Masoumeh Ghajarieh Sepanlou, F. Salami, M. M. Ardakani, S. Lamardi, S. Sadrai, G. Amin, N. Sadeghi, M. Hajimahmoodi
Background and objectives: Eryngium caeruleum M.Bieb. (Syn. Eryngium caucasicum Trautv.)belongs to Apiaceae family. It is found abundantly in northern provinces of Iran as an edible plant. Hundreds of years ago, Eryngium genus was known as a medicinal herb in Persian medicine books which was named “Qaracaane” and the plant’s roots were used in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional parameters in roots, spring and autumn leaves of E. caucasicum for the first time. Methods: The parameters including proximate composition (protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber, ash, moisture and calorie) were measured by the standard methods of the AOAC, mineral contents (iron, zinc, copper and manganese) were measured by atomic absorption and amino acid contents was measured by RP-HPLC. Results: Regarding the results, it was found that the autumn leaves showed the highest amount of fiber, protein, moisture, zinc, copper and manganese. Also, spring leaves contained the highest levels of calorie, while the roots showed much more ash, carbohydrate and iron content. In terms of amino acids contents, threonine was the dominant among the rest of essential amino acids in all investigated parts of E. caeruleum. The results showed that both the aerial parts and the roots of Eryngium caeruleum could be good sources of nutritional ingredients. Conclusion: According to the obtained results it can be concluded that E. caeruleum has the capacity for prospective production of new natural medicinal supplements in order to improve body health and prevent or treat diseases.
{"title":"The Proximate, Mineral and Amino Acid Composition of Spring, Autumn Leaves and Roots of Eryngium caeruleum M.Bieb","authors":"Masoumeh Ghajarieh Sepanlou, F. Salami, M. M. Ardakani, S. Lamardi, S. Sadrai, G. Amin, N. Sadeghi, M. Hajimahmoodi","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2019.89444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2019.89444","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Eryngium caeruleum M.Bieb. (Syn. Eryngium caucasicum Trautv.)belongs to Apiaceae family. It is found abundantly in northern provinces of Iran as an edible plant. Hundreds of years ago, Eryngium genus was known as a medicinal herb in Persian medicine books which was named “Qaracaane” and the plant’s roots were used in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional parameters in roots, spring and autumn leaves of E. caucasicum for the first time. Methods: The parameters including proximate composition (protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber, ash, moisture and calorie) were measured by the standard methods of the AOAC, mineral contents (iron, zinc, copper and manganese) were measured by atomic absorption and amino acid contents was measured by RP-HPLC. Results: Regarding the results, it was found that the autumn leaves showed the highest amount of fiber, protein, moisture, zinc, copper and manganese. Also, spring leaves contained the highest levels of calorie, while the roots showed much more ash, carbohydrate and iron content. In terms of amino acids contents, threonine was the dominant among the rest of essential amino acids in all investigated parts of E. caeruleum. The results showed that both the aerial parts and the roots of Eryngium caeruleum could be good sources of nutritional ingredients. Conclusion: According to the obtained results it can be concluded that E. caeruleum has the capacity for prospective production of new natural medicinal supplements in order to improve body health and prevent or treat diseases.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45306131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Shokrzadeh, H. B. Jouybari, F. Amiri, A. Ziar, Parisa Habibpour, E. Habibi
Background and objectivesFree radicals and other oxidants have important roles in liver cell toxicity. Some natural products are potent scavengers of oxidative agents. Crocus caspius is an endemic species of Caspian forest. Flowers of Crocus genus contain phenolic compound and carotenoid as antioxidant agent. This study investigated the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Crocus caspius Fisch and Mey flowers (Caspian saffron) hydro-alcoholic extract (CCFE) against acute oxidative hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 in mice.MethodsThe antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Crocus caspius flowers were investigated for presence of certain phytochemicals and total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined. For evaluation of hepatoprotective activity, the BALB/c mice were pre-treated with 50, 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg, of the extract intraperitoneally for 5 days and then received CCl4 (0.5 mL/kg, in olive oil). Liver injury was determined by serum biochemical markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutathione content of liver tissue and histopathological studies.ResultsThe phytochemical screening in Caspian saffron flowers indicated the presence of carotenoids, saponins, sterols, flavonoids, and tannins. The extract exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay (IC50 171.5 µg/mL). Pre-treatment groups with the extract demonstrated significant decrease in serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP (p<0.05) and concomitant increase in GSH content (p<0.05). Histopathological observation determined hepatocellular protective effects of the extract.ConclusionThe results represented the protective activity of the extract against oxidative hepatotoxicity.
{"title":"Hepatoprotective Activity of Caspian Saffron (Crocus caspius Fisch and Mey) Flowers against CCl4- Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice","authors":"M. Shokrzadeh, H. B. Jouybari, F. Amiri, A. Ziar, Parisa Habibpour, E. Habibi","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2019.89458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2019.89458","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectivesFree radicals and other oxidants have important roles in liver cell toxicity. Some natural products are potent scavengers of oxidative agents. Crocus caspius is an endemic species of Caspian forest. Flowers of Crocus genus contain phenolic compound and carotenoid as antioxidant agent. This study investigated the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Crocus caspius Fisch and Mey flowers (Caspian saffron) hydro-alcoholic extract (CCFE) against acute oxidative hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 in mice.MethodsThe antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Crocus caspius flowers were investigated for presence of certain phytochemicals and total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined. For evaluation of hepatoprotective activity, the BALB/c mice were pre-treated with 50, 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg, of the extract intraperitoneally for 5 days and then received CCl4 (0.5 mL/kg, in olive oil). Liver injury was determined by serum biochemical markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutathione content of liver tissue and histopathological studies.ResultsThe phytochemical screening in Caspian saffron flowers indicated the presence of carotenoids, saponins, sterols, flavonoids, and tannins. The extract exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay (IC50 171.5 µg/mL). Pre-treatment groups with the extract demonstrated significant decrease in serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP (p<0.05) and concomitant increase in GSH content (p<0.05). Histopathological observation determined hepatocellular protective effects of the extract.ConclusionThe results represented the protective activity of the extract against oxidative hepatotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48378351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahshid Golestaneh Talaei, Z. Mousavi, M. Jahandideh
Background and objectives: The species of Cymbopogon are generally used as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-malarial, and anti-spasmodic agents, as well as in cold treatment.Due to the presence of piperitone in Cymbopogon schoenanthus, we were prompted to evaluate were prompted to assess the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of its essential Oil. Methods: The analgesic activity of C. schoenanthus (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) were examined using writhing, hot-plate, and formalin tests. The control and standard groups respectively received vehicle, morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.), and mefenamic acid (30 mg/kg). The anti-inflammatory effect of C. schoenanthus (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was then assessed by carrageenan method at time intervals of 30 min and 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Results: Cymbopogon schoenanthus essential oil was analyzed by GC-MASS and 31 constituents were identified which represented 86.8% of the oil. The major component of the essential oil was piperitone (62.0%). The administrated doses of C. schoenanthus essential oil could not decrease the number of writhes and hot-plate latency in the mice, compared to the control group. However, it exhibited an analgesic effect, especially in the chronic phase of formalin test. In carrageenan test, all administrated doses of C. schoenanthus essential oil significantly reduced the paw edema, compared to the control (p<0.05). The anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was comparable with that of mefenamic acid (30 mg/kg). Conclusion: The results suggest that C. schoenanthus essential oil possesses biologically active constituents that have significant activity against acute inflammation.
{"title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cymbopogon schoenanthus Essential Oil in Animal Models","authors":"Mahshid Golestaneh Talaei, Z. Mousavi, