Pub Date : 2021-08-08DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2021.272797.1676
C. Jalili, S. Darakhshan, N. Akhshi, A. Abdolmaleki, Abdolnasir Abdi, A. Ghanbari
Background and objectives: Despite clinical use, the efficacy of methotrexate is often limited by some adverse effects, mainly nephrotoxicity. The most common mechanism of methotrexate-induced kidney damages is oxidative stress. Harmine as a plant-derived compound has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of harmine, against methotrexate -induced nephrotoxicity. Methods: The mice were divided into six groups: control (saline only); 20 mg/kg methotrexate; 20 mg/kg harmine, and 20 mg/kg methotrexate + harmine at three doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg. Administrations were intraperitoneally and the treatment period was a 14-days. After this time, the sera and kidneys were collected from each group for the following analyses. Samples were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, qRT-PCR, and biochemical assays. Results: The mice that received methotrexate showed significant increase in creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, and 10, or 20 mg/kg harmine mitigated these results. The number and diameter of glomeruli were improved by harmine in methotrexate -treated groups. Moreover, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels showed significant increase in the kidney of the mice that received methotrexate, while total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase were diminished. Harmine treatment suppressed oxidative stress markers and also enhanced antioxidant defense parameters. Harmine inhibited methotrexate-induced oxidative stress as shown by the decreased expression of Nqo1, Ho-1, Trx1 and Nrf2 at mRNA level. Harmine also ameliorated histological alterations induced by methotrexate. Conclusion: Our results suggested that harmine has the potential to protect against methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity.
{"title":"Harmine Has Nephroprotective Effect against Methotrexate-Induced Injury in Mice via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress","authors":"C. Jalili, S. Darakhshan, N. Akhshi, A. Abdolmaleki, Abdolnasir Abdi, A. Ghanbari","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2021.272797.1676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2021.272797.1676","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Despite clinical use, the efficacy of methotrexate is often limited by some adverse effects, mainly nephrotoxicity. The most common mechanism of methotrexate-induced kidney damages is oxidative stress. Harmine as a plant-derived compound has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of harmine, against methotrexate -induced nephrotoxicity. Methods: The mice were divided into six groups: control (saline only); 20 mg/kg methotrexate; 20 mg/kg harmine, and 20 mg/kg methotrexate + harmine at three doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg. Administrations were intraperitoneally and the treatment period was a 14-days. After this time, the sera and kidneys were collected from each group for the following analyses. Samples were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, qRT-PCR, and biochemical assays. Results: The mice that received methotrexate showed significant increase in creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, and 10, or 20 mg/kg harmine mitigated these results. The number and diameter of glomeruli were improved by harmine in methotrexate -treated groups. Moreover, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels showed significant increase in the kidney of the mice that received methotrexate, while total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase were diminished. Harmine treatment suppressed oxidative stress markers and also enhanced antioxidant defense parameters. Harmine inhibited methotrexate-induced oxidative stress as shown by the decreased expression of Nqo1, Ho-1, Trx1 and Nrf2 at mRNA level. Harmine also ameliorated histological alterations induced by methotrexate. Conclusion: Our results suggested that harmine has the potential to protect against methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41893975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-12DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2021.276014.1684
G. Mosleh, A. Azadi, A. Mohagheghzadeh
Background and objective: Wallflower oil is made from the flowers of Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz which is a herb rich in cardenolide compounds. Wallflower oil was traditionally indicated for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hair tonic, and wound healing purposes. In this paper, wallflower oil was prepared based on the method cited in Persian medicine resources. Methods: To prepare the oil, 250 g dried flower was soaked in 5000 g distilled water for 20 h. Then, it was boiled for 2 h till half of the water volume evaporated. The obtained decoction was filtered and boiled in 2500 g sesame oil until all the aqueous part evaporated. The quality control tests were performed. Results: Acid, peroxide, iodine, and saponification values were determined as 0.72±0.02 (oleic acid%), 7.16±0.10 (meq/kg oil), 104.73±0.71 (g of I2/100 g oil), and 242.85±0.29 (mg KOH/g oil), respectively. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of cardenolide compounds in wallflower oil, decoction, maceration, and flower samples. GC-FID results recognized linoleic acid (42.91%), oleic acid (41.22%), and palmitic acid (9.76%) as major fatty acids of wallflower oil. In addition, GC-MS study identified 11 volatile compounds among which, thymol (28.13%), carvacrol (21.63%), and dodecane (11.50%) were recognized as the main components. Conclusion: Thymol and carvacrol could be used for evaluation and determination of wallflower oil. On the other hand, presence of cardenolides in wallflower oil and consequent probable cardiac actions should be considered during clinical administrations. This paper recommends further in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of wallflower oil.
