Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/00346373221132201
J. Eberl
As the COVID-19 pandemic persists and new vaccine boosters targeting the latest subvariants have been approved, public debate concerning vaccines and vaccination mandates has not subsided. Such debate has been particularly acute among Roman Catholics and other Christians, with arguments having been put forth from scriptural and natural law bases in favor of vaccination against COVID-19, and counterarguments based on respecting individual conscience and concerns about moral complicity with abortion. In this article, I argue that principles of both secular public health and Christian social ethics justify vaccination mandates for COVID-19. I further show why certain objections Christians may have are ill-founded and conclude that no moral reason exists for a Christian to refuse to be vaccinated for COVID-19; rather, vaccination for COVID-19 is a moral obligation.
{"title":"Are Christians morally obligated to be vaccinated for COVID-19?","authors":"J. Eberl","doi":"10.1177/00346373221132201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346373221132201","url":null,"abstract":"As the COVID-19 pandemic persists and new vaccine boosters targeting the latest subvariants have been approved, public debate concerning vaccines and vaccination mandates has not subsided. Such debate has been particularly acute among Roman Catholics and other Christians, with arguments having been put forth from scriptural and natural law bases in favor of vaccination against COVID-19, and counterarguments based on respecting individual conscience and concerns about moral complicity with abortion. In this article, I argue that principles of both secular public health and Christian social ethics justify vaccination mandates for COVID-19. I further show why certain objections Christians may have are ill-founded and conclude that no moral reason exists for a Christian to refuse to be vaccinated for COVID-19; rather, vaccination for COVID-19 is a moral obligation.","PeriodicalId":21049,"journal":{"name":"Review & Expositor","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44117372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/00346373221136249
Mari Rapela Heidt
Renal disease is an endemic problem within the United States, with about 10% of the population afflicted with kidney problems that range from minor to life-threatening. Black Americans are especially affected by kidney disease, with a high proportion of those affected needing a kidney transplant. While kidney transplants are very common, a shortage of donated kidneys exists, causing many people to turn to directed living donation, through which family members or friends volunteer to donate a healthy kidney to a specific person. This essay examines racial bias in the evaluation of living donors, especially the bias associated with body mass index. The requirement for a “normal weight” prevents many African American volunteers from donating, leading to a higher mortality rate than necessary for Black kidney transplant patients.
{"title":"We need more kidneys: Living donation, BMI, and Black mortality from renal disease","authors":"Mari Rapela Heidt","doi":"10.1177/00346373221136249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346373221136249","url":null,"abstract":"Renal disease is an endemic problem within the United States, with about 10% of the population afflicted with kidney problems that range from minor to life-threatening. Black Americans are especially affected by kidney disease, with a high proportion of those affected needing a kidney transplant. While kidney transplants are very common, a shortage of donated kidneys exists, causing many people to turn to directed living donation, through which family members or friends volunteer to donate a healthy kidney to a specific person. This essay examines racial bias in the evaluation of living donors, especially the bias associated with body mass index. The requirement for a “normal weight” prevents many African American volunteers from donating, leading to a higher mortality rate than necessary for Black kidney transplant patients.","PeriodicalId":21049,"journal":{"name":"Review & Expositor","volume":"119 1","pages":"100 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48579549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/00346373221130159m
R. Olson
{"title":"Willie James Jennings, After Whiteness: An Education in Belonging","authors":"R. Olson","doi":"10.1177/00346373221130159m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346373221130159m","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21049,"journal":{"name":"Review & Expositor","volume":"119 1","pages":"167 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48152621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/00346373221134615
Henry W. Spaulding
The tension between the economy and health care in the United States was on full display during the COVID-19 pandemic and continues to raise uncomfortable questions for the medical and faith communities. Chief among the issues raised is the inequality that emerged between the healthy and vulnerable, which caused vocal proponents to encourage the vulnerable to sacrifice their lives in order for the economy to continue unfettered by the pandemic. This article explores how “COVID capitalism” constricted the ability of the health care community to execute its duties morally and promote the health and well-being of the nation’s elderly. It argues that the practices of vulnerability and dependence, viewed through the cardinal virtues, unseat the economic reason at the heart of COVID capitalism and promote health as a central good alongside economic well-being.
