The Environmental Sustainability Clinic at the University of Minnesota Law School produced this report in May 2011. Cookstove change-out projects in developing nations seek to replace open fire burning with more efficient cookstove technology. This report analyzes the characteristics of cookstove projects that are seeking to obtain carbon credits as a result of emissions reductions achieved through the stove replacement. The report identified 43 cookstove projects that have applied for or obtained carbon credits. Some of the key findings of the report are as follows: (1) most projects seek credits on the voluntary exchange market rather through the market created incident to the Kyoto protocol; (2) projects almost uniformly use replacement stove technology that more efficiently burns biomass rather than stoves that would require the user to a switch to other forms of fuel; (3) the timing for accomplishing estimated emissions reductions is strongly correlated to the scale of the project; and (4) stove price, costs and subsidies vary widely among projects.
{"title":"Analysis of Cookstove Change-Out Projects Seeking Carbon Credits","authors":"Prentiss Cox","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1839765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1839765","url":null,"abstract":"The Environmental Sustainability Clinic at the University of Minnesota Law School produced this report in May 2011. Cookstove change-out projects in developing nations seek to replace open fire burning with more efficient cookstove technology. This report analyzes the characteristics of cookstove projects that are seeking to obtain carbon credits as a result of emissions reductions achieved through the stove replacement. The report identified 43 cookstove projects that have applied for or obtained carbon credits. Some of the key findings of the report are as follows: (1) most projects seek credits on the voluntary exchange market rather through the market created incident to the Kyoto protocol; (2) projects almost uniformly use replacement stove technology that more efficiently burns biomass rather than stoves that would require the user to a switch to other forms of fuel; (3) the timing for accomplishing estimated emissions reductions is strongly correlated to the scale of the project; and (4) stove price, costs and subsidies vary widely among projects.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":"225 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134633176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CSR provides a number of benefits to society and business. There doesn’t exist any universally accepted definition of CSR so it is interchangeably used with corporate citizenship, corporate responsibility, or social action program. We can list the following factors for the rapid growth of CSR. This research will investigate whether the organizations using Corporate Social Responsibility with the motive of social welfare or with the motive of business strategy of expansion and promotion. The sample size for the study is 100 and it have been selected form the North India (Chandigarh, Ambala, Ludhiana, Mandi Gobindhgarh and Khanna). We interviewed the managers and supervisors working in the different organization and taken their views about the CSR using by other organization. Primary data have been used for the research. The statistical tools, i.e., Descriptive statistics, Regression and Chi square test have been used for the evaluation purpose.
{"title":"Corporate Social Responsibility or Bussiness Strategy","authors":"Sanjeet Singh, G. Sharma, G. Chahal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1846187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1846187","url":null,"abstract":"CSR provides a number of benefits to society and business. There doesn’t exist any universally accepted definition of CSR so it is interchangeably used with corporate citizenship, corporate responsibility, or social action program. We can list the following factors for the rapid growth of CSR. This research will investigate whether the organizations using Corporate Social Responsibility with the motive of social welfare or with the motive of business strategy of expansion and promotion. The sample size for the study is 100 and it have been selected form the North India (Chandigarh, Ambala, Ludhiana, Mandi Gobindhgarh and Khanna). We interviewed the managers and supervisors working in the different organization and taken their views about the CSR using by other organization. Primary data have been used for the research. The statistical tools, i.e., Descriptive statistics, Regression and Chi square test have been used for the evaluation purpose.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121132463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The balancing between ‘Men’ and ‘Women’ is sine qua non for sustainability of human race. The present world scenario is tilted in favour of men endangering sustainability of human race. The angle of this tilt might vary from one society to another but majorly it is unbalanced. This hinders social, economic and political participation of women; an important half of world population. For sustainable social and economic development, participation of women in political process is indispensable. There are many reasons for non-participation ranging from sheer ignorance and helplessness to apathy towards it. But without ensuring active participation of this 'half' in political & economic process, sustainable and cohesive society is a day dreaming. Legislation and legal provisions are instruments to create enabling environment for women to participate in political process and economy. Empowerment flows from rights. This paper discusses position of women in India, comparing gender gap with the rest of the world and critically analyze pro-women legislations if has acted as safety net in 2008 global financial crisis.