{"title":"Characterization and Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis of Traditional Wallflower Oil","authors":"G. Mosleh, A. Azadi, A. Mohagheghzadeh","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2021.276014.1684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2021.276014.1684","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objective: Wallflower oil is made from the flowers of Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz which is a herb rich in cardenolide compounds. Wallflower oil was traditionally indicated for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hair tonic, and wound healing purposes. In this paper, wallflower oil was prepared based on the method cited in Persian medicine resources. Methods: To prepare the oil, 250 g dried flower was soaked in 5000 g distilled water for 20 h. Then, it was boiled for 2 h till half of the water volume evaporated. The obtained decoction was filtered and boiled in 2500 g sesame oil until all the aqueous part evaporated. The quality control tests were performed. Results: Acid, peroxide, iodine, and saponification values were determined as 0.72±0.02 (oleic acid%), 7.16±0.10 (meq/kg oil), 104.73±0.71 (g of I2/100 g oil), and 242.85±0.29 (mg KOH/g oil), respectively. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of cardenolide compounds in wallflower oil, decoction, maceration, and flower samples. GC-FID results recognized linoleic acid (42.91%), oleic acid (41.22%), and palmitic acid (9.76%) as major fatty acids of wallflower oil. In addition, GC-MS study identified 11 volatile compounds among which, thymol (28.13%), carvacrol (21.63%), and dodecane (11.50%) were recognized as the main components. Conclusion: Thymol and carvacrol could be used for evaluation and determination of wallflower oil. On the other hand, presence of cardenolides in wallflower oil and consequent probable cardiac actions should be considered during clinical administrations. This paper recommends further in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of wallflower oil.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47112747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.22127/rjp.2021.287851.1702
S. Mandal
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease caused by a new variant of coronavirus which has already spread in more than 150 countries and gained global attention. The absence of efficient and effective medicines towards this disease has indeed aggravated the situation [1]. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was an extremely contagious virus that caused serious disease and death. This virus has been found to cause human respiratory, enteric, and neurological disorders. This is one of the seven known coronavirus strains, found to inflict human infection and the latest outbreak of coronavirus in 2019 was triggered by the strain called SARS-CoV-2. Other strains include HCoV-NL-63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKu1, MERS-CoV, etc. [2,3]. Coronavirus 2019 has quickly spread to the international community originating from Wuhan city, Hubei in China [4]. The exponential growth of this new coronavirus strain has already imposed strict four-tier guidelines in UK. In September 2019, it was first observed in UK. In mid-December, this amounted to almost two-thirds of population in UK [5]. On 30th January 2020, it was first reported in India through a student from Wuhan [13]. The world health organization (WHO) declared corona virus outbreak as a global pandemic on 11th March 2020 [12]. Considering the structure, there are four key proteins included in the structural composition of coronaviruses. Those are Spike (S), Membrane (M), Envelope (E) and Nucleocapsid (N). Spike, a trimeric glycoprotein of CoV, establishes CoV variability and host tropism and also facilitates CoVs which bind to virus-cell membrane fusion and surface-specific receptor [6]. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through this structural spike protein (S), which bind to the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor. Host cell receptors and endosomes are used by the spike proteins (S) to enter the cells after receptor binding. The transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), a host type 2 transmembrane serine protease, enables cell entry through the S-protein. The viral polyproteins which code for replicase transcriptase complex are synthesized once within the cell. SARS-CoV-2 synthesizes RNA through RNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme. Structural proteins are generated, resulting in the formation and discharge of viral particles. The forthcoming drug treatments are included in these stages of the viral life cycle. Non-structural proteins like RNA dependent RNA polymerase, papain proteases, 3-chymotrypsin-like proteases which establish homologies with the other novel coronaviruses, are considered as promising medication targets. Additional drug targets include entry of virus and immune control [7]. At the time of sneezing and coughing, infection can transmit by enormous droplets through the symptomatic individuals. The infection may also occur in asymptomatic people before the symptoms start. In comparison to throat, studies indicate higher nasal cavity v