{"title":"A shared humanity: COVID capitalism and the future of the health care ethics","authors":"Henry W. Spaulding","doi":"10.1177/00346373221134615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346373221134615","url":null,"abstract":"The tension between the economy and health care in the United States was on full display during the COVID-19 pandemic and continues to raise uncomfortable questions for the medical and faith communities. Chief among the issues raised is the inequality that emerged between the healthy and vulnerable, which caused vocal proponents to encourage the vulnerable to sacrifice their lives in order for the economy to continue unfettered by the pandemic. This article explores how “COVID capitalism” constricted the ability of the health care community to execute its duties morally and promote the health and well-being of the nation’s elderly. It argues that the practices of vulnerability and dependence, viewed through the cardinal virtues, unseat the economic reason at the heart of COVID capitalism and promote health as a central good alongside economic well-being.","PeriodicalId":21049,"journal":{"name":"Review & Expositor","volume":"119 1","pages":"86 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49554659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/00346373221133843
Philip LeMasters
The response of the Eastern Orthodox Church to the COVID-19 pandemic reflects its distinctive theological and liturgical traditions as well as its decentralized system of governance. Foundational beliefs and practices inform Orthodoxy’s understanding of the imperative to care for the physical well-being of the sick. Points of disagreement arose in Orthodox communities concerning public health restrictions on attendance at the Divine Liturgy, the use of a common communion spoon, whether diseases may be transmitted through the Eucharist, and the appropriateness of receiving vaccinations tested or produced with cell lines derived from the tissue of aborted fetuses. Such contested matters reflect points of tension between characteristic beliefs and practices of Orthodoxy and its commitment to care for the health of neighbors during a global pandemic.
{"title":"A theological and ethical analysis of the response of the Eastern Orthodox to the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Philip LeMasters","doi":"10.1177/00346373221133843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346373221133843","url":null,"abstract":"The response of the Eastern Orthodox Church to the COVID-19 pandemic reflects its distinctive theological and liturgical traditions as well as its decentralized system of governance. Foundational beliefs and practices inform Orthodoxy’s understanding of the imperative to care for the physical well-being of the sick. Points of disagreement arose in Orthodox communities concerning public health restrictions on attendance at the Divine Liturgy, the use of a common communion spoon, whether diseases may be transmitted through the Eucharist, and the appropriateness of receiving vaccinations tested or produced with cell lines derived from the tissue of aborted fetuses. Such contested matters reflect points of tension between characteristic beliefs and practices of Orthodoxy and its commitment to care for the health of neighbors during a global pandemic.","PeriodicalId":21049,"journal":{"name":"Review & Expositor","volume":"119 1","pages":"110 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46781403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/00346373221130159n
Christopher T. Holmes
{"title":"Chloe T. Sun, Attempt Great Things for God: Theological Education in Diaspora","authors":"Christopher T. Holmes","doi":"10.1177/00346373221130159n","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346373221130159n","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21049,"journal":{"name":"Review & Expositor","volume":"119 1","pages":"168 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43915043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/00346373221130159g
Peter Jones
these problems. First, readers must acknowledge their ignorance. We do not understand the Lord’s purposes; sometimes hardships remain to teach character or to allow sinners to change paths. Second, readers must check their hearts’ motives, ensuring that they seek justice rather than vengeance. Finally, readers should read Proverbs in its broader Scriptural context. Overall, this book does an excellent job of unpacking the message of the book of Proverbs. Hernández’s engaging stories and lively style, as well as the relative brevity of the book, make the work accessible to a range of readers. At certain points, Hernández could have provided greater clarity. For instance, the use throughout the book of two dominant metaphors (puzzle and pathway) causes some confusion. Overall, however, the book is quite readable. Hernández admits he has “almost exclusively focused on the Book of Proverbs” (p. 138). As mentioned above, in the afterword, Hernández commends reading Proverbs in its wider literary context; yet, readers may not feel well equipped to do so. Furthermore, Christian readers may want more discussion of how the message of Proverbs relates to the wisdom as found in the New Testament. Nevertheless, the book serves as an excellent introduction to the book of Proverbs itself, grounded by Hernández’s insightful scholarly and pastoral observations.
