Recent patents on biotechnology最新文献

As the global population ages, the health of older adults has become a growing concern. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common ailment affecting older adults, but the diagnosis and treatment of AD are difficult given our insufficient understanding of the disease. This review aims to provide reliable information for patients and their families by presenting a detailed overview of the pathogenic factors, diagnostic methods, and clinical manifestation of AD, as well as advances in drug and physical therapies. The information presented here should help provide a more comprehensive understanding of AD for patients and their families and encourage family- or self-screening based on clinical manifestations, thus improving early AD detection. In addition, the current treatment methods for AD are summarized. Although a gold-standard treatment for AD is yet to be developed, controlled-release therapies and medications that slow disease progression or improve cognitive function are available. The appropriate treatment method depends on the patient's diagnosis and the local medical level, and the effectiveness of the treatments may vary. Therefore, improving our understanding of AD and cognition-related symptoms in the public is necessary to improve early AD diagnoses. This review provides information that will facilitate self-screening for AD based on clinical manifestations, which can improve the early clinical diagnosis rate.

Aim: This study aims to develop an efficient and reproducible in vitro protocol for high-frequency embryogenic callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration in multiple sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cultivars, thereby establishing a foundation for genetic transformation, mutation breeding, and other biotechnological applications aimed at enhancing sorghum crop improvement and productivity.

Background: Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important cereal crop known for its adaptability to harsh environments and nutritional value. Despite its significance, sorghum remains challenging for in vitro propagation due to difficulties in regenerating callus tissue, especially from monocotyledonous explants. Callus induction and regeneration protocols are crucial for genetic transformation, mutation breeding, and biotechnological applications in sorghum improvement.

Objective: To establish an effective in vitro protocol for callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration using different sorghum cultivars, optimizing conditions for highfrequency embryogenic callus formation and plant regeneration.

Methods: Six sorghum cultivars (IS 3477, IS 33095, IS 7155, IS 2898, IS 7005, and IS 1202) were selected. Immature inflorescence explants were cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium with 3% sucrose, 0.8% agar, and 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D for callus induction. After 14 days, embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli were distinguished. Regeneration media were optimized using embryogenic calli, with 1.5 mg/l 6- benzylaminopurine (BAP) for shoot development and 1 mg/l NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid) in a half-strength MS medium for root development.

Results: Two distinct forms of calli were observed: a non-embryogenic light yellow callus and a white, granular embryogenic callus. Embryogenic callus induction frequency varied from 40% to 96% among the cultivars, with IS 3477 and IS 33095 exhibiting the highest frequencies (96% and 88%, respectively), while IS 1202 showed the lowest (40%). Regenerated shoots were successfully developed within 6-18 days and later transferred to a rooting medium, resulting in healthy plantlets. Transplanted plantlets showed normal growth and no morphological abnormalities in the field.

Conclusion: This study provides a reliable protocol for efficient callus induction and plant regeneration in multiple sorghum cultivars. The optimized conditions can be utilized for genetic studies, crop improvement, and biotechnological applications, thus contributing to the advancement of sorghum breeding and biotechnology research.

Introduction: Nanoparticles are nanometer-sized particles that have unique properties and are used in various fields such as medicine, environment, and technology. The Ephedra major plant, with its medicinal properties, is a rich source for extracting molecules that can be used as agents for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles and improve their properties. The aim of the current study was the biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Ephedra major extracts, as well as the evaluation of their antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Materials and methods: The synthesis of CuO nanoparticles was performed using the aqueous extract of the leaves of Ephedra major plant .The synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The well diffusion method investigated the antimicrobial activity of CuO-NPs synthesized against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Then, the MIC and MBC of the synthesized nanoparticles were determined in 96-well microplates with different concentrations of CuO-NPs, aqueous extract, and chloramphenicol. The inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm was investigated by staining with 1% crystal violet.

Results: The results of the UV-Vis analysis showed that the absorption at the wavelength of 385 nm was the highest, which confirmed the formation of CuO-NPs. SEM and EDX results indicated that the nanoparticles formed in a spherical shape with an average size of 30 to 80 nm. Also, EDX analysis showed the presence of copper, carbon, and oxygen elements in nanoparticles. The CuO-PNs at the concentration of 2000 μg/ml exhibited a significant inhibitory effect against P. aeruginosa. Also, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of nanoparticles were 312 μg/ml. In addition, the results showed that CuO-NPs have an effect in inhibiting biofilm formation.The inhibitory effect against biofilm was greater with increasing concentration.

Conclusion: The results of this study prove that CuO-NPs synthesized from the aqueous extract of Ephedra major plant can be used as an effective option in treating infections caused by P. aeruginosa.

Objectives: Plant secondary metabolites include chemical compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids. The use of these ingredients in traditional medicine to prevent or treat diabetes and cancer is becoming more prevalent because of their capacity to function as antioxidant agents. The objective of the research was to estimate the quantities of total phenols and flavonoids, together with the antioxidant capacity of various Dactylorhiza hatagirea extracts.

Methods: Total flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined by aluminum chloride and Folin-Ciocalteu techniques, respectively. Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS approaches were used for assessing the scavenging of free radicals. Employing standard methods, the preliminary phytochemical activity of the extract was assessed, and its reducing power was tested in the presence of potassium hexacyanoferrate.

Results: A maximum concentration of 58.88 ± 0.32 of gallic acid was identified per gram of methanolic extract as phenolic content. Quercetin, at 85.51 ± 0.40 mg/gram, had the most flavonoid content. The strongest reducing power output measured was 1.968 ± 0.01 g. In comparison, the IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS assays were 162.79 ± 0.24 and 39.75 ± 0.20 µg/ml, respectively. Thus, this plant differs from others in that it has potent antioxidant capabilities.

Conclusion: The methanolic crude extract of D. hatagirea and the estimated contents of phenols and flavonoids exhibited potent antioxidant action, particularly against DPPH and ABTS assays. Due to its relatively high phenolic and flavonoid contents, this plant is an exciting option for treating diseases. Therefore, secondary metabolites can be found and employed as low-resistance, multi-target antioxidant drugs for treating a variety of cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as other chronic diseases that are resistant to existing antibiotics.

Background and objectives: In this study, the coelomic fluid of Eisenia fetida/ andrei species was used for the first time to prepare an anti-aging serum, and its antioxidant and antibacterial properties were investigated. In addition, its cytotoxicity on mouse fibroblast cells was measured as material for the production of natural anti-aging products.

Material and methods: This study investigates the antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of coelomic fluid extracted from Eisenia fetida/andrei. Earthworms were cultured for a year, and their coelomic fluid was extracted using an electroshock method, sterilized, and lyophilized into powder. Antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using MIC assays. Antioxidant properties were evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Cytotoxicity effects on L929 and NHEK cell lines were assessed using MTT assays. Oxidative stress and enzymatic activities were analyzed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and catalase activity in NHEK cells treated with coelomic fluid. A serum formulation incorporating coelomic fluid was prepared and subjected to stability tests, including pH, temperature, mechanical, and heavy metal residue analysis. Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the serum were also evaluated. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software (version 0.26). Results highlight the multifunctional potential of coelomic fluid for biomedical and cosmetic applications.

Results: Coelomic fluid exhibited antibacterial activity with MICs of 0.15 mg/mL for both E. coli and S. aureus, showing significant inhibition at higher concentrations. Ciprofloxacin and penicillin demonstrated stronger effects compared to the coelomic fluid. Antioxidant activity increased with concentration, achieving 77% inhibition at 10 mg/mL, with an IC50 of 10.67 mg/mL. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed no significant toxicity below 20 mg/mL, with enhanced cell viability at 2.5-5 mg/mL and restorative effects on fibroblasts at 10 mg/mL. Oxidative stress assays indicated reduced lipid peroxidation and increased catalase activity without inducing significant oxidative stress. Measurement of residues of mercury and lead in the sera showed that they were less than 0.01 ppm for mercury and less than 0.03 and 0.05 ppm for lead, respectively. These levels are below the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's approved limits for these metals. Aqueous serum containing coelomic fluid showed similar antibacterial and antioxidant properties, emphasizing its potential for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.

Conclusions: These results show that the use of earthworm coelomic fluid in skin care serum slows the aging process and restores damaged cells.

Background: The increasing prevalence of Staphylococcus haemolyticus infections in community and hospital settings presents a significant health challenge due to growing antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation.

Objective: This study aims to:(1) perform a molecular analysis of prevalent native strains in Anbar, Iraq, (2) differentiate between various pathogenic strains using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to enhance epidemiological and surveillance efforts. The objective is to trace the origins of these strains and distinguish between invasive and indigenous strains. While S. haemolyticus is generally part of the normal human microbiota, it can lead to serious infections in individuals with prior injuries or surgical procedures. It is particularly skilled at developing antibiotic resistance, making it a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, largely through the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). Methicillin-resistant S. haemolyticus (MRSH) has developed resistance to oxacillin/cefoxitin through SCCmec acquisition, and hospital-associated MRSH strains are increasingly resistant to multiple antibiotics.

Methodology: The preparation of blood agar medium followed the manufacturer's guidelines. After autoclaving at 121ºC for 15 minutes, the medium was cooled to 50ºC. The mixture was then thoroughly mixed and poured into sterile Petri dishes. This medium is used for isolating and cultivating bacteria, as well as for detecting hemolytic activity and identifying the type of hemolysis. Genomic extraction and molecular screening of multidrug- resistant (MDR) isolates were performed, followed by MLST analysis. Data were processed using the University of Nebraska Medical Center's pubMLST website.

