In shrinking cities, there is a need to simultaneously respond to current conditions of vacancy and loss, while anticipating prospects for stabilization and future growth. Temporary uses enable cities to harvest the opportunities that are present in on-going cycles of growth and decline. Rather than commit to a rigid and formal course of action. The widespread deployment of temporary use initiatives can point the way towards a new form of urbanism — one that is flexible, community-responsive, and sustainable.
{"title":"Temporary Services for Shrinking Cities","authors":"T. Schwarz","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2016931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2016931","url":null,"abstract":"In shrinking cities, there is a need to simultaneously respond to current conditions of vacancy and loss, while anticipating prospects for stabilization and future growth. Temporary uses enable cities to harvest the opportunities that are present in on-going cycles of growth and decline. Rather than commit to a rigid and formal course of action. The widespread deployment of temporary use initiatives can point the way towards a new form of urbanism — one that is flexible, community-responsive, and sustainable.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126078162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suburban development surged after World War II, drawing residents and retail from the core city. The growth of post-war suburbs was rapid and often occurred with little consideration of physical form and stormwater management. As these suburbs age, they are beginning to lose their appeal to homebuyers and businesses, as the development dynamic and roadway infrastructure is pushing further out to the periphery of metropolitan areas and beyond.Older suburbs — those that developed prior to world War II — are better able to retain their competitive edge because they typically have distinctive architecture, walkable neighborhoods, planned green spaces, and access to public transit. All of these features help older suburbs retain their market appeal, even in the face of changing demographics and settlement patterns within a region. In contrast, post-war suburbs tend to lack the architectural character and amenities found in older suburbs. Post-war suburbs also face challenges in dealing with infrastructure, changing traffic patterns, and stormwater management that stem from decisions that were made rapidly and often without adequate planning during periods of growth in the early years of these communities. This paper looks at retrofitting postwar suburbs with a civic and environmental framework that will better enable these places to retain their viability over the long term. The paper includes case studies of Boardman, Ohio (an inner-ring suburb of Youngstown), and Independence and North Royalton, Ohio (both suburbs of Cleveland).
{"title":"Urban Design and Stormwater Management Strategies for Suburban Regeneration","authors":"T. Schwarz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2016932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2016932","url":null,"abstract":"Suburban development surged after World War II, drawing residents and retail from the core city. The growth of post-war suburbs was rapid and often occurred with little consideration of physical form and stormwater management. As these suburbs age, they are beginning to lose their appeal to homebuyers and businesses, as the development dynamic and roadway infrastructure is pushing further out to the periphery of metropolitan areas and beyond.Older suburbs — those that developed prior to world War II — are better able to retain their competitive edge because they typically have distinctive architecture, walkable neighborhoods, planned green spaces, and access to public transit. All of these features help older suburbs retain their market appeal, even in the face of changing demographics and settlement patterns within a region. In contrast, post-war suburbs tend to lack the architectural character and amenities found in older suburbs. Post-war suburbs also face challenges in dealing with infrastructure, changing traffic patterns, and stormwater management that stem from decisions that were made rapidly and often without adequate planning during periods of growth in the early years of these communities. This paper looks at retrofitting postwar suburbs with a civic and environmental framework that will better enable these places to retain their viability over the long term. The paper includes case studies of Boardman, Ohio (an inner-ring suburb of Youngstown), and Independence and North Royalton, Ohio (both suburbs of Cleveland).","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122587274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a principal-agent model we analyze the firm's decision to adopt an informal or a standardized environmental management system (EMS). Our results are consistent with empirical evidence in several respects. A standardized EMS increases the internal control at the cost of introducing some degree of rigidity that entails an endogenous setup cost. Standardized systems are more prone to be adopted by big and well established firms and under tougher environmental policies. Firms with standardized EMS tend to devote more effort to abatement although this effort results in lower pollution only if public incentives are strong enough, suggesting a complementarity relationship between standardized EMS and public policies. Emission charges have both a marginal effect on abatement and a qualitative effect on the adoption decision that may induce a conflict between private and public interests. As a result of the combination of these two effects it can be optimal for the government to distort the tax in a specific way in order to push the firm to choose the socially optimal EMS. The introduction of standardized systems can result in win-win situations where firms, society and the environment get better off.
{"title":"Standardized Environmental Management Systems as an Internal Management Tool","authors":"Eduard Alonso‐Paulí, F. André","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2005697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2005697","url":null,"abstract":"In a principal-agent model we analyze the firm's decision to adopt an informal or a standardized environmental management system (EMS). Our results are consistent with empirical evidence in several respects. A standardized EMS increases the internal control at the cost of introducing some degree of rigidity that entails an endogenous setup cost. Standardized systems are more prone to be adopted by big and well established firms and under tougher environmental policies. Firms with standardized EMS tend to devote more effort to abatement although this effort results in lower pollution only if public incentives are strong enough, suggesting a complementarity relationship between standardized EMS and public policies. Emission charges have both a marginal effect on abatement and a qualitative effect on the adoption decision that may induce a conflict between private and public interests. As a result of the combination of these two effects it can be optimal for the government to distort the tax in a specific way in order to push the firm to choose the socially optimal EMS. The introduction of standardized systems can result in win-win situations where firms, society and the environment get better off.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133721614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sean McGuire, Nathan J. Newton, Thomas C. Omer, Nathan Y. Sharp
Recent research indicates the social norms of geographic areas where firms are headquartered have an impact on corporate decision-making. Drawing on instrumental stakeholder theory and social norm theory, we extend this line of research by examining the influence of local religiosity on corporate social responsibility (CSR). This study shows that firms headquartered in areas with a strong religious presence receive lower ratings for CSR, and the market rewards these firms for their choices. Our findings contribute to understanding factors that impact individual firm choices regarding CSR as well as demonstrating the role of religious attitudes in corporate behavior.
{"title":"Does Local Religiosity Impact Corporate Social Responsibility?","authors":"Sean McGuire, Nathan J. Newton, Thomas C. Omer, Nathan Y. Sharp","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1926387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1926387","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research indicates the social norms of geographic areas where firms are headquartered have an impact on corporate decision-making. Drawing on instrumental stakeholder theory and social norm theory, we extend this line of research by examining the influence of local religiosity on corporate social responsibility (CSR). This study shows that firms headquartered in areas with a strong religious presence receive lower ratings for CSR, and the market rewards these firms for their choices. Our findings contribute to understanding factors that impact individual firm choices regarding CSR as well as demonstrating the role of religious attitudes in corporate behavior.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124321843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The normative financial assumption currently at play in both the corporate sector and 'responsible' investment is that accountability and transparency are the primary prerequisites for 'good' governance. Here, it is assumed that financial disclosure, and open and transparent accounting are sufficient indicators of probity. Should the particular entity, which seeks to gain financially from investing in the corporation in question, require further proof of responsibility, it often requires reporting against other environmental, social, or 'governance' criteria (ESG).This paper seeks to challenge these assumptions by arguing that accountability and transparency and 'ESG' are only partial determinants of responsible corporate and financial behaviour. Since the Rio 'Earth' Summit in 1992 - followed by Rio 10 in Johannesburg in 2002, and now Rio 20 - the international community has placed considerable emphasis on sustainability as a key means of social, environmental and economic development. This global policy agenda has also played itself out within the corporate and financial spheres, with several United Nations bodies now having carriage of responsibility for encouraging the implementation of good corporate and financial practice.A wide range of expectations is now placed on corporations seeking to promote themselves as suitable candidates for responsible investment. In turn, responsible investment as a financial industry sector is also coming under increasing scrutiny regarding its activities. Using a hierarchical framework of principles, criteria and indicators, this paper evaluates the governance quality of responsible investment. Following international political theory, it subjects the sector to a multi-stakeholder analysis of governance quality by means of an international survey conducted in 2011. The survey shows that while stakeholders rate governance quality relatively highly, there are some wide discrepancies across key indicators, and stakeholder groups. These results are similar to those previously collected in 2009, and reveal some governance trends. The results have implications for current and future governance practice in both corporations seeking recognition as suitable prospects for responsible investment, and for the responsible investment industry itself.