{"title":"Warren Carter, The Roman Empire and the New Testament: An Essential Guide","authors":"Peter Jones","doi":"10.1177/00346373221130159g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346373221130159g","url":null,"abstract":"these problems. First, readers must acknowledge their ignorance. We do not understand the Lord’s purposes; sometimes hardships remain to teach character or to allow sinners to change paths. Second, readers must check their hearts’ motives, ensuring that they seek justice rather than vengeance. Finally, readers should read Proverbs in its broader Scriptural context. Overall, this book does an excellent job of unpacking the message of the book of Proverbs. Hernández’s engaging stories and lively style, as well as the relative brevity of the book, make the work accessible to a range of readers. At certain points, Hernández could have provided greater clarity. For instance, the use throughout the book of two dominant metaphors (puzzle and pathway) causes some confusion. Overall, however, the book is quite readable. Hernández admits he has “almost exclusively focused on the Book of Proverbs” (p. 138). As mentioned above, in the afterword, Hernández commends reading Proverbs in its wider literary context; yet, readers may not feel well equipped to do so. Furthermore, Christian readers may want more discussion of how the message of Proverbs relates to the wisdom as found in the New Testament. Nevertheless, the book serves as an excellent introduction to the book of Proverbs itself, grounded by Hernández’s insightful scholarly and pastoral observations.","PeriodicalId":21049,"journal":{"name":"Review & Expositor","volume":"119 1","pages":"157 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45656803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/00346373221130159
D. Rigsby
Although Colossians and Philemon comprise shorter Pauline epistles, these letters nevertheless display fully Paul’s genuine love and deep concern for his readers’ proper understanding of the gospel and the practical implications of that gospel in their lives. Whether Paul’s concern is unity within a conflicted church or reconciliation with a runaway slave, Paul appeals powerfully to the church’s unity in the gospel and its implications for a life of Christian faithfulness. G. K. Beale contributes much to the study of these letters with his unique concern for the identification and exposition, both historical and exegetical, of OT allusions in the NT, though his insights on Philemon are admittedly restricted due to the letter’s nature (p. xi). In Beale’s estimation, the basic structure of Colossians and Philemon are similar in that they are both ancient letters containing an opening, a thanksgiving (and, for Philemon, a prayer), a letter body, and a closing. For Colossians, Beale summarizes the major sections concisely: the letter opening expresses Paul’s and Timothy’s desire for grace and peace for the Colossian Christians (1:1–2), while the thanksgiving reiterates Paul’s intention to thank God specifically for the reader’s Christian lives (1:3–23). In the third section, the letter body, Paul appeals to the Colossians that they strive for Christian maturity (1:24–4:6). Finally, Paul closes the letter by emphasizing his pastoral concern for the Colossian believers (4:7–18). In contrast to the material on Colossians, Beale’s exposition of Philemon constitutes a significantly shorter portion of the commentary proper. As Beale notes, after Paul opens the letter with an appeal for grace and peace for Philemon and the believers meeting in his home (vv.1-3), the apostle shifts to his thanksgiving and prayer, in which he thanks God for Philemon because of his genuine love and faithfulness that Paul hopes will continue to grow (vv. 4–7). In the letter body (vv. 8–21), Paul appeals to Philemon’s inner heart (vv. 8–14) that he would accept Onesimus back as a brother (vv. 15–21). While Paul hopes that Philemon will free Onesimus to return and minister to Paul, Paul nevertheless believes that Philemon’s acceptance of Onesimus either way “will refresh Paul’s heart in Christ,” which Beale notably identifies as the main logical point of the letter (p. 374). Paul then closes the letter with a request that Philemon displays pastoral concern for the apostle as Paul emphasizes his pastoral concern for Philemon and his house church (vv. 22-25). The commentary concludes with five excurses: “The Problem of Using the Criteria of Vocabulary and Writing Style to Discern Purportedly Non-Pauline Letters,” “Criteria for Discerning Old Testament Allusions and Their Use,” “‘Christ among the Gentiles’ as Part of the Mystery,” “The Old Testament Background of ‘the Uncircumcision of Your Flesh’ in Colossians 2:13,” and “The Master-Slave Relationship.” Each excursus deals with par
{"title":"G. K. Beale, Colossians and Philemon","authors":"D. Rigsby","doi":"10.1177/00346373221130159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346373221130159","url":null,"abstract":"Although Colossians and Philemon comprise shorter Pauline epistles, these letters nevertheless display fully Paul’s genuine love and deep concern for his readers’ proper understanding of the gospel and the practical implications of that gospel in their lives. Whether Paul’s concern is unity within a conflicted church or reconciliation with a runaway slave, Paul appeals powerfully to the church’s unity in the gospel and its implications for a life of Christian faithfulness. G. K. Beale contributes much to the study of these letters with his unique concern for the identification and exposition, both historical and exegetical, of OT allusions in the NT, though his insights on Philemon are admittedly restricted due to the letter’s nature (p. xi). In Beale’s estimation, the basic structure of Colossians and Philemon are similar in that they are both ancient letters containing an opening, a thanksgiving (and, for Philemon, a prayer), a letter body, and a closing. For Colossians, Beale summarizes the major sections concisely: the letter opening expresses Paul’s and Timothy’s desire for grace and peace for the Colossian Christians (1:1–2), while the thanksgiving reiterates Paul’s intention to