,临床研究人员应使用参与者的评分,而且这些评分应高于评估者的判断。某些参与者认可的创伤类型在治疗前行为和心理健康问题上的差异部分支持了参与者评分的有效性。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"DSM-5 criterion-a-based trauma types in service members and veterans seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder.","authors":"Natasha Benfer, Breanna Grunthal, Katherine A Dondanville, Stacey Young-McCaughan, Abby Blankenship, Chadi G Abdallah, Sudie E Back, Julianne Flanagan, Edna B Foa, Peter T Fox, John H Krystal, Brian P Marx, Donald D McGeary, Carmen P McLean, Kristi E Pruiksma, Patricia A Resick, John D Roache, Paulo Shiroma, Denise M Sloan, Daniel J Taylor, Jennifer Schuster Wachen, Argelio L López-Roca, Karin L Nicholson, Richard P Schobitz, Christian C Schrader, Allah-Fard M Sharrieff, Jeffrey S Yarvis, Jim Mintz, Terence M Keane, Alan L Peterson, Brett T Litz","doi":"10.1037/tra0001537","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the assumption of the equipotentiality of traumas ignores potentially unique contexts and consequences of different traumas. Accordingly, Stein et al. (2012) developed a reliable typing scheme in which assessors categorized descriptions of traumatic events into six \"types\": life threat to self (LTS), life threat to other, aftermath of violence (AV), traumatic loss, moral injury by self (MIS), and moral injury by other (MIO). We extended this research by validating the typing scheme using <i>participant endorsements of type</i>, rather than assesor-based types. We examined the concordance of participant and assesor types, frequency, and validity of participant-based trauma types by examining associations with baseline mental and behavioral health problems.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Interviewers enrolled military personnel and veterans (<i>N</i> = 1,443) in clinical trials of PTSD and helped them select the most currently distressing Criterion-A trauma. Participants and, archivally, assessors typed the distressing aspect(s) of this experience.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AV was the most frequently participant-endorsed type, but LTS was the most frequently rated worst part of an event. Although participants endorsed MIS and MIO the least frequently, these were associated with worse mental and behavioral health problems. The agreement between participants and assessors regarding the worst part of the event was poor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Because of discrepancies between participant and assessor typologies, clinical researchers should use participants' ratings, and these should trump assessor judgment. Differences in pretreatment behavioral and mental health problems across some participant-endorsed trauma types partially support the validity of the participant ratings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10770283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9746835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-01-15DOI: 10.1037/tra0001637
Hanaan Bing-Canar, Jane K Stocks, Humza Khan, Andrew A Rauch, Maximillian A Obolsky, Franchezka Lapitan-Moore, Matthew S Phillips, Jason R Soble, Neil H Pliskin, Woojin Song, Zachary J Resch
Background: Evidence suggests that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) predict cognitive dysfunction, possibly through direct (e.g., brain structure/function changes) and indirect (e.g., increased psychopathology risk) pathways. However, extant studies have focused on young and older adults, with limited understanding of how ACEs affect cognitive health in midadulthood.
Objective: This study compared psychiatric and cognitive differences between adults at high- and low-risk of adverse health outcomes based on the ACE risk classification scheme.
Participants and setting: Adult patients (N = 211; 46.9% female; Mage = 44.1, SD = 17.1; Meducation = 13.8, SD = 3.0) consecutively referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation within a large, Midwestern academic medical center.
Method: Patients were divided into high and low ACE groups based on the number of ACEs endorsed. Subsequently, a series of one-way analyses of variances were conducted to compare high versus low ACE groups on the Test of Premorbid Functioning, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition Digit Span Test, Trail Making Test-Parts A and B, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and Beck Anxiety Inventory scores.
Results: Significant group differences were detected for anxiety and depression with the high ACE group endorsing significantly greater depression and anxiety symptoms relative to the low ACE group. High and low ACE groups did not significantly differ on any cognitive measures.
