The majority of sheep and goat milk produced in the world is transformed into cheese, therefore, feeding is a major factor affecting the quality of sheep and goat milk and, hence sheep and goat cheese quality. This discussion is an attempt to explore the influence of nutrition on milk yield and major milk components in sheep and goats. Nutrition is a vital component in an attempt to maximise milk synthesis in small ruminants, as a result correct feeding management is desirable through appropriate estimation of roughage to concentrate intake in order to optimize the utilization of feed supplements. It is suffice to suggest that feeding high producing dairy animals may be a major constraint in milk production, which implies greater attention to diet composition, feed quality, and the physical form of feedstuffs is required. The rate and extent to which a dairy sheep and goat is capable of drawing upon body reserves to meet the energy requirement at different stages of lactation is critical in determining her ability to produce and sustain a high level of milk production. In order to increase sheep and goat milk production, and to ensure high feed efficiency, dairy farmers need to pay close attention to nutritional requirement of dairy animals which may differ during different stages of lactation.
{"title":"Effects of nutrition on yield and milk composition in sheep and goats","authors":"A. Never","doi":"10.14196/SJAS.V4I1.1806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJAS.V4I1.1806","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of sheep and goat milk produced in the world is transformed into cheese, therefore, feeding is a major factor affecting the quality of sheep and goat milk and, hence sheep and goat cheese quality. This discussion is an attempt to explore the influence of nutrition on milk yield and major milk components in sheep and goats. Nutrition is a vital component in an attempt to maximise milk synthesis in small ruminants, as a result correct feeding management is desirable through appropriate estimation of roughage to concentrate intake in order to optimize the utilization of feed supplements. It is suffice to suggest that feeding high producing dairy animals may be a major constraint in milk production, which implies greater attention to diet composition, feed quality, and the physical form of feedstuffs is required. The rate and extent to which a dairy sheep and goat is capable of drawing upon body reserves to meet the energy requirement at different stages of lactation is critical in determining her ability to produce and sustain a high level of milk production. In order to increase sheep and goat milk production, and to ensure high feed efficiency, dairy farmers need to pay close attention to nutritional requirement of dairy animals which may differ during different stages of lactation.","PeriodicalId":210831,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Animal Science","volume":"521 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123440061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.14196/SJAS.V3I12.1760
N. Assan
Livestock is a dominant agricultural activity in Sub Saharan Africa, which is generally considered a key asset for most rural population and contribute to the livelihoods and nutrition of purely subsistence households. This discussion is a synthesis of possible strategies to consider for sustaianble livestock production, focusing on issues of climate change, gender, smallholder livestock support and use of indigenous knowledge systems, and how these may influence livestock production. There are many measures which need to be explored with the aim of making the livestock systems become driving forces of sustainable agricultural development. One of the major factors responsible for the declining livestock productivity in the region is the relegation to the background of the contributions of women in the issues of livestock production. On the other hand, climate change and variability is now widely regarded as the most serious challenge facing Sub Saharan Africa, with consequences that go far beyond the effects on the environment, hence affecting most communities indiscriminately. Despite the negative impact of climate change on livestock production and biodiversity conservation, poor resources peasant famers are incentivized to engage in these activities because of the wide spectrum of benefits accrued, such as cash income, food, manure, draft power and hauling services, savings and insurance, and social status and social capital. Since time immemmorial, indigenous livestock knowledge systems have been used in smallholder livestock farming sector, while strengthening livestock productivity. These are some of the key aspects in promoting livestock development, through economically and socially empowering local communities, and consequently providing a way to enable rural communities to break the cycle of poverty. In this discussion, some of the strategic steps that can be adopted for future sustainable livestock production, include and not limited to the following: promotion of gender equality and equity in livestock production systems in terms of equal access to livestock productive resources, boosting climate change mitigation startegies, and empowering women in livestock production decision making.