{"title":"COVID-19 and the Use of Natural Products","authors":"S. Mandal","doi":"10.22127/rjp.2021.287851.1702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/rjp.2021.287851.1702","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease caused by a new variant of coronavirus which has already spread in more than 150 countries and gained global attention. The absence of efficient and effective medicines towards this disease has indeed aggravated the situation [1]. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was an extremely contagious virus that caused serious disease and death. This virus has been found to cause human respiratory, enteric, and neurological disorders. This is one of the seven known coronavirus strains, found to inflict human infection and the latest outbreak of coronavirus in 2019 was triggered by the strain called SARS-CoV-2. Other strains include HCoV-NL-63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKu1, MERS-CoV, etc. [2,3]. Coronavirus 2019 has quickly spread to the international community originating from Wuhan city, Hubei in China [4]. The exponential growth of this new coronavirus strain has already imposed strict four-tier guidelines in UK. In September 2019, it was first observed in UK. In mid-December, this amounted to almost two-thirds of population in UK [5]. On 30th January 2020, it was first reported in India through a student from Wuhan [13]. The world health organization (WHO) declared corona virus outbreak as a global pandemic on 11th March 2020 [12]. \u0000Considering the structure, there are four key proteins included in the structural composition of coronaviruses. Those are Spike (S), Membrane (M), Envelope (E) and Nucleocapsid (N). Spike, a trimeric glycoprotein of CoV, establishes CoV variability and host tropism and also facilitates CoVs which bind to virus-cell membrane fusion and surface-specific receptor [6]. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through this structural spike protein (S), which bind to the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor. Host cell receptors and endosomes are used by the spike proteins (S) to enter the cells after receptor binding. The transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), a host type 2 transmembrane serine protease, enables cell entry through the S-protein. The viral polyproteins which code for replicase transcriptase complex are synthesized once within the cell. SARS-CoV-2 synthesizes RNA through RNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme. Structural proteins are generated, resulting in the formation and discharge of viral particles. The forthcoming drug treatments are included in these stages of the viral life cycle. Non-structural proteins like RNA dependent RNA polymerase, papain proteases, 3-chymotrypsin-like proteases which establish homologies with the other novel coronaviruses, are considered as promising medication targets. Additional drug targets include entry of virus and immune control [7]. At the time of sneezing and coughing, infection can transmit by enormous droplets through the symptomatic individuals. The infection may also occur in asymptomatic people before the symptoms start. In comparison to throat, studies indicate higher nasal cavity v","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42517886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2021.276097.1685
W. Samappito, S. Jorjong, L. Butkhup
Background and objectives: Thailand has abundant traditional medicinal plant species which are efficacious for many illnesses, but most of them still lack the supportive scientific information for their healing properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the constituents and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of some of these plants. Methods: The medicinal plant extracts were assessed for their flavonoids and phenolics composition and tested for antibacterial activity using disk diffusion method. In vitroantioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Results: Major flavonoids present in the medicinal plants were naringenin, (+)-catechin and quercetin. The highest contents of naringenin, quercetin and (+)-catechin were observed in Tinospora crispa (896.15 mg/100 g dw), Betula alnoides (521.57 mg/100 g dw) and Albizia procera (430.28 mg/100 g dw), respectively (P<0.05). Naringenin was first reported from T. crispa,quercetin and (-)-epicatechin were also found in this plant. The lowest EC50 value based on the DPPHassay was found in Capparis micracantha extracts (9.10 mg/mL). The strongest antioxidant capacities, examined by the DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays, were found in Capparis micracantha (EC50 9.10 mg/mL), Zingiber cassumunar (334.00 mg Fe(II)/100 g dw) and Plumbago indica (61.56 mg TE/100 g dw), respectively (p<0.05). The extract of Plumbago indica root exhibited the highest antibacterial activity mainly against Bacillus subtilis (MIC = 1.56 mg/mL), Bacillus cereus (MIC = 0.39 mg/mL), Streptococcus faecalis (MIC = 0.19 mg/mL), Salmonella sp. (MIC = 0.39 mg/mL) and Salmonella typhi (MIC = 0.19 mg/mL). Conclusion: The results provided significant scientific data on phytochemical constituents and biological activities of Thai medicinal plants use in traditional medicine and the relation to their therapeutic properties.
背景和目的:泰国拥有丰富的传统药用植物物种，对许多疾病有效，但其中大多数仍然缺乏支持其治疗特性的科学信息。本研究的目的是评价和比较这些植物的成分及其抗氧化和抗菌活性。方法:采用圆盘扩散法测定药用植物提取物的黄酮类和酚类成分，并测定其抑菌活性。体外抗氧化能力通过DPPH、ABTS和FRAP测定。结果:药用植物中黄酮类化合物以柚皮素、儿茶素和槲皮素为主。柚皮素、槲皮素和(+)-儿茶素含量最高的品种分别为:crispa Tinospora (896.15 mg/100 g dw)、alnoides (521.57 mg/100 g dw)和Albizia procera (430.28 mg/100 g dw)。柚皮素首次报道，槲皮素和(-)-表儿茶素也在该植物中被发现。DPPHassay的EC50值最低的是小红花提取物(9.10 mg/mL)。DPPH、FRAP和ABTS检测结果显示，微刺红(EC50 9.10 mg/mL)、木香姜(334.00 mg Fe(II)/100 g dw)和紫穗槐(61.56 mg TE/100 g dw)的抗氧化能力最强(p<0.05)。对枯草芽孢杆菌(MIC = 1.56 mg/mL)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(MIC = 0.39 mg/mL)、粪链球菌(MIC = 0.19 mg/mL)、沙门氏菌(MIC = 0.39 mg/mL)和伤寒沙门氏菌(MIC = 0.19 mg/mL)的抑菌活性最高。结论:研究结果为了解泰国传统药用植物的化学成分、生物活性及其与疗效的关系提供了重要的科学依据。
{"title":"Flavonoids and Phenolics Contents, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Folk Medicinal Plants Used in Northeastern Thailand","authors":"W. Samappito, S. Jorjong, L. Butkhup","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2021.276097.1685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2021.276097.1685","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Thailand has abundant traditional medicinal plant species which are efficacious for many illnesses, but most of them still lack the supportive scientific information for their healing properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the constituents and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of some of these plants. Methods: The medicinal plant extracts were assessed for their flavonoids and phenolics composition and tested for antibacterial activity using disk diffusion method. In vitroantioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Results: Major flavonoids present in the medicinal plants were naringenin, (+)-catechin and quercetin. The highest contents of naringenin, quercetin and (+)-catechin were observed in Tinospora crispa (896.15 mg/100 g dw), Betula alnoides (521.57 mg/100 g dw) and Albizia procera (430.28 mg/100 g dw), respectively (P<0.05). Naringenin was first reported from T. crispa,quercetin and (-)-epicatechin were also found in this plant. The lowest EC50 value based on the DPPHassay was found in Capparis micracantha extracts (9.10 mg/mL). The strongest antioxidant capacities, examined by the DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays, were found in Capparis micracantha (EC50 9.10 mg/mL), Zingiber cassumunar (334.00 mg Fe(II)/100 g dw) and Plumbago indica (61.56 mg TE/100 g dw), respectively (p<0.05). The extract of Plumbago indica root exhibited the highest antibacterial activity mainly against Bacillus subtilis (MIC = 1.56 mg/mL), Bacillus cereus (MIC = 0.39 mg/mL), Streptococcus faecalis (MIC = 0.19 mg/mL), Salmonella sp. (MIC = 0.39 mg/mL) and Salmonella typhi (MIC = 0.19 mg/mL). Conclusion: The results provided significant scientific data on phytochemical constituents and biological activities of Thai medicinal plants use in traditional medicine and the relation to their therapeutic properties.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47736861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2021.280757.1689
T. Dargahi, R. Ilkhani, Azadeh Ghiaee, R. Arbabtafti, S. Fahimi, S. Athari, F. Jafari, Hanieh Kashafroodi, R. Choopani
Background and Objectives: Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways which has become prevalent globally. There are reports about the immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of Pimpinella anisum L. seeds; so, in this study, we explored the suppressive effects of aqueous P. anisum L. seeds extract on ovalbumin-induced asthma in a mouse model. Methods: The seeds were extracted with water and the extract was dried by freeze-drying method. Twenty-eight BALB/c male mice weighing 15–20 g were divided into four groups of seven animals. Ovalbumin was used to trigger allergic asthma in these animals. Negative and positive control mice received phosphate-buffered saline and ovalbumin, respectively. The remaining two groups were challenged with ovalbumin and then received budesonide and the seed extract, respectively. Thereafter, the eosinophils count and expression of IL-5, -13, and -33 were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice. Histopathological changes of the lung tissues were also analyzed. Results: Aqueous extract of P. anisum seeds hindered ovalbumin -stimulated asthmatic complications by declining eosinophils number and expression of IL-5, -13, and -33 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice. It also inhibited the hyperplasia of goblet cells, hypersecretion of mucus, and inflammation in peribronchial and perivascular spaces, which were consequences of ovalbumin exposure. The activity of the extract in suppressing inflammatory responses of asthma in our murine model was comparable to budesonide. Conclusion: Our data underscored the effect of aqueous P. anisum seeds on the suppression of inflammatory responses of allergic asthma, proposing a promising suggestion for the treatment of the disease.
{"title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Pimpinella anisum Extract in a Mouse Model of Allergic Asthma","authors":"T. Dargahi, R. Ilkhani, Azadeh Ghiaee, R. Arbabtafti, S. Fahimi, S. Athari, F. Jafari, Hanieh Kashafroodi, R. Choopani","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2021.280757.1689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2021.280757.1689","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objectives: Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways which has become prevalent globally. There are reports about the immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of Pimpinella anisum L. seeds; so, in this study, we explored the suppressive effects of aqueous P. anisum L. seeds extract on ovalbumin-induced asthma in a mouse model. Methods: The seeds were extracted with water and the extract was dried by freeze-drying method. Twenty-eight BALB/c male mice weighing 15–20 g were divided into four groups of seven animals. Ovalbumin was used to trigger allergic asthma in these animals. Negative and positive control mice received phosphate-buffered saline and ovalbumin, respectively. The remaining two groups were challenged with ovalbumin and then received budesonide and the seed extract, respectively. Thereafter, the eosinophils count and expression of IL-5, -13, and -33 were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice. Histopathological changes of the lung tissues were also analyzed. Results: Aqueous extract of P. anisum seeds hindered ovalbumin -stimulated asthmatic complications by declining eosinophils number and expression of IL-5, -13, and -33 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice. It also inhibited the hyperplasia of goblet cells, hypersecretion of mucus, and inflammation in peribronchial and perivascular spaces, which were consequences of ovalbumin exposure. The activity of the extract in suppressing inflammatory responses of asthma in our murine model was comparable to budesonide. Conclusion: Our data underscored the effect of aqueous P. anisum seeds on the suppression of inflammatory responses of allergic asthma, proposing a promising suggestion for the treatment of the disease.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49444455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2021.262620.1653
C. Jalili, S. Darakhshan, M. Azimi, A. Ghanbari
Background and objective: The mercury-induced liver pathogenesis is mainly mediated by oxidative stress. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the possible ameliorative effect of harmine, a natural compound, on liver toxicity induced by mercury chloride (HgCl2). Methods: Forty-two male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 7): Control, HgCl2 (0.5 mg/kg), harmine (20 mg/kg), and HgCl2 (0.5 mg/kg) + harmine (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg). The mice received treatments once per day for two weeks. After this period, the blood and tissue samples were collected for analyses. Results: HgCl2 caused a significant increase in levels of hepatic enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase; while harmine ameliorated these effects. Harmine in HgCl2-intoxicated mice, showed protective effects as evidenced by the increase in liver relative weight to body as well as the diameter of central vein in the co-treated group. Serum levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide increased in HgCl2, while they were declined in harmine co-treated groups compared to HgCl2 group. The serum level of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity improved following harmine treatment in the co-administrated group compared to HgCl2 group. Moreover, gene expression analysis demonstrated that harmine treatment improved the HgCl2-induced decreasing of Ho-1, Nrf2, Hqo1, and Trx1. The histopathological examination confirmed the protective effects of harmine. Conclusion: Mercury can induce toxicity by elevation of oxidative stress in the liver and harmine attenuates hepatic injury induced by HgCl2, at least in part, through its antioxidant activities.
{"title":"Harmine Mitigates Liver Injury Induced by Mercuric Chloride via the Inhibition of Oxidative Stress","authors":"C. Jalili, S. Darakhshan, M. Azimi, A. Ghanbari","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2021.262620.1653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2021.262620.1653","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objective: The mercury-induced liver pathogenesis is mainly mediated by oxidative stress. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the possible ameliorative effect of harmine, a natural compound, on liver toxicity induced by mercury chloride (HgCl2). Methods: Forty-two male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 7): Control, HgCl2 (0.5 mg/kg), harmine (20 mg/kg), and HgCl2 (0.5 mg/kg) + harmine (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg). The mice received treatments once per day for two weeks. After this period, the blood and tissue samples were collected for analyses. Results: HgCl2 caused a significant increase in levels of hepatic enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase; while harmine ameliorated these effects. Harmine in HgCl2-intoxicated mice, showed protective effects as evidenced by the increase in liver relative weight to body as well as the diameter of central vein in the co-treated group. Serum levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide increased in HgCl2, while they were declined in harmine co-treated groups compared to HgCl2 group. The serum level of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity improved following harmine treatment in the co-administrated group compared to HgCl2 group. Moreover, gene expression analysis demonstrated that harmine treatment improved the HgCl2-induced decreasing of Ho-1, Nrf2, Hqo1, and Trx1. The histopathological examination confirmed the protective effects of harmine. Conclusion: Mercury can induce toxicity by elevation of oxidative stress in the liver and harmine attenuates hepatic injury induced by HgCl2, at least in part, through its antioxidant activities.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44841491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2021.275223.1682
Soodeh Karami, Alireza Yargholi, S. Lamardi, S. Soleymani, L. Shirbeigi, R. Rahimi
The genus Cymbopogon belongs to Poaceae family and contain about 54 species, commonly known as "lemongrass". Cymbopogon is a medicinal plant native to tropical and subtropical areas which is applied traditionally for its numerous properties including antirheumatic, antispasmodic, analgesic, antiseptic, hypotensive, antitussive and anticonvulsant ctivities, and as a treatment for gastrointestinal and nervous disorders and fever. The aims of this study were to discuss about current state of phytochemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacological effects of different species of Cymbopogon. Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library and Google Scholar were searched with the scientific name and the common name of the plant until November 2019. In spite of the small number of clinical investigations, Cymbopogon genus is widely evaluated for its phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and biological activities. Monoterpenes specially geranial, citronellol and citral are the chief components of the essential oil. Biological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, insecticidal, anticancer, hepatoprotective activities as well as its effect on skin, urogenital, gastrointestinal, neuropsychological and cardiovascular systems are proved in cell lines and animal models. Extensive studies have been done on various biological activities of lemongrass; nevertheless, safety and efficacy of Cymbopogon species are not fully evaluated in human and further well-designed clinical trials are required to confirm preclinical findings.
{"title":"A Review of Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Cymbopogon Species","authors":"Soodeh Karami, Alireza Yargholi, S. Lamardi, S. Soleymani, L. Shirbeigi, R. Rahimi","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2021.275223.1682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2021.275223.1682","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Cymbopogon belongs to Poaceae family and contain about 54 species, commonly known as \"lemongrass\". Cymbopogon is a medicinal plant native to tropical and subtropical areas which is applied traditionally for its numerous properties including antirheumatic, antispasmodic, analgesic, antiseptic, hypotensive, antitussive and anticonvulsant ctivities, and as a treatment for gastrointestinal and nervous disorders and fever. The aims of this study were to discuss about current state of phytochemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacological effects of different species of Cymbopogon. Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library and Google Scholar were searched with the scientific name and the common name of the plant until November 2019. In spite of the small number of clinical investigations, Cymbopogon genus is widely evaluated for its phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and biological activities. Monoterpenes specially geranial, citronellol and citral are the chief components of the essential oil. Biological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, insecticidal, anticancer, hepatoprotective activities as well as its effect on skin, urogenital, gastrointestinal, neuropsychological and cardiovascular systems are proved in cell lines and animal models. Extensive studies have been done on various biological activities of lemongrass; nevertheless, safety and efficacy of Cymbopogon species are not fully evaluated in human and further well-designed clinical trials are required to confirm preclinical findings.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45191185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-18DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2021.277101.1686
A. Mesripour, Fatemeh Payandekhah
Background and objectives: Resveratrol is a natural phenol in food particularly the skin of fruits like red grapes. It has been shown to have biological, and antidepressant effects. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of adrenergic system on antidepressant and anti-obsessive effect of resveratrol. Methods: Male mice (weighing 27±2 g) were used. A tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, α-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT 100 mg/kg), α1 adrenergic receptors (AR) antagonist (prazosin, 1 mg/kg), α2-AR antagonist (yohimbine, 1 mg/kg), β-AR antagonist (propranolol, 2 mg/kg) and a tricyclic antidepressant (imipramine, 5 mg/kg), were injected before resveratrol (60 mg/kg). Locomotor activity, burring behavior during marble burring test, and immobility time during forced swimming test (FST) were evaluated. Results: No significant difference was observed in the locomotor activity between groups. The immobility time increased following pretreatment with AMPT (147.3±6.35s vs resveratrol alone 85.67±4.51s, p<0.001); marble burring behavior also increased significantly, indicating the possible role of norepinephrine in resveratrol antidepressant and anti-obsessive-like effects. Propranolol (163.8±8.25 s, p<0.001) and yohimbine (151.0±6.47s, p=0.0030) pretreatment also increased immobility in the FST compared to resveratrol. Pretreatment with prazosin did not cause important change in FST. Pretreatment with propranolol slightly increased marble burring behavior while no changes were observed following yohimbine or prazosin administration. Imipramine pretreatment did not have additive antidepressant effect with resveratrol and increased immobility time (136.1±16.88 s, p=0.014 vs resveratrol). Conclusion: Resveratrol antidepressant-like effect is partly mediated by the noradrenergic system, and by interaction with β-AR and α2-AR. Additionally, resveratrol anti-obsessive-like property involves noradrenergic system but not the β or α-AR.
{"title":"The Noradrenergic System is Partly Involved in Resveratrol Antidepressant and Anti-Obsessive Like Effects in Mice Model","authors":"A. Mesripour, Fatemeh Payandekhah","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2021.277101.1686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2021.277101.1686","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Resveratrol is a natural phenol in food particularly the skin of fruits like red grapes. It has been shown to have biological, and antidepressant effects. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of adrenergic system on antidepressant and anti-obsessive effect of resveratrol. Methods: Male mice (weighing 27±2 g) were used. A tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, α-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT 100 mg/kg), α1 adrenergic receptors (AR) antagonist (prazosin, 1 mg/kg), α2-AR antagonist (yohimbine, 1 mg/kg), β-AR antagonist (propranolol, 2 mg/kg) and a tricyclic antidepressant (imipramine, 5 mg/kg), were injected before resveratrol (60 mg/kg). Locomotor activity, burring behavior during marble burring test, and immobility time during forced swimming test (FST) were evaluated. Results: No significant difference was observed in the locomotor activity between groups. The immobility time increased following pretreatment with AMPT (147.3±6.35s vs resveratrol alone 85.67±4.51s, p<0.001); marble burring behavior also increased significantly, indicating the possible role of norepinephrine in resveratrol antidepressant and anti-obsessive-like effects. Propranolol (163.8±8.25 s, p<0.001) and yohimbine (151.0±6.47s, p=0.0030) pretreatment also increased immobility in the FST compared to resveratrol. Pretreatment with prazosin did not cause important change in FST. Pretreatment with propranolol slightly increased marble burring behavior while no changes were observed following yohimbine or prazosin administration. Imipramine pretreatment did not have additive antidepressant effect with resveratrol and increased immobility time (136.1±16.88 s, p=0.014 vs resveratrol). Conclusion: Resveratrol antidepressant-like effect is partly mediated by the noradrenergic system, and by interaction with β-AR and α2-AR. Additionally, resveratrol anti-obsessive-like property involves noradrenergic system but not the β or α-AR.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46288722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-03DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2021.277328.1687
A. Yegdaneh, L. Safaeian, M. Mirian, N. Dana, M. Taheri
Background and objectives: Triterpene glycosides as the most bioactive components of sea cucumbers, have been considered for their various pharmacological properties especially anticancer and anti-metastasis activities. Due to the limited information on the biological properties of holothurin B as a marine triterpene glycoside, the present study aimed to examine its effect on angiogenesis and compare it with curcumin usinghuman umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods: Holothurin B was isolated from Holothuria atra and identified by NMR and Mass spectroscopic data. Cell survival was estimated using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) technique and migration of cells was assessed by Transwell test. Angiogenesis was evaluatedin vitro by tube formation assay. Results: Holothurin B reduced HUVECssurvival with IC50 value of 8.16 µg/mL. At the concentrations of 5 and 7.5 µg/mL, it significantly decreased the number of migrated cells, the average length and size of tubules, and mean number of junctions; it was more potent than curcumin. Conclusion: Holothurin B could be considered as a potent antiangiogenic constituent through suppressing endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tubulogenesis in vitro, suggesting its potential for further animal and clinical investigations.
{"title":"Holothurin B Isolated from Holothuria Atra Inhibits Angiogenesis More Potent than Curcumin in Vitro","authors":"A. Yegdaneh, L. Safaeian, M. Mirian, N. Dana, M. Taheri","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2021.277328.1687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2021.277328.1687","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Triterpene glycosides as the most bioactive components of sea cucumbers, have been considered for their various pharmacological properties especially anticancer and anti-metastasis activities. Due to the limited information on the biological properties of holothurin B as a marine triterpene glycoside, the present study aimed to examine its effect on angiogenesis and compare it with curcumin usinghuman umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods: Holothurin B was isolated from Holothuria atra and identified by NMR and Mass spectroscopic data. Cell survival was estimated using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) technique and migration of cells was assessed by Transwell test. Angiogenesis was evaluatedin vitro by tube formation assay. Results: Holothurin B reduced HUVECssurvival with IC50 value of 8.16 µg/mL. At the concentrations of 5 and 7.5 µg/mL, it significantly decreased the number of migrated cells, the average length and size of tubules, and mean number of junctions; it was more potent than curcumin. Conclusion: Holothurin B could be considered as a potent antiangiogenic constituent through suppressing endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tubulogenesis in vitro, suggesting its potential for further animal and clinical investigations.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43649098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-02DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2021.273419.1680
Mesfin Bibiso, M. Anza, B. Alemayehu
Background and objectives: Cirsium englerianum (Asteraceae) is an endemic medicinal plant to Ethiopia. It is used to treat skin infection, snake bite and cough. The aim of the present study was to evalute the bioactivity of root extracts of C. englerianum. Methods: Phythochemical screening tests were employed by standard protocols to identifiy the phythochemicals. Column chromatographic separation was used to isolate the compounds and the spectroscopic techniques (IR, NMR and ESMS) were used to elucidtae structures of the compounds. Disc diffusion technique was uesd to evalute antibacterial activity. In vitro antioxidant activity was assessed by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and phosphomolybdenun assays. The total flavonoids content was determined by aluminium chloride method. Results: Phytochemical screening tests revealed presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids in the acetone root extract. Column chromatographic separation of chloroform/methanol (1:1) extract offered stigmasterol (1), and stigmasteryl stearate (2). The acetone extract was potentially effective against the tested bacterial strains (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi) at all concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg/mL). In vitro antioxidant activity attributed that the acetone extract showed DPPH scavenging (IC50 =154.44±74 µg/mL) and total antioxidant activity (8.24±0.9 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per gram of dry extract). The total flavonoid content was observed in the range from 5.88 ±0.21 to 8.24±0.9 milligrams of catechin equivalents per gram of dry plant extract. Conclusion: Stigmasterol and stigmasteryl stearate were reported for the first time from this plant. The results proved that acetone extract exhibited potential antibacterial and antioxidant activity which correlated with inhibition zone diameter, and free radical scavenging activity.
{"title":"Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Cirsium Englerianum (Asteraceae), an Endemic Plant to Ethiopia","authors":"Mesfin Bibiso, M. Anza, B. Alemayehu","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2021.273419.1680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2021.273419.1680","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Cirsium englerianum (Asteraceae) is an endemic medicinal plant to Ethiopia. It is used to treat skin infection, snake bite and cough. The aim of the present study was to evalute the bioactivity of root extracts of C. englerianum. Methods: Phythochemical screening tests were employed by standard protocols to identifiy the phythochemicals. Column chromatographic separation was used to isolate the compounds and the spectroscopic techniques (IR, NMR and ESMS) were used to elucidtae structures of the compounds. Disc diffusion technique was uesd to evalute antibacterial activity. In vitro antioxidant activity was assessed by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and phosphomolybdenun assays. The total flavonoids content was determined by aluminium chloride method. Results: Phytochemical screening tests revealed presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids in the acetone root extract. Column chromatographic separation of chloroform/methanol (1:1) extract offered stigmasterol (1), and stigmasteryl stearate (2). The acetone extract was potentially effective against the tested bacterial strains (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi) at all concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg/mL). In vitro antioxidant activity attributed that the acetone extract showed DPPH scavenging (IC50 =154.44±74 µg/mL) and total antioxidant activity (8.24±0.9 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per gram of dry extract). The total flavonoid content was observed in the range from 5.88 ±0.21 to 8.24±0.9 milligrams of catechin equivalents per gram of dry plant extract. Conclusion: Stigmasterol and stigmasteryl stearate were reported for the first time from this plant. The results proved that acetone extract exhibited potential antibacterial and antioxidant activity which correlated with inhibition zone diameter, and free radical scavenging activity.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44324045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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