Conclusions: Results indicate that an individual's psychological health, but not cognitive functioning, is impacted by the level of ACE exposure. Study findings highlight the importance of including ACE measures in neuropsychological evaluations, as it will aid in case conceptualization and tailoring treatment recommendations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Adverse childhood experiences, cognitive functioning, depression, and anxiety in adulthood.","authors":"Hanaan Bing-Canar, Jane K Stocks, Humza Khan, Andrew A Rauch, Maximillian A Obolsky, Franchezka Lapitan-Moore, Matthew S Phillips, Jason R Soble, Neil H Pliskin, Woojin Song, Zachary J Resch","doi":"10.1037/tra0001637","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Evidence suggests that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) predict cognitive dysfunction, possibly through direct (e.g., brain structure/function changes) and indirect (e.g., increased psychopathology risk) pathways. However, extant studies have focused on young and older adults, with limited understanding of how ACEs affect cognitive health in midadulthood.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study compared psychiatric and cognitive differences between adults at high- and low-risk of adverse health outcomes based on the ACE risk classification scheme.</p><p><strong>Participants and setting: </strong>Adult patients (<i>N</i> = 211; 46.9% female; <i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 44.1, SD = 17.1; <i>M</i><sub>education</sub> = 13.8, <i>SD</i> = 3.0) consecutively referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation within a large, Midwestern academic medical center.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Patients were divided into high and low ACE groups based on the number of ACEs endorsed. Subsequently, a series of one-way analyses of variances were conducted to compare high versus low ACE groups on the Test of Premorbid Functioning, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition Digit Span Test, Trail Making Test-Parts A and B, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and Beck Anxiety Inventory scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant group differences were detected for anxiety and depression with the high ACE group endorsing significantly greater depression and anxiety symptoms relative to the low ACE group. High and low ACE groups did not significantly differ on any cognitive measures.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results indicate that an individual's psychological health, but not cognitive functioning, is impacted by the level of ACE exposure. Study findings highlight the importance of including ACE measures in neuropsychological evaluations, as it will aid in case conceptualization and tailoring treatment recommendations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139472619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2023-08-24DOI: 10.1037/tra0001551
Ian A Gutierrez, Stephen W Krauss, Amy B Adler
Objective: To determine whether moral awareness leadership moderated the relationship between combat experiences and soldier mental health symptoms following deployment.
Method: The Leadership in Moral Awareness Scale (LIMAS) was evaluated using anonymous surveys completed by 177 U.S. Army National Guardsmen. The survey also assessed general leadership, combat experiences, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression symptoms. Following factor analyses of the LIMAS, moderated regression models examined interactions between the LIMAS and combat experiences on mental health symptoms.
Results: Six items were selected to comprise the LIMAS. No main effect of the LIMAS was found for mental health variables after adjusting for general leadership. There were significant interaction effects between the LIMAS and combat experiences for depression and anxiety symptoms. Soldiers with higher levels of combat experiences reported fewer mental health symptoms if their leaders were rated highly on the LIMAS.
Conclusions: The LIMAS may offer a useful tool for assessing leader behaviors that can counteract negative mental health outcomes associated with combat. Findings provide support for encouraging leaders to focus on moral awareness during deployment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Leadership in moral awareness: Initial evidence from U.S. Army soldiers returning from deployment.","authors":"Ian A Gutierrez, Stephen W Krauss, Amy B Adler","doi":"10.1037/tra0001551","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine whether moral awareness leadership moderated the relationship between combat experiences and soldier mental health symptoms following deployment.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The Leadership in Moral Awareness Scale (LIMAS) was evaluated using anonymous surveys completed by 177 U.S. Army National Guardsmen. The survey also assessed general leadership, combat experiences, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression symptoms. Following factor analyses of the LIMAS, moderated regression models examined interactions between the LIMAS and combat experiences on mental health symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six items were selected to comprise the LIMAS. No main effect of the LIMAS was found for mental health variables after adjusting for general leadership. There were significant interaction effects between the LIMAS and combat experiences for depression and anxiety symptoms. Soldiers with higher levels of combat experiences reported fewer mental health symptoms if their leaders were rated highly on the LIMAS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The LIMAS may offer a useful tool for assessing leader behaviors that can counteract negative mental health outcomes associated with combat. Findings provide support for encouraging leaders to focus on moral awareness during deployment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10435624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2023-11-02DOI: 10.1037/tra0001599
H Ryan Wagner, Megan Lanier, Kiera Molloy, Lynn Van Male, Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education And Clinical Center Workgroup, Eric B Elbogen
Objective: The study investigated the association over time between the rates of anger/hostility and suicidality in post-9/11 veterans as a function of time following separation from the military and combat exposure.
Method: Structured clinical interviews were conducted with N = 2,580 Iraq/Afghanistan-era U.S. military veterans serving since 9/11/01. For each participant, a postseparation interval was calculated as the time between military separation and the clinical interview, with a range of up to 9 years. Combat exposure was assessed using a three-level categorical proxy derived from the Combat Exposure Scale indexing levels of none, below, and above median exposure. Three separate estimates measuring anger/hostility and three separate measures of suicidality were modeled variously across separation intervals and levels of combat exposure.
Results: In bivariate analyses, higher levels of combat exposure were associated with overall significantly higher levels of both anger/hostility and suicidality. Based on multivariable analyses, rates in measures indexing suicidality among veterans did not decrease as a function of the number of years postseparation. In contrast, rates in measures indexing anger/hostility among veterans endorsing above-median levels of combat exposure decreased significantly with increasing time since separation. Nonetheless, even at longer time points, both suicidality and anger/hostility remained elevated among respondents endorsing above-median combat exposure.
Conclusions: These findings illustrate the importance of implementing suicide prevention and anger management programs for postseparation adjustment as well as for the period beyond the immediate postseparation, with particular attention paid to the level of combat exposure experienced. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Anger and suicidality in veterans: Impact of postseparation time and combat.","authors":"H Ryan Wagner, Megan Lanier, Kiera Molloy, Lynn Van Male, Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education And Clinical Center Workgroup, Eric B Elbogen","doi":"10.1037/tra0001599","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study investigated the association over time between the rates of anger/hostility and suicidality in post-9/11 veterans as a function of time following separation from the military and combat exposure.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Structured clinical interviews were conducted with <i>N</i> = 2,580 Iraq/Afghanistan-era U.S. military veterans serving since 9/11/01. For each participant, a postseparation interval was calculated as the time between military separation and the clinical interview, with a range of up to 9 years. Combat exposure was assessed using a three-level categorical proxy derived from the Combat Exposure Scale indexing levels of none, below, and above median exposure. Three separate estimates measuring anger/hostility and three separate measures of suicidality were modeled variously across separation intervals and levels of combat exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In bivariate analyses, higher levels of combat exposure were associated with overall significantly higher levels of both anger/hostility and suicidality. Based on multivariable analyses, rates in measures indexing suicidality among veterans did not decrease as a function of the number of years postseparation. In contrast, rates in measures indexing anger/hostility among veterans endorsing above-median levels of combat exposure decreased significantly with increasing time since separation. Nonetheless, even at longer time points, both suicidality and anger/hostility remained elevated among respondents endorsing above-median combat exposure.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings illustrate the importance of implementing suicide prevention and anger management programs for postseparation adjustment as well as for the period beyond the immediate postseparation, with particular attention paid to the level of combat exposure experienced. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71426399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2023-07-27DOI: 10.1037/tra0001556
Anat Shoshani
Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened children's and adolescents' risk of experiencing long-term mental health problems and a decline in subjective well-being. To better understand the longitudinal impact of COVID-19, this study explored the role of demographic variables and the potential moderating effects of social support and daily routines as resilience factors.
Method: A nationally representative, longitudinal cohort of 5,217 Israeli children and adolescents aged 10-15 at baseline completed measures of mental health symptoms, life satisfaction, positive and negative emotions, gratitude, social support, and daily routines. Data were collected in school at four measurement points: September 2019 (before the outbreak of COVID-19; N = 5,127), May 2020 (after the first lockdown; N = 4,698), May 2021 (after the third wave lockdown; N = 4,813), and May 2022 (after the fourth and fifth waves of the pandemic; N = 4,897). The data were analyzed using multilevel mixed models.