{"title":"Gender Balancing through Doctrine of Equity as Safety Net in Financial Crisis: An Indian Perspective","authors":"V. Sapovadia, Dr. Sweta V. Patel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1767657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1767657","url":null,"abstract":"The balancing between ‘Men’ and ‘Women’ is sine qua non for sustainability of human race. The present world scenario is tilted in favour of men endangering sustainability of human race. The angle of this tilt might vary from one society to another but majorly it is unbalanced. This hinders social, economic and political participation of women; an important half of world population. For sustainable social and economic development, participation of women in political process is indispensable. There are many reasons for non-participation ranging from sheer ignorance and helplessness to apathy towards it. But without ensuring active participation of this 'half' in political & economic process, sustainable and cohesive society is a day dreaming. Legislation and legal provisions are instruments to create enabling environment for women to participate in political process and economy. Empowerment flows from rights. This paper discusses position of women in India, comparing gender gap with the rest of the world and critically analyze pro-women legislations if has acted as safety net in 2008 global financial crisis.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116405410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper develops a model with increasing adult life expectancy as the driving force of the economic and demographic transition. We show that if parents invest their own time into children's human capital, rising adult life expectancy unambiguously increases fertility. With children educated in schools and parents paying tuition fees, the reaction of fertility to changes in longevity is ambiguous. If productivity of adult human capital is sufficiently large and parent's valuation for additional children is sufficiently low, fertility will decrease. Without a schooling system, rising life expectancy therefore initially increases fertility. As during the development process life expectancy rises, a schooling system will be endogenously adopted and the relationship between fertility and longevity reversed. We argue therefore that it is important to account for the change in the nature of the costs of child education: from time costs to monetary costs.
{"title":"Human Capital and the Demographic Transition: Why Schooling Became Optimal","authors":"Edgar Vogel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2014066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2014066","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops a model with increasing adult life expectancy as the driving force of the economic and demographic transition. We show that if parents invest their own time into children's human capital, rising adult life expectancy unambiguously increases fertility. With children educated in schools and parents paying tuition fees, the reaction of fertility to changes in longevity is ambiguous. If productivity of adult human capital is sufficiently large and parent's valuation for additional children is sufficiently low, fertility will decrease. Without a schooling system, rising life expectancy therefore initially increases fertility. As during the development process life expectancy rises, a schooling system will be endogenously adopted and the relationship between fertility and longevity reversed. We argue therefore that it is important to account for the change in the nature of the costs of child education: from time costs to monetary costs.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115089777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the face of wicked problems, participation processes that are well structured can fail if participants possess traits that impede deliberation. Previous lists of virtues for deliberations should be refined to include others that are critical to getting and keeping people merely involved in participation and enabling deliberative groups to harness the epistemic advantages inherent in participatory approaches. Consequently environmental educators should endeavor to cultivate these virtues when preparing students to participate as good citizens in public processes for environmental decision making and assessment.
{"title":"Environmental Education, Wicked Problems and Virtue","authors":"Matt Ferkany, K. Whyte","doi":"10.47925/2011.331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47925/2011.331","url":null,"abstract":"In the face of wicked problems, participation processes that are well structured can fail if participants possess traits that impede deliberation. Previous lists of virtues for deliberations should be refined to include others that are critical to getting and keeping people merely involved in participation and enabling deliberative groups to harness the epistemic advantages inherent in participatory approaches. Consequently environmental educators should endeavor to cultivate these virtues when preparing students to participate as good citizens in public processes for environmental decision making and assessment.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115230551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, I theoretically discuss the emerging role of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as private actors in global governance – referring to the collective rule-making and rule-implementation among public and private actors on a global scale. Drawing on the theoretical concepts of ‘political’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) and social connection as well as on empirical evidence, I suggest that SMEs are, on the one hand, as much as multinational corporations (MNEs) exposed to governance gaps of social and environmental regulation when operating in the global marketplace; on the other hand they do not follow the same approach to (political) CSR as MNEs, due to different organizational characteristics, limited financial and human resources and motivational factors. Notwithstanding, numerous examples exist where SMEs are already accepting an active role in global governance, e.g., by following the 10 principles of the UN Global Compact and engaging in (multi)stakeholder dialogue. I theoretically develop a conceptual framework for the systematic assessment of how SMEs approach global governance and embed political responsibility in their organizational settings.
{"title":"Conceptualizing the Political Role of Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises as Private Actors in Global Governance","authors":"C. Wickert","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1718426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1718426","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I theoretically discuss the emerging role of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as private actors in global governance – referring to the collective rule-making and rule-implementation among public and private actors on a global scale. Drawing on the theoretical concepts of ‘political’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) and social connection as well as on empirical evidence, I suggest that SMEs are, on the one hand, as much as multinational corporations (MNEs) exposed to governance gaps of social and environmental regulation when operating in the global marketplace; on the other hand they do not follow the same approach to (political) CSR as MNEs, due to different organizational characteristics, limited financial and human resources and motivational factors. Notwithstanding, numerous examples exist where SMEs are already accepting an active role in global governance, e.g., by following the 10 principles of the UN Global Compact and engaging in (multi)stakeholder dialogue. I theoretically develop a conceptual framework for the systematic assessment of how SMEs approach global governance and embed political responsibility in their organizational settings.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133872420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, I assess the EITI a multisectoral partnership designed to help resource rich countries avoid corruption in the management of extractive industry revenues. I hypothesize that the EITI partnership is not as effective as it could be for three reasons. First, the partners (governments, civil society, and business) have different visions of EITI. Second, some implementing governments have not allowed civil society to participate fully in the process or have not consistently provided civil society with the information they need to hold their governments to account. In this regard it is a limited partnership. Third, in many participating countries, the public and legislators may not be aware of EITI. Thus, although public participation is essential to the success and potential positive spillovers of EITI, the public is essentially a silent partner, limiting the ability of the EITI to succeed as a counterweight to corruption.
{"title":"Limited Partnership: Business, Government, Civil Society and the Public in the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative","authors":"S. Aaronson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1739912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1739912","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I assess the EITI a multisectoral partnership designed to help resource rich countries avoid corruption in the management of extractive industry revenues. I hypothesize that the EITI partnership is not as effective as it could be for three reasons. First, the partners (governments, civil society, and business) have different visions of EITI. Second, some implementing governments have not allowed civil society to participate fully in the process or have not consistently provided civil society with the information they need to hold their governments to account. In this regard it is a limited partnership. Third, in many participating countries, the public and legislators may not be aware of EITI. Thus, although public participation is essential to the success and potential positive spillovers of EITI, the public is essentially a silent partner, limiting the ability of the EITI to succeed as a counterweight to corruption.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122861004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous literature has shown that public provision of private goods can be a welfare-enhancing device in second-best settings where governments pursue redistributive goals. However, three issues have so far been neglected. First, the case for supplementing an optimal nonlinear income tax with public provision of private goods has been made in models where agents differ only in terms of market ability. Second, the magnitude of the welfare gains achievable through public provision schemes has not been assessed. Third, the similarities/differences between public provision schemes and tagging schemes have not been thoroughly analyzed. Our purpose in this paper is therefore threefold: first, to extend previous contributions by incorporating in the theoretical analysis both heterogeneity in market ability and in the need for the publicly provided good; second, to perform numerical simulations to quantify the size of the potential welfare gains achievable by introducing a public provision scheme, and to characterize the conditions under which these welfare gains are sizeable; finally, to compare the welfare gains from public provision with the welfare gains from tagging.