{"title":"Strategies and approaches to sustainable livestock production in Sub Saharan Africa","authors":"N. Assan","doi":"10.14196/SJAS.V3I12.1760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJAS.V3I12.1760","url":null,"abstract":"Livestock is a dominant agricultural activity in Sub Saharan Africa, which is generally considered a key asset for most rural population and contribute to the livelihoods and nutrition of purely subsistence households. This discussion is a synthesis of possible strategies to consider for sustaianble livestock production, focusing on issues of climate change, gender, smallholder livestock support and use of indigenous knowledge systems, and how these may influence livestock production. There are many measures which need to be explored with the aim of making the livestock systems become driving forces of sustainable agricultural development. One of the major factors responsible for the declining livestock productivity in the region is the relegation to the background of the contributions of women in the issues of livestock production. On the other hand, climate change and variability is now widely regarded as the most serious challenge facing Sub Saharan Africa, with consequences that go far beyond the effects on the environment, hence affecting most communities indiscriminately. Despite the negative impact of climate change on livestock production and biodiversity conservation, poor resources peasant famers are incentivized to engage in these activities because of the wide spectrum of benefits accrued, such as cash income, food, manure, draft power and hauling services, savings and insurance, and social status and social capital. Since time immemmorial, indigenous livestock knowledge systems have been used in smallholder livestock farming sector, while strengthening livestock productivity. These are some of the key aspects in promoting livestock development, through economically and socially empowering local communities, and consequently providing a way to enable rural communities to break the cycle of poverty. In this discussion, some of the strategic steps that can be adopted for future sustainable livestock production, include and not limited to the following: promotion of gender equality and equity in livestock production systems in terms of equal access to livestock productive resources, boosting climate change mitigation startegies, and empowering women in livestock production decision making.","PeriodicalId":210831,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Animal Science","volume":"75 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128063564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.14196/SJAS.V3I12.1775
N. Assan
Goat lactation is synonymous to an agricultural production function with three distinct production regions namely: early, mid and late lactation. It is characterised by an increase in milk yield in early lactation to a possible peak in the mid lactation and then a decline in milk yield as it reaches the end of lactation. However, the other milk constituencies (protein, fat, lactose, etc ) do not follow the same trend as total milk yield through the 3 lactation stages. Therefore, it is suffice to suggest that the understanding of the physiological changes in these stages of lactation is crucial in maximizing milk production in goats. The present discussion explores the importance of different stages of lactation in milk production in influencing yield and milk composition. Milk yield and its composition are influenced by various factors, among these stage of lactation is very significant. The proportion of protein, lactose, fat and total solids declined slightly with advance in lactation and a steady fall in milk yield. This is on the basis that milk yield is a function of the number of mammary secretory cells and their metabolic activity change during the course of lactation. The significant stage of lactation effect in most studies may have practical implications in determining optimal feeding management to maximize total lactation yield and milk composition. Therefore, the knowledge of physiological activities during different stages of lactation is critical to dairy animal nutrition and management decision support systems for optimization of goat dairy flock production processes.
{"title":"Influence of stage of lactation on quantitative and qualitative milk production parameters in goats","authors":"N. Assan","doi":"10.14196/SJAS.V3I12.1775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJAS.V3I12.1775","url":null,"abstract":"Goat lactation is synonymous to an agricultural production function with three distinct production regions namely: early, mid and late lactation. It is characterised by an increase in milk yield in early lactation to a possible peak in the mid lactation and then a decline in milk yield as it reaches the end of lactation. However, the other milk constituencies (protein, fat, lactose, etc ) do not follow the same trend as total milk yield through the 3 lactation stages. Therefore, it is suffice to suggest that the understanding of the physiological changes in these stages of lactation is crucial in maximizing milk production in goats. The present discussion explores the importance of different stages of lactation in milk production in influencing yield and milk composition. Milk yield and its composition are influenced by various factors, among these stage of lactation is very significant. The proportion of protein, lactose, fat and total solids declined slightly with advance in lactation and a steady fall in milk yield. This is on the basis that milk yield is a function of the number of mammary secretory cells and their metabolic activity change during the course of lactation. The significant stage of lactation effect in most studies may have practical implications in determining optimal feeding management to maximize total lactation yield and milk composition. Therefore, the knowledge of physiological activities during different stages of lactation is critical to dairy animal nutrition and management decision support systems for optimization of goat dairy flock production processes.","PeriodicalId":210831,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Animal Science","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114201538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.14196/SJBS.V3I12.1788
M. Ghorbani, M. Omidi, S. A. Peighambari
Medium optimization for hairy root cultures producing secondary metabolites was studied through statistical experimental design. In the following, one factor model of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to formulate the L-Arginine amino acid levels alongside three categorical factors including bacterial strains (ATCC 15834, C58C1 and R1000), type of explant (Leaf and Stem) in co-cultivation media (B5 and MS) for hairy root induction of Madder ( Rubia tinctorum L.). Design of experiment and data analysis was carried out by using Expert-Design ® 7.1 software. According to the results, modeling and optimization conditions, including L-Arginine concentration 1.00 mM; bacterial strain; C58C1, leaf explant and B5 medium for HR induction frequency equal to 58% was evaluated (Desirability point=0.986). These optimal conditions predicted by RSM were confirmed to enhance hairy root induction as an application potential for biotechnological implementation to produce the anticipated compounds.
{"title":"L-Arginine optimization medium for hairy root induction of madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) based on one factor model of response surface methodology.","authors":"M. Ghorbani, M. Omidi, S. A. Peighambari","doi":"10.14196/SJBS.V3I12.1788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJBS.V3I12.1788","url":null,"abstract":"Medium optimization for hairy root cultures producing secondary metabolites was studied through statistical experimental design. In the following, one factor model of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to formulate the L-Arginine amino acid levels alongside three categorical factors including bacterial strains (ATCC 15834, C58C1 and R1000), type of explant (Leaf and Stem) in co-cultivation media (B5 and MS) for hairy root induction of Madder ( Rubia tinctorum L.). Design of experiment and data analysis was carried out by using Expert-Design ® 7.1 software. According to the results, modeling and optimization conditions, including L-Arginine concentration 1.00 mM; bacterial strain; C58C1, leaf explant and B5 medium for HR induction frequency equal to 58% was evaluated (Desirability point=0.986). These optimal conditions predicted by RSM were confirmed to enhance hairy root induction as an application potential for biotechnological implementation to produce the anticipated compounds.","PeriodicalId":210831,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Animal Science","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128254688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.14196/SJAS.V3I12.1802
T. Senda, I. Mirazi, J. Sikosana, G. Sisito, O. Daga
This study was carried out to determine if the heart girth can be used effectively to estimate live body weights of the indigenous Matebele goats and help in the development of a heart girth measuring weigh belt. This is aimed at addressing the challenges that farmers face in determining the weight of their goats since they are not able to purchase their own scales. Data was collected using a weighing scale and an ordinary measuring tape from 625 Matebele goats from Matopos Research Institute. The average weight of live animals was 28.8kg. The regression coefficient of the heart girth measured against the body weight was found to be 0.77 and a coefficient of determination of 0.99 indicating a good model and strong relationship between the two variables. This shows that the heart girth can be used in predicting body weight in goats and this is a cost effective, quick and practical way of weight estimation. The live body weight can be estimated using the model: Live weight (LW) = Heart girth circumference (H) 0.77 .
{"title":"Live weight estimation in the indigenous matebele goats using the heart girth circumference","authors":"T. Senda, I. Mirazi, J. Sikosana, G. Sisito, O. Daga","doi":"10.14196/SJAS.V3I12.1802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJAS.V3I12.1802","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to determine if the heart girth can be used effectively to estimate live body weights of the indigenous Matebele goats and help in the development of a heart girth measuring weigh belt. This is aimed at addressing the challenges that farmers face in determining the weight of their goats since they are not able to purchase their own scales. Data was collected using a weighing scale and an ordinary measuring tape from 625 Matebele goats from Matopos Research Institute. The average weight of live animals was 28.8kg. The regression coefficient of the heart girth measured against the body weight was found to be 0.77 and a coefficient of determination of 0.99 indicating a good model and strong relationship between the two variables. This shows that the heart girth can be used in predicting body weight in goats and this is a cost effective, quick and practical way of weight estimation. The live body weight can be estimated using the model: Live weight (LW) = Heart girth circumference (H) 0.77 .","PeriodicalId":210831,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Animal Science","volume":"289 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133246367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-17DOI: 10.14196/SJBS.V3I11.1759
A. Sarkar, A. Sarkar, P. Sen
The mangrove ecosystem plays an important role in maintaining coastal ecological balance and is also one of the most highly productive and dynamic ecosystems to mankind, providing food, livelihood and ecological security. The plant species of this ecosystem are constantly under environmental stress due to the highly saline conditions and extreme temperatures. Studying the genetic diversity of mangrove plants is important in taking effective measures to protect these species. The present study, being the first attempt in Indian Sundarbans, deals with RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) marker study of three IUCN declared ‘Vulnerable’ mangrove species viz. Xylocarpus granatum , Xylocarpus mekongensis and Heritiera fomes of Indian Sundarbans to assess its genetic diversity to trace their reduction in population size. These were collected from two distinct populations of Indian Sundarbans i.e. Sajnekhali Tiger Reserve and Bonnie Camp area. It was found that intra-specific polymorphism was highest (80%) in Xylocarpus granatum in and lowest (60 %) in Xylocarpus mekongensis while Heritiera fomes showed moderate (71.42 %) level of polymorphism. The decreasing population size can be assessed through the low genetic variation of Xylocarpus mekongensis and Heritiera fomes rather than Xylocarpus granatum . It can further be said that comparatively high genetic variation of Xylocarpus granatum , though, does not exactly correspond to its population structure, it may be due to its isolated distribution, dissimilar edaphic factors and different anthropogenic activities within the mangroves of Indian Sundarbans. We can conclude that molecular marker study provides an effective tool to access the existing inter- and intra-specific genetic polymorphism within mangrove species of Indian Sundarbans and to explore their conservation strategy.