Results: To explore the genetic relationships among S. haemolyticus strains, their genomic DNA was analyzed using MLST typing based on the protocol from the MLST Institute database. All S. haemolyticus isolates in the study underwent MLST gene screening through PCR to verify the presence of housekeeping genes (arc, SH1200, hemH, leuB, SH1341, cfxE, and ribose ABC). PCR electrophoresis results demonstrated successful amplification of all target genes, confirming their appropriateness for MLST analysis. Three isolates were recognized as novel global strains, designated ST153, ST154, and ST155. In addition, five other strains were previously registered as ST3, ST9, ST29, ST123, and ST124.

Conclusion: The findings diverge from the established global understanding of type distribution in Asia. To combat the spread of highly resistant strains, it is crucial to monitor virulence factors and antibiotic resistance closely.

Imidazole and 2-mercapto benzimidazole analogues are a group of molecules that have various biological activities and good therapeutic potential in the treatment of epilepsy. This review explores their dual role, focusing on their biological properties and anti-epileptic effects. A spectrum of biological activities is displayed by imidazole derivatives and 2- mercaptobenzimidazole, such as antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial actions, leading to their therapeutic flexibility apart from epilepsy treatment. Imidazole derivatives mechanistically modulate Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) receptors, inhibit ion channels, and exert neuroprotective effects, enabling them to be used for seizure control. Their mechanisms of action involve modulation of oxidative stress pathways as well as providing neuroprotective effects against epilepsy. In terms of structure, both imidazole and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole derivatives have gone through extensive structure-activity relationship studies to enhance their biological and pharmacological aspects. However, numerous concerns, such as bioavailability, selectivity, and side effects, hinder their effective application in the treatment of various diseases. Looking forward, further research into novel derivatives and formulation strategies holds promise for enhancing efficacy and reducing adverse effects. This review consolidates current knowledge, emphasizing the multifaceted roles of imidazole and 2-mercapto benzimidazole derivatives in biological systems and their potential as anti-epileptic agents, thus providing insights for future research and clinical applications.

The Indian pharmaceutical industry took full advantage of the "process patent regime". It aggressively pursued the expansion of its market share by offering the most reasonably priced generic versions of pharmaceuticals to emerging and developing nations. The Indian government remained neutral over the implementation of the TRIPS agreement until 2005. Indian pharmaceutical patent law is distinct from legislation in other nations in several ways, some of which are among the most critical intellectual property issues in the nation. Over the past thirty years, the lack of product patent protection has been a significant setback for the Indian pharmaceutical business. "Molecules" that were patented and protected internationally but which India failed to protect. The Act's ambiguity makes it common for opponents of pharmaceutical patents to file unreasonable serial pre-grant oppositions. In addition, the number of pre-grant opposition filings is surging exponentially. The potential for revocation, oppositions before and after the grant, and counterclaims in cases of infringement are just a few of the challenges that may arise during the process of a patent. The TRIPS Agreement compliance of the Indian patent system will be guaranteed by the Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2005, and the Patents (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004. Nonetheless, another notable accomplishment of the Ordinance and the Rules is the progressive change of the Indian patent prosecution system. In keeping with its international obligations, the Indian government is working to create a patent system that encourages technical development. Additionally, India is working to alleviate concerns about the inadequate enforcement of its current intellectual property rules.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified as catastrophic pollutants that can damage both the environment and human health. To restore a healthy surrounding, an environmental expert targeted the PAH contamination reduction strategy. Bioremediation techniques are overruling the conventional techniques due to their high disbursement and inefficient outcomes. Several PAHs, including Pyrene (PYR), Chrysene (CHY), Benz[a]anthracene (BaA), Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), Fluoranthene (FLU) Indenol [1,2,3-cd] pyrene (INP), Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP), and, Dibenz [a, h] anthracene (DBA) have been identified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. Since PAHs are less hydrophilic and have more lipophilic properties, they are readily absorbed from the GIT of mammals. Grilled beef and chicken meat that had been charcoal-grilled contained Anthracene (ANT), BaP, Benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), Phenanthrene (PHE), and PYR. The highest dietary daily intake of BkF was reported to be 1.09 μg/ day in the intestine of grilled beef and 23.22μg/day in the stomach of grilled chicken. A number of bacterial species have been identified in the biodegradation of PAHs, including Mycobacterium gilvum (M. gilvum), Sphingobium chlorophenolicum (S. chlorophenolicum), Bacillus halotolerant, Mycobacterium flavescens (M. flavescens), Micrococcus luteus, Crassostrea gigas, Crassostrea gasar, and Crassostrea rhizosphere, Pseudomonas Putida, Rhodococcus wratislaviensis, and Kocuria rosea. Numerous fungi, including Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Aspergillus ficuum, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus fumigatus, use PAHs as the source of carbon and energy for survival. To a certain extent, algae such as Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. Reinhardtian) also depend on PAHs to survive. This review aims to highlight the calamitous effect of high molecular weight PAHs on the surrounding, and humankind, as well as the advancement in bioremediation approaches in recent years. The authors also addressed the newly isolated microbiomes, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and others, as promising candidates for using PAHs as a source of carbon and energy.