{"title":"Public Provision of Private Goods, Tagging and Optimal Income Taxation with Heterogeneity in Needs","authors":"S. Bastani, S. Blomquist, Luca Micheletto","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2014637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2014637","url":null,"abstract":"Previous literature has shown that public provision of private goods can be a welfare-enhancing device in second-best settings where governments pursue redistributive goals. However, three issues have so far been neglected. First, the case for supplementing an optimal nonlinear income tax with public provision of private goods has been made in models where agents differ only in terms of market ability. Second, the magnitude of the welfare gains achievable through public provision schemes has not been assessed. Third, the similarities/differences between public provision schemes and tagging schemes have not been thoroughly analyzed. Our purpose in this paper is therefore threefold: first, to extend previous contributions by incorporating in the theoretical analysis both heterogeneity in market ability and in the need for the publicly provided good; second, to perform numerical simulations to quantify the size of the potential welfare gains achievable by introducing a public provision scheme, and to characterize the conditions under which these welfare gains are sizeable; finally, to compare the welfare gains from public provision with the welfare gains from tagging.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131345753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatima K. Espinoza Vasquez, Martha A. Garcia-Murillo
This paper explores the role of cooperatives as innovators and promoters of the information and communications industries in Argentina. We used the open business model literature to help us understand their motivation to innovate and the modus operandi of these organizations in a less developed country. We relied on five case studies from various communities in Argentina. In-depth interviews were conducted with directors of these organizations. We found that cooperatives operate in a similar manner as open businesses, and this has allowed them to respond effectively to their circumstances and engage in innovation inspired by the difficulties they face. Their innovation is driven by their interest in fulfilling the needs of their communities and the regulatory environment, which sometimes has protected them and sometimes challenged them. We recommend cooperatives be given similar rights to resources as those in the private sectors; that they be provided access to the universal services fund, and that they address the concerns about their “anticompetitive behavior” by using the Argentinean anticompetitive law. We think cooperatives should be given credit and support for driving innovation and for having a decisive socio-economic impact in their communities.
{"title":"Cooperatives as Innovators in the Argentinean Information Industry","authors":"Fatima K. Espinoza Vasquez, Martha A. Garcia-Murillo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1675130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1675130","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the role of cooperatives as innovators and promoters of the information and communications industries in Argentina. We used the open business model literature to help us understand their motivation to innovate and the modus operandi of these organizations in a less developed country. We relied on five case studies from various communities in Argentina. In-depth interviews were conducted with directors of these organizations. We found that cooperatives operate in a similar manner as open businesses, and this has allowed them to respond effectively to their circumstances and engage in innovation inspired by the difficulties they face. Their innovation is driven by their interest in fulfilling the needs of their communities and the regulatory environment, which sometimes has protected them and sometimes challenged them. We recommend cooperatives be given similar rights to resources as those in the private sectors; that they be provided access to the universal services fund, and that they address the concerns about their “anticompetitive behavior” by using the Argentinean anticompetitive law. We think cooperatives should be given credit and support for driving innovation and for having a decisive socio-economic impact in their communities.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129578048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although there has been considerable academic work focusing on discovering and characterizing the Green Consumer - or more correctly, those espousing “Green�? attitudes - there is considerably less academic interest in understanding the segment characteristics of consumers with varying degrees and types of environmental concern. This can be contrasted with work in the commercial sector where firms and organizations are concerned less with general proclivities toward environmental awareness and more interested in the degree to which such concern aligns with the needs of the organization or the cause. In other words, commercial organizations are more concerned with the specific demand for their products and services and NGOs with the degree of interest in their specific cause than either are with characterizations of the market in total. This chapter concentrates on how we can apply models of market segmentation to the understanding of the Green Consumer. As academic work in this specific subfield is limited and the commercial work either of varied quality, purposely biased, or targeted at a very specific organizational need, what follows is more of a primer on thinking rather than a summary of a well established literature.
{"title":"Using Market Segmentation Approaches to Understand the Green Consumer","authors":"T. Devinney","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1633996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1633996","url":null,"abstract":"Although there has been considerable academic work focusing on discovering and characterizing the Green Consumer - or more correctly, those espousing “Green�? attitudes - there is considerably less academic interest in understanding the segment characteristics of consumers with varying degrees and types of environmental concern. This can be contrasted with work in the commercial sector where firms and organizations are concerned less with general proclivities toward environmental awareness and more interested in the degree to which such concern aligns with the needs of the organization or the cause. In other words, commercial organizations are more concerned with the specific demand for their products and services and NGOs with the degree of interest in their specific cause than either are with characterizations of the market in total. This chapter concentrates on how we can apply models of market segmentation to the understanding of the Green Consumer. As academic work in this specific subfield is limited and the commercial work either of varied quality, purposely biased, or targeted at a very specific organizational need, what follows is more of a primer on thinking rather than a summary of a well established literature.","PeriodicalId":210566,"journal":{"name":"Strategy & Social Policies eJournal","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116485198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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