{"title":"Re-Casting the Frame of Corporate Social Responsibility and Responsible Investment: An Environmental and Social Perspective","authors":"Timothy Cadman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1975546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1975546","url":null,"abstract":"The normative financial assumption currently at play in both the corporate sector and 'responsible' investment is that accountability and transparency are the primary prerequisites for 'good' governance. Here, it is assumed that financial disclosure, and open and transparent accounting are sufficient indicators of probity. Should the particular entity, which seeks to gain financially from investing in the corporation in question, require further proof of responsibility, it often requires reporting against other environmental, social, or 'governance' criteria (ESG).This paper seeks to challenge these assumptions by arguing that accountability and transparency and 'ESG' are only partial determinants of responsible corporate and financial behaviour. Since the Rio 'Earth' Summit in 1992 - followed by Rio 10 in Johannesburg in 2002, and now Rio 20 - the international community has placed considerable emphasis on sustainability as a key means of social, environmental and economic development. This global policy agenda has also played itself out within the corporate and financial spheres, with several United Nations bodies now having carriage of responsibility for encouraging the implementation of good corporate and financial practice.A wide range of expectations is now placed on corporations seeking to promote themselves as suitable candidates for responsible investment. In turn, responsible investment as a financial industry sector is also coming under increasing scrutiny regarding its activities. Using a hierarchical framework of principles, criteria and indicators, this paper evaluates the governance quality of responsible investment. Following international political theory, it subjects the sector to a multi-stakeholder analysis of governance quality by means of an international survey conducted in 2011. The survey shows that while stakeholders rate governance quality relatively highly, there are some wide discrepancies across key indicators, and stakeholder groups. These results are similar to those previously collected in 2009, and reveal some governance trends. The results have implications for current and future governance practice in both corporations seeking recognition as suitable prospects for responsible investment, and for the responsible investment industry itself.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132696801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This project examines the impact of employer-provided financial education for newly hired workers on contributions to voluntary retirement savings plans. Using administrative data from five large employers, the researchers assess the impact of information and delivery methods on the choice to participate in the plans and the deferral amount selected. The researchers collected additional data from one employer-partner covering the two years before and after their automatic enrollment policy was implemented. Average participation rates increased sharply, while the same fraction of workers took advantage of the full employer match once eligible. The researchers also conducted a survey of newly hired workers. The survey measured employees’ understanding of their company’s voluntary retirement savings plan, their assessment of the employer-provided information, and their reasons for limited or non-participation. Nonparticipants demonstrated lower overall financial literacy relative to participants, and many respondents felt that the information provided by their employers was not sufficient. Finally, the largest employer-partner, BB&T, implemented a field experiment where an on-line mailing was sent to a random subset of non-participating newly hired workers. Younger workers receiving the flyer were significantly more likely to enroll in the 401(k) plan, while older workers actually had lower initiation rates relative to their control group. The research presented provides insights into the efficacy and importance of financial education provided by employers to newly hired workers and how it impacts their retirement saving decisions.
{"title":"Encouraging New Hires to Save for Retirement","authors":"R. Clark, M. Morrill, Jen Maki","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1969649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1969649","url":null,"abstract":"This project examines the impact of employer-provided financial education for newly hired workers on contributions to voluntary retirement savings plans. Using administrative data from five large employers, the researchers assess the impact of information and delivery methods on the choice to participate in the plans and the deferral amount selected. The researchers collected additional data from one employer-partner covering the two years before and after their automatic enrollment policy was implemented. Average participation rates increased sharply, while the same fraction of workers took advantage of the full employer match once eligible. The researchers also conducted a survey of newly hired workers. The survey measured employees’ understanding of their company’s voluntary retirement savings plan, their assessment of the employer-provided information, and their reasons for limited or non-participation. Nonparticipants demonstrated lower overall financial literacy relative to participants, and many respondents felt that the information provided by their employers was not sufficient. Finally, the largest employer-partner, BB&T, implemented a field experiment where an on-line mailing was sent to a random subset of non-participating newly hired workers. Younger workers receiving the flyer were significantly more likely to enroll in the 401(k) plan, while older workers actually had lower initiation rates relative to their control group. The research presented provides insights into the efficacy and importance of financial education provided by employers to newly hired workers and how it impacts their retirement saving decisions.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129926047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Commons or resources can be useful but sometimes could be dangerous for humanity. The resources can be vulnerable if the human who has to manage fails. Understanding the stakeholder could be an appropriate way to solve it. Therefore this essay, based on the case study of the Bardon Grange Allotment Project (BGAP) in Leeds, the UK, is to understand the stakeholder involvement and elaborate the sustainability indicators that have been used in this project. The targets are also to understand the stakeholders’ participation and to measure the indicators of its sustainability.
{"title":"The Stakeholders’ Analysis and Development Indicator of Sustainability on the Community Project","authors":"E. Purnomo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1818584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1818584","url":null,"abstract":"Commons or resources can be useful but sometimes could be dangerous for humanity. The resources can be vulnerable if the human who has to manage fails. Understanding the stakeholder could be an appropriate way to solve it. Therefore this essay, based on the case study of the Bardon Grange Allotment Project (BGAP) in Leeds, the UK, is to understand the stakeholder involvement and elaborate the sustainability indicators that have been used in this project. The targets are also to understand the stakeholders’ participation and to measure the indicators of its sustainability.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131980469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper models organizational strategy as a social choice. We model how individual preferences for a course of action are aggregated toward an organizational choice and strategy. To accomplish this aggregation we specifically highlight the role of conditional (rather than categorical) preferences. We emphasize the role that two factors play in the aggregation of conditional preferences in organizations: (i) acyclical influence (for example, via organizational hierarchy) and (ii) social coherence. We also model the role of 'coordinatability' and mutual information in the context of aggregating heterogeneous preferences in organizations. Our effort is also to contribute to a more contextualized view of social choice by modeling it, in amended form, within the context of organizations.
{"title":"Social Choice in Organizations","authors":"W. Stirling, Teppo Felin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1939336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1939336","url":null,"abstract":"This paper models organizational strategy as a social choice. We model how individual preferences for a course of action are aggregated toward an organizational choice and strategy. To accomplish this aggregation we specifically highlight the role of conditional (rather than categorical) preferences. We emphasize the role that two factors play in the aggregation of conditional preferences in organizations: (i) acyclical influence (for example, via organizational hierarchy) and (ii) social coherence. We also model the role of 'coordinatability' and mutual information in the context of aggregating heterogeneous preferences in organizations. Our effort is also to contribute to a more contextualized view of social choice by modeling it, in amended form, within the context of organizations.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123331551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Can Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) provide new arguments to "humanize" the theory of the firm and the management profession? Several arguments (the legal, ethical, social and business cases) have contributed to the discussion of why companies should be socially responsible. In this paper I discuss each of these arguments from the point of view of the manager who asks himself why he should be socially responsible. And I add a set of new reasons that make up the "management case" for CSR. In exploring why CSR is good management, this paper explains why ethics and CSR make the firm more human and humanize the task of the manager.
{"title":"The Management Case for Corporate Social Responsibility","authors":"Antonio Argandoña","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1947295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1947295","url":null,"abstract":"Can Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) provide new arguments to \"humanize\" the theory of the firm and the management profession? Several arguments (the legal, ethical, social and business cases) have contributed to the discussion of why companies should be socially responsible. In this paper I discuss each of these arguments from the point of view of the manager who asks himself why he should be socially responsible. And I add a set of new reasons that make up the \"management case\" for CSR. In exploring why CSR is good management, this paper explains why ethics and CSR make the firm more human and humanize the task of the manager.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124148618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study the costs and benefits of additional information in agency contracts, when there is the possibility of renegotiation. The literature to date assumes that contractual simplicity, i.e. the omission of informative contractual contingencies, can only arise in multi-period environments, and only in a specific manner in which it is interim information that is excluded. In contrast, we show that in certain circumstances, it is also efficient to restrict the set of contingencies in a standard one period contract, where all information arrives at once. Although increasing the number of contingencies will always decrease the agency cost, it can have the adverse effect of weakening the principal's commitment not to renegotiate, thus undermining ex ante incentives to exert effort. Applications to several real world phenomena are briefly explored.
{"title":"Moral Hazard and Renegotiation of Multi-Signal Contracts","authors":"M. Bijapur","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1872529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1872529","url":null,"abstract":"We study the costs and benefits of additional information in agency contracts, when there is the possibility of renegotiation. The literature to date assumes that contractual simplicity, i.e. the omission of informative contractual contingencies, can only arise in multi-period environments, and only in a specific manner in which it is interim information that is excluded. In contrast, we show that in certain circumstances, it is also efficient to restrict the set of contingencies in a standard one period contract, where all information arrives at once. Although increasing the number of contingencies will always decrease the agency cost, it can have the adverse effect of weakening the principal's commitment not to renegotiate, thus undermining ex ante incentives to exert effort. Applications to several real world phenomena are briefly explored.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122188502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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