{"title":"Study of genetic variation and phenetic relationships in some vulnerable taxa from Indian sundarbans following RAPD marker analysis","authors":"A. Sarkar, A. Sarkar, P. Sen","doi":"10.14196/SJBS.V3I11.1759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJBS.V3I11.1759","url":null,"abstract":"The mangrove ecosystem plays an important role in maintaining coastal ecological balance and is also one of the most highly productive and dynamic ecosystems to mankind, providing food, livelihood and ecological security. The plant species of this ecosystem are constantly under environmental stress due to the highly saline conditions and extreme temperatures. Studying the genetic diversity of mangrove plants is important in taking effective measures to protect these species. The present study, being the first attempt in Indian Sundarbans, deals with RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) marker study of three IUCN declared ‘Vulnerable’ mangrove species viz. Xylocarpus granatum , Xylocarpus mekongensis and Heritiera fomes of Indian Sundarbans to assess its genetic diversity to trace their reduction in population size. These were collected from two distinct populations of Indian Sundarbans i.e. Sajnekhali Tiger Reserve and Bonnie Camp area. It was found that intra-specific polymorphism was highest (80%) in Xylocarpus granatum in and lowest (60 %) in Xylocarpus mekongensis while Heritiera fomes showed moderate (71.42 %) level of polymorphism. The decreasing population size can be assessed through the low genetic variation of Xylocarpus mekongensis and Heritiera fomes rather than Xylocarpus granatum . It can further be said that comparatively high genetic variation of Xylocarpus granatum , though, does not exactly correspond to its population structure, it may be due to its isolated distribution, dissimilar edaphic factors and different anthropogenic activities within the mangroves of Indian Sundarbans. We can conclude that molecular marker study provides an effective tool to access the existing inter- and intra-specific genetic polymorphism within mangrove species of Indian Sundarbans and to explore their conservation strategy.","PeriodicalId":210831,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Animal Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116875164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-29DOI: 10.14196/SJBS.V3I10.1262
H. Boostani, M. Chorom, A. Moezzi, N. Enayatizamir
Salinity is the major environmental factor limiting plant growth and productivity. Under salinity conditions, plant growth is affected by a number of factors such as hormonal and nutritional imbalance, ion toxicity, physiological disorders, susceptibility to diseases, etc. Plant growth under stress conditions may be enhanced by the application of microbial inoculation including plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizal fungi. These microbes can promote plant growth by regulating nutritional and hormonal balance, producing plant growth regulators, solubilizing nutrients and inducing resistance against plant pathogens. The present review comprehensively discusses on the effectiveness of PGPR and mycorrhizal fungi for enhancing plant growth under salinity stress. The mechanisms involved in plant salinity tolerance under stress conditions have been discussed at length in this review. Also the review discusses the role of rhizobacteria and mycorrhizae in combination in enhancing plant growth under stress conditions.
{"title":"Mechanisms of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizae fungi to enhancement of plant growth under salinity stress: a review.","authors":"H. Boostani, M. Chorom, A. Moezzi, N. Enayatizamir","doi":"10.14196/SJBS.V3I10.1262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJBS.V3I10.1262","url":null,"abstract":"Salinity is the major environmental factor limiting plant growth and productivity. Under salinity conditions, plant growth is affected by a number of factors such as hormonal and nutritional imbalance, ion toxicity, physiological disorders, susceptibility to diseases, etc. Plant growth under stress conditions may be enhanced by the application of microbial inoculation including plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizal fungi. These microbes can promote plant growth by regulating nutritional and hormonal balance, producing plant growth regulators, solubilizing nutrients and inducing resistance against plant pathogens. The present review comprehensively discusses on the effectiveness of PGPR and mycorrhizal fungi for enhancing plant growth under salinity stress. The mechanisms involved in plant salinity tolerance under stress conditions have been discussed at length in this review. Also the review discusses the role of rhizobacteria and mycorrhizae in combination in enhancing plant growth under stress conditions.","PeriodicalId":210831,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Animal Science","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125998471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-29DOI: 10.14196/SJAS.V3I11.1752
T. F. Robinson, B. Roeder
Serum and urine analytes were measured in 4 healthy adult llama and alpaca geldings housed in metabolism crates and fed three diets consisting of alfalfa (AH), barley (BH) or grass (GH) hay and water ad libitum. This comparative study was conducted to determine if differences exist in serum metabolites and urinary indices in llamas and alpacas consuming the same forages of differing protein and carbohydrate quality. Daily feed intake was determined and concurrent serum and urine samples were obtained at 4-hr intervals on d13 and d14 for analysis of electrolytes, urea N, and creatinine. AH was consumed more than BH or GH by both species, but llamas consumed more forage on both a body weight (BW) and metabolic BW (MBW, kg .75 ) basis. Serum electrolytes were similarly affected by diet between species, indicating that renal homeostatic mechanisms were functional and analogous in llamas and alpacas. Serum and urine urea N were affected by forage (P<0.05). Urine volume was highest for both camelid species when consuming AH (P<0.05). Mean urine electrolyte excretion only differed by diet. Dissimilarities between these species was evidenced by differences in renal excretion of urea N and differences in urine volume on a MBW (kg .75 ) basis.
研究人员对4只健康成年大羊驼和羊驼幼崽进行了血清和尿液分析，这些幼崽被饲养在代谢板条箱中，并随意饲喂苜蓿(AH)、大麦(BH)或草(GH)干草和水三种饲粮。本试验旨在探讨食用不同蛋白质和碳水化合物质量的相同饲料时，大羊驼和羊驼血清代谢物和尿液指标是否存在差异。测定日采食量，并在第13天和第14天每隔4小时同时采集血清和尿液样本，分析电解质、尿素N和肌酐。两种大羊驼对草料的消耗均大于对草料的消耗，但在体重(BW)和代谢体重(MBW, kg .75)的基础上，大羊驼对草料的消耗均大于大羊驼。不同物种之间的血清电解质受日粮的影响相似，表明肾脏稳态机制在大羊驼和羊驼中具有类似的功能。饲料对血清和尿尿素氮有显著影响(P<0.05)。两种骆驼在摄入AH时尿量最高(P<0.05)。平均尿电解质排泄量仅因饮食而异。这些物种之间的差异可以通过肾脏尿素N排泄量的差异和以MBW (kg .75)为基础的尿量差异来证明。
{"title":"Serum and urine analyte comparison between llamas and alpacas fed three forages.","authors":"T. F. Robinson, B. Roeder","doi":"10.14196/SJAS.V3I11.1752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJAS.V3I11.1752","url":null,"abstract":"Serum and urine analytes were measured in 4 healthy adult llama and alpaca geldings housed in metabolism crates and fed three diets consisting of alfalfa (AH), barley (BH) or grass (GH) hay and water ad libitum. This comparative study was conducted to determine if differences exist in serum metabolites and urinary indices in llamas and alpacas consuming the same forages of differing protein and carbohydrate quality. Daily feed intake was determined and concurrent serum and urine samples were obtained at 4-hr intervals on d13 and d14 for analysis of electrolytes, urea N, and creatinine. AH was consumed more than BH or GH by both species, but llamas consumed more forage on both a body weight (BW) and metabolic BW (MBW, kg .75 ) basis. Serum electrolytes were similarly affected by diet between species, indicating that renal homeostatic mechanisms were functional and analogous in llamas and alpacas. Serum and urine urea N were affected by forage (P<0.05). Urine volume was highest for both camelid species when consuming AH (P<0.05). Mean urine electrolyte excretion only differed by diet. Dissimilarities between these species was evidenced by differences in renal excretion of urea N and differences in urine volume on a MBW (kg .75 ) basis.","PeriodicalId":210831,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Animal Science","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114305226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-29DOI: 10.14196/SJAS.V3I11.1750
E. Attakpa, Y. Akpo, Najib Amadou, D. Y. G. Awohouedji, Fidélia Djegui, A. Youssao
One most worrying diseases in pig breeding in Benin is the African swine fever (ASF) which made important economic losses. This study aims to make Parakou’s pig farms’s typology and ASF’s epidemiologic’s study. A survey was been done on 10 % Parakou’s pig’s farms number that’s mean 69 farms. For ASF’s epidemiologic study, 41 samples of organs (liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys and heart) and 24 samples of blood serum were carried out. These samples were analyzed by the Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Three breeders groups were been identified. The average number of pigs per farms was 15.78 ± 11.15. In group 1, the breeders had provided with schooling and practiced an intensive breeding. In group 2, they were extensive breeders with a little technical knowledge. Finally, group 3 was for semi-intensive breeders who practiced quarantine and who used kitchen residues in pigs’ feeding. The laboratory analyses revealed that 78.05% of the organs subjected to the PCR were positive against 12.5% of serum by the ELISA test. The rates of positivity observed by organ were respectively of 31.21%, 28.12%, 18.75, 12.50% and 9.38% for the liver, the lungs, the spleen, the kidneys and the heart. It was noted that the expression of ASF in the different types of pig farms is under the influence of the mode of pig conduct, the practice or not of the quarantine of animals, heating of feeds containing fatty water and the number of pig herds. The reduction or elimination of the risk factors seems the starting point for an effective fight against this viral disease of swine which decimates the pigs’ farms and impoverishes people.
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Pub Date : 2014-11-29DOI: 10.14196/SJAS.V3I11.1742
N. Assan
Due to climatic variability in semi arid tropics, livestock production faces many challenges that threaten its viability. This is a review that looks at the potential of goat production as one of the many mitigating strategies in confronting climate change in semi arid tropics. The discussion focuses on specific goat ethological, morphological and physiological characteristics that have environmental adaptation implications. Physiological, behavioral and morphological responses let goats effectively thrive in unfavorable climate change induced environmental conditions. These responses are important in matching goats to specific environmental conditions and ensuring a sustainable level of production. Severe feed shortages resulting from changes in rainfall pattern, and water scarcity are some of the major climate change induced environmental stressors, which have caused livestock capacity decline. Their negative influence on livestock production calls for use of adapted livestock species to cope with unavoidable climate change effects. Goats have shown to be a remarkable animal species that possess distinctive qualities enabling it to excel efficiently in harsh tropical environments. As climate change takes a centre stage in defining livestock productivity in semi arid tropics, there is greater need to stress what type of livestock species to keep. Therefore, the selection of adapted livestock species will be critical in sustaining productivity under this increasingly challenging environment. Identification of livestock species adaptable to semi arid tropics, is recommended for achieving sustainable levels of production. This is on the understanding that selection of adapted livestock species counteracts the negative effects of climate change in such a way that productivity can be maintained and improved. While other species tend to be highly vulnerable, goats have evolved a unique and fascinating array of physiological, morphological and reproductive characteristics, which have contributed to their survival and proliferation in unique unfavorable tropical environmental niches. This points to the fact that promotion of goat production may be a viable mitigation strategy in the context of climate change. It is thus suggested that as climatic variability worsens, goats will assume a critical role in livestock production due to their adaptive features, such as feeding behavior, disease and heat tolerance. These behavioral, morphological and physiological characteristics enable goats to effectively cope with the stressful nature of the vast semi arid tropics. The discussion concludes with the understanding that promotion of goats becomes a key component of semi arid tropics livestock production systems. Due to goats’ numerical strength and greater adaptability to varying harsh tropical environmental conditions, they offer a compelling solution to livestock production capacity utilization to minimize destabilizing factors associated with the uncertaint
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