Results: Significant increases in depression, anxiety, and panic along with decreases in psychological well-being were found as a function of time. These effects were moderated by age and gender. Participants with high social support and structured daily routines reported smaller increases in mental health symptoms than students with low social support or irregular daily routines.
Conclusion: There is a critical need for clinical and educational interventions for young people during this period to promote the resilience factors that can moderate well-being and counter the decline in mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Longitudinal changes in children's and adolescents' mental health and well-being and associated protective factors during the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Anat Shoshani","doi":"10.1037/tra0001556","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened children's and adolescents' risk of experiencing long-term mental health problems and a decline in subjective well-being. To better understand the longitudinal impact of COVID-19, this study explored the role of demographic variables and the potential moderating effects of social support and daily routines as resilience factors.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A nationally representative, longitudinal cohort of 5,217 Israeli children and adolescents aged 10-15 at baseline completed measures of mental health symptoms, life satisfaction, positive and negative emotions, gratitude, social support, and daily routines. Data were collected in school at four measurement points: September 2019 (before the outbreak of COVID-19; <i>N</i> = 5,127), May 2020 (after the first lockdown; <i>N</i> = 4,698), May 2021 (after the third wave lockdown; N = 4,813), and May 2022 (after the fourth and fifth waves of the pandemic; <i>N</i> = 4,897). The data were analyzed using multilevel mixed models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant increases in depression, anxiety, and panic along with decreases in psychological well-being were found as a function of time. These effects were moderated by age and gender. Participants with high social support and structured daily routines reported smaller increases in mental health symptoms than students with low social support or irregular daily routines.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a critical need for clinical and educational interventions for young people during this period to promote the resilience factors that can moderate well-being and counter the decline in mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9883090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2023-10-05DOI: 10.1037/tra0001592
Maor Kalfon-Hakhmigari, Jonathan E Handelzalts, Yulia Wilk Goldsher, Haim Krissi, Yoav Peled
Objective: Childbirth can be a stressful event that leads to the development of acute stress. However, little is known about postpartum acute stress among mothers and even less among fathers. The current study aims to expand the understanding of postpartum acute stress symptoms by examining associations with dispositional optimism, subjective birth satisfaction, and social support in a moderated-mediation model.
Method: Participants comprised 567 mothers and 109 fathers who gave/were present at birth, sampled at the maternity ward of a tertiary healthcare center. Self-report questionnaires were distributed a few days postpartum: demographic and obstetric information, dispositional optimism (Life Orientation Test-Revised), birth satisfaction (Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised), social support (the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), and acute stress symptoms (National Stressful Events Survey Acute Stress Disorder Short Scale).
Results: For mothers, birth satisfaction mediated the association between dispositional optimism and acute stress, and social support moderated the association between birth satisfaction and acute stress for all levels of social support (B = .14, SE = .05, CI [.05 to .23]). For fathers, a similar moderated-mediation occurred; however, at high levels of social support, the association between birth satisfaction and acute stress became insignificant (B = .17, SE = .08, CI [.02 to .32]; index of moderated-mediation = .08, [-.07 to .22]).
Conclusions: Optimism through birth satisfaction may reduce acute stress levels following childbirth among parents, while different effects of social support for fathers and mothers were discovered. For fathers, high levels of social support were found to eliminate the association between birth satisfaction and acute stress and therefore buffer the development of postpartum acute stress symptoms. This study took place in one healthcare center with mostly Jewish participants; further studies are thus needed for better generalization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Social support as a differential moderator of the association between optimism, birth satisfaction, and postpartum acute stress symptoms of fathers and mothers.","authors":"Maor Kalfon-Hakhmigari, Jonathan E Handelzalts, Yulia Wilk Goldsher, Haim Krissi, Yoav Peled","doi":"10.1037/tra0001592","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001592","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Childbirth can be a stressful event that leads to the development of acute stress. However, little is known about postpartum acute stress among mothers and even less among fathers. The current study aims to expand the understanding of postpartum acute stress symptoms by examining associations with dispositional optimism, subjective birth satisfaction, and social support in a moderated-mediation model.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants comprised 567 mothers and 109 fathers who gave/were present at birth, sampled at the maternity ward of a tertiary healthcare center. Self-report questionnaires were distributed a few days postpartum: demographic and obstetric information, dispositional optimism (Life Orientation Test-Revised), birth satisfaction (Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised), social support (the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), and acute stress symptoms (National Stressful Events Survey Acute Stress Disorder Short Scale).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For mothers, birth satisfaction mediated the association between dispositional optimism and acute stress, and social support moderated the association between birth satisfaction and acute stress for all levels of social support (<i>B</i> = .14, <i>SE</i> = .05, CI [.05 to .23]). For fathers, a similar moderated-mediation occurred; however, at high levels of social support, the association between birth satisfaction and acute stress became insignificant (<i>B</i> = .17, <i>SE</i> = .08, CI [.02 to .32]; index of moderated-mediation = .08, [-.07 to .22]).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Optimism through birth satisfaction may reduce acute stress levels following childbirth among parents, while different effects of social support for fathers and mothers were discovered. For fathers, high levels of social support were found to eliminate the association between birth satisfaction and acute stress and therefore buffer the development of postpartum acute stress symptoms. This study took place in one healthcare center with mostly Jewish participants; further studies are thus needed for better generalization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41111093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2023-08-17DOI: 10.1037/tra0001559
William P Archuleta, Patricia L Kaminski, Nicholas D Ross
Emotional maltreatment (EM) is the most common retrospectively self-reported form of child abuse/neglect. One potential negative outcome for EM survivors is a lack of social connection (SC; i.e., feeling interpersonally distant from others, socially uncomfortable, etc.). Explanations of the link between EM and low SC, however, are insufficiently tested. Theory and empirical work point to shame as a ubiquitous consequence of EM that negatively affects self-concept and is also associated with low SC in adulthood.
Objective: We test the hypothesis that experiences of EM lead to shame that impairs the development of social self-concept and, ultimately, one's sense of SC.
Participants and setting: We collected self-report data from 244 American college students.
Method: Using structural equation modeling, we tested shame and social self-concept as sequential mediators of the path from EM to SC.
Results: Shame and social self-concept mediated the relationship between EM and SC, bringing this direct path below significance. Social self-concept partially mediated shame and SC. Overall, our model accounted for 77% of the variability in SC.
Conclusions: Children subjected to EM by caregivers are likely to experience themselves as deeply flawed (i.e., shame) and have difficulty developing a secure sense of themselves, especially as relational beings. Our results suggest that when shame interferes with the development of a positive social self-concept, survivors of EM are at-risk for low SC. Treatment implications include a focus on healing shame and building social self-concept. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
情感虐待(EM)是最常见的自我回顾性报告的虐待/忽视儿童形式。情感虐待幸存者的一个潜在负面结果是缺乏社会联系(SC;即感觉与他人疏远、社交不自在等)。然而,EM 与低 SC 之间联系的解释尚未得到充分验证。理论和实证研究都指出,羞耻感是情绪低落的一种普遍后果,它会对自我概念产生负面影响,并与成年后的低自尊心有关:我们检验了这样一个假设,即EM经历导致的羞耻感会损害社会自我概念的发展,并最终影响一个人的SC感:我们收集了 244 名美国大学生的自我报告数据:通过结构方程模型,我们检验了羞耻感和社会自我概念作为从 EM 到 SC 的路径的连续中介的作用:结果:羞耻感和社会自我概念调解了EM和SC之间的关系,使这一直接路径低于显著性。社会自我概念对羞耻感和 SC 起了部分中介作用。总体而言,我们的模型可解释 SC 变异的 77%:结论:受到照顾者EM影响的儿童很可能会认为自己有很大的缺陷(即羞耻感),并且难以形成对自己的安全感,尤其是作为关系人的安全感。我们的研究结果表明,当羞耻感干扰了积极的社会自我概念的发展时,EM幸存者就有可能出现低SC。对治疗的影响包括注重治愈羞耻感和建立社会自我概念。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
{"title":"The roles of shame and poor self-concept in explaining low social connection among adult survivors of childhood emotional maltreatment.","authors":"William P Archuleta, Patricia L Kaminski, Nicholas D Ross","doi":"10.1037/tra0001559","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001559","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotional maltreatment (EM) is the most common retrospectively self-reported form of child abuse/neglect. One potential negative outcome for EM survivors is a lack of social connection (SC; i.e., feeling interpersonally distant from others, socially uncomfortable, etc.). Explanations of the link between EM and low SC, however, are insufficiently tested. Theory and empirical work point to shame as a ubiquitous consequence of EM that negatively affects self-concept and is also associated with low SC in adulthood.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We test the hypothesis that experiences of EM lead to shame that impairs the development of social self-concept and, ultimately, one's sense of SC.</p><p><strong>Participants and setting: </strong>We collected self-report data from 244 American college students.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using structural equation modeling, we tested shame and social self-concept as sequential mediators of the path from EM to SC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Shame and social self-concept mediated the relationship between EM and SC, bringing this direct path below significance. Social self-concept partially mediated shame and SC. Overall, our model accounted for 77% of the variability in SC.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Children subjected to EM by caregivers are likely to experience themselves as deeply flawed (i.e., shame) and have difficulty developing a secure sense of themselves, especially as relational beings. Our results suggest that when shame interferes with the development of a positive social self-concept, survivors of EM are at-risk for low SC. Treatment implications include a focus on healing shame and building social self-concept. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10005542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1037/tra0001561
Johnathan Walker, Alexandria F Sowers, Robert A Kaya, M Kati Lear, Ryan M Kozina, Joshua D Clapp
Objective: Chronic childhood trauma is consistently linked to negative mental health outcomes in adulthood, but research exploring specific paths of risk remains limited. The aims of the current study were to examine trauma cognitions as intervening variables in the relation of chronic victimization with perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, variables implicated in transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology.
Method: Semistructured interviews were used to identify university students reporting exposure to systematic physical and/or sexual violence prior to age 18 (n = 101) versus those experiencing other Criterion-A events (n = 254). Trauma cognitions (self, world, and self-blame) and thwarted interpersonal needs (burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness) were measured using scores from the posttrauma cognitions inventory (PTCI) and the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire-10 (INQ-10). Path models in these cross-sectional data were evaluated to assess the indirect effects of chronic abuse on burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness through self, world, and blame cognitions.
Results: An initial model indicated associations of chronic victimization on self (p = .044) and world (p = .005) scales of the PTCI and a unique effect of self-beliefs on INQ-10 burdensomeness (p < .001). An indirect effect of abuse on burdensomeness through self-beliefs was supported (p = .050). A second model identified direct effects of PTCI self (p < .001) and world (p < .001) scores on thwarted belongingness as well as an indirect effect of chronic abuse on belongingness through world beliefs (p = .026).
Conclusions: While typically assessed within the context of posttraumatic stress disorder, results suggest that shifts in fundamental beliefs about the self and the world may have more general impacts on perceptions of burdensomeness and belonging in survivors of early, systematic abuse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Trauma cognitions as intervening variables in the relation of chronic child abuse and thwarted interpersonal needs.","authors":"Johnathan Walker, Alexandria F Sowers, Robert A Kaya, M Kati Lear, Ryan M Kozina, Joshua D Clapp","doi":"10.1037/tra0001561","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001561","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Chronic childhood trauma is consistently linked to negative mental health outcomes in adulthood, but research exploring specific paths of risk remains limited. The aims of the current study were to examine trauma cognitions as intervening variables in the relation of chronic victimization with perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, variables implicated in transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Semistructured interviews were used to identify university students reporting exposure to systematic physical and/or sexual violence prior to age 18 (<i>n</i> = 101) versus those experiencing other Criterion-A events (<i>n</i> = 254). Trauma cognitions (self, world, and self-blame) and thwarted interpersonal needs (burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness) were measured using scores from the posttrauma cognitions inventory (PTCI) and the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire-10 (INQ-10). Path models in these cross-sectional data were evaluated to assess the indirect effects of chronic abuse on burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness through self, world, and blame cognitions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An initial model indicated associations of chronic victimization on self (<i>p</i> = .044) and world (<i>p</i> = .005) scales of the PTCI and a unique effect of self-beliefs on INQ-10 burdensomeness (<i>p</i> < .001). An indirect effect of abuse on burdensomeness through self-beliefs was supported (<i>p</i> = .050). A second model identified direct effects of PTCI self (<i>p</i> < .001) and world (<i>p</i> < .001) scores on thwarted belongingness as well as an indirect effect of chronic abuse on belongingness through world beliefs (p = .026).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While typically assessed within the context of posttraumatic stress disorder, results suggest that shifts in fundamental beliefs about the self and the world may have more general impacts on perceptions of burdensomeness and belonging in survivors of early, systematic abuse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9964773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2023-06-22DOI: 10.1037/tra0001519
Talya Greene, Jasmine Harju-Seppänen, Jo Billings, Chris R Brewin, Dominic Murphy, Michael A P Bloomfield
Objective: Health and social care workers (HSCWs) have been shown to be at risk of exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) and mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to examine associations between exposure to PMIEs and meeting threshold criteria for probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and probable complex PTSD (CPTSD) in U.K. HSCWs immediately after the peak of the first COVID-19 wave.
Method: Frontline HSCWs from across the United Kingdom working in diverse roles in hospitals, nursing or care homes, and other community settings were recruited to the Frontline-COVID study via social media. Participants (n = 1,056) completed a cross-sectional online survey (May 27, 2020-July 23, 2020) which assessed exposure to PMIEs (nine-item Moral Injury Events Scale), and meeting symptom thresholds for probable PTSD and probable CPTSD (International Trauma Questionnaire).
Results: PMIEs related to witnessing others' wrongful actions and betrayal events were more commonly endorsed than perceived self-transgressions. The rate of probable International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11) PTSD was 8.3%, and of probable ICD-11 CPTSD was 14.2%. Betrayal-related PMIEs were a significant predictor of probable PTSD or probable CPTSD, together with having been redeployed during the pandemic. The only variable that differentially predicted probable CPTSD as compared with probable PTSD was not having had reliable access to personal protective equipment; none of the PMIE types were differential predictors for screening positive for probable PTSD versus probable CPTSD.
Conclusions: Exposure to PIMEs could be important for PTSD and CPTSD development. Interventions for moral injury in HSCWs should be investigated. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Exposure to potentially morally injurious events in U.K. health and social care workers during COVID-19: Associations with PTSD and complex PTSD.","authors":"Talya Greene, Jasmine Harju-Seppänen, Jo Billings, Chris R Brewin, Dominic Murphy, Michael A P Bloomfield","doi":"10.1037/tra0001519","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Health and social care workers (HSCWs) have been shown to be at risk of exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) and mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to examine associations between exposure to PMIEs and meeting threshold criteria for probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and probable complex PTSD (CPTSD) in U.K. HSCWs immediately after the peak of the first COVID-19 wave.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Frontline HSCWs from across the United Kingdom working in diverse roles in hospitals, nursing or care homes, and other community settings were recruited to the Frontline-COVID study via social media. Participants (<i>n</i> = 1,056) completed a cross-sectional online survey (May 27, 2020-July 23, 2020) which assessed exposure to PMIEs (nine-item Moral Injury Events Scale), and meeting symptom thresholds for probable PTSD and probable CPTSD (International Trauma Questionnaire).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PMIEs related to witnessing others' wrongful actions and betrayal events were more commonly endorsed than perceived self-transgressions. The rate of probable International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11) PTSD was 8.3%, and of probable ICD-11 CPTSD was 14.2%. Betrayal-related PMIEs were a significant predictor of probable PTSD or probable CPTSD, together with having been redeployed during the pandemic. The only variable that differentially predicted probable CPTSD as compared with probable PTSD was not having had reliable access to personal protective equipment; none of the PMIE types were differential predictors for screening positive for probable PTSD versus probable CPTSD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Exposure to PIMEs could be important for PTSD and CPTSD development. Interventions for moral injury in HSCWs should be investigated. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10050785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}