thank God specifically for the reader’s Christian lives (1:3–23). In the third section, the letter body, Paul appeals to the Colossians that they strive for Christian maturity (1:24–4:6). Finally, Paul closes the letter by emphasizing his pastoral concern for the Colossian believers (4:7–18). In contrast to the material on Colossians, Beale’s exposition of Philemon constitutes a significantly shorter portion of the commentary proper. As Beale notes, after Paul opens the letter with an appeal for grace and peace for Philemon and the believers meeting in his home (vv.1-3), the apostle shifts to his thanksgiving and prayer, in which he thanks God for Philemon because of his genuine love and faithfulness that Paul hopes will continue to grow (vv. 4–7). In the letter body (vv. 8–21), Paul appeals to Philemon’s inner heart (vv. 8–14) that he would accept Onesimus back as a brother (vv. 15–21). While Paul hopes that Philemon will free Onesimus to return and minister to Paul, Paul nevertheless believes that Philemon’s acceptance of Onesimus either way “will refresh Paul’s heart in Christ,” which Beale notably identifies as the main logical point of the letter (p. 374). Paul then closes the letter with a request that Philemon displays pastoral concern for the apostle as Paul emphasizes his pastoral concern for Philemon and his house church (vv. 22-25). The commentary concludes with five excurses: “The Problem of Using the Criteria of Vocabulary and Writing Style to Discern Purportedly Non-Pauline Letters,” “Criteria for Discerning Old Testament Allusions and Their Use,” “‘Christ among the Gentiles’ as Part of the Mystery,” “The Old Testament Background of ‘the Uncircumcision of Your Flesh’ in Colossians 2:13,” and “The Master-Slave Relationship.” Each excursus deals with par","PeriodicalId":21049,"journal":{"name":"Review & Expositor","volume":"119 1","pages":"147 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47019337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-18eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1988817
Arina B Favilla, Markus Horning, Daniel P Costa
The ability to maintain a high core body temperature is a defining characteristic of all mammals, yet their diverse habitats present disparate thermal challenges that have led to specialized adaptations. Marine mammals inhabit a highly conductive environment. Their thermoregulatory capabilities far exceed our own despite having limited avenues of heat transfer. Additionally, marine mammals must balance their thermoregulatory demands with those associated with diving (i.e. oxygen conservation), both of which rely on cardiovascular adjustments. This review presents the progress and novel efforts in investigating marine mammal thermoregulation, with a particular focus on the role of peripheral perfusion. Early studies in marine mammal thermal physiology were primarily performed in the laboratory and provided foundational knowledge through in vivo experiments and ex vivo measurements. However, the ecological relevance of these findings remains unknown because comparable efforts on free-ranging animals have been limited. We demonstrate the utility of biologgers for studying their thermal adaptations in the context in which they evolved. Our preliminary results from freely diving northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) reveal blubber's dynamic nature and the complex interaction between thermoregulation and the dive response due to the dual role of peripheral perfusion. Further exploring the potential use of biologgers for measuring physiological variables relevant to thermal physiology in other marine mammal species will enhance our understanding of the relative importance of morphology, physiology, and behavior for thermoregulation and overall homeostasis.
{"title":"Advances in thermal physiology of diving marine mammals: The dual role of peripheral perfusion.","authors":"Arina B Favilla, Markus Horning, Daniel P Costa","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2021.1988817","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23328940.2021.1988817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ability to maintain a high core body temperature is a defining characteristic of all mammals, yet their diverse habitats present disparate thermal challenges that have led to specialized adaptations. Marine mammals inhabit a highly conductive environment. Their thermoregulatory capabilities far exceed our own despite having limited avenues of heat transfer. Additionally, marine mammals must balance their thermoregulatory demands with those associated with diving (i.e. oxygen conservation), both of which rely on cardiovascular adjustments. This review presents the progress and novel efforts in investigating marine mammal thermoregulation, with a particular focus on the role of peripheral perfusion. Early studies in marine mammal thermal physiology were primarily performed in the laboratory and provided foundational knowledge through <i>in vivo</i> experiments and <i>ex vivo</i> measurements. However, the ecological relevance of these findings remains unknown because comparable efforts on free-ranging animals have been limited. We demonstrate the utility of biologgers for studying their thermal adaptations in the context in which they evolved. Our preliminary results from freely diving northern elephant seals (<i>Mirounga angustirostris</i>) reveal blubber's dynamic nature and the complex interaction between thermoregulation and the dive response due to the dual role of peripheral perfusion. Further exploring the potential use of biologgers for measuring physiological variables relevant to thermal physiology in other marine mammal species will enhance our understanding of the relative importance of morphology, physiology, and behavior for thermoregulation and overall homeostasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":21049,"journal":{"name":"Review & Expositor","volume":"46 1","pages":"46-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9154795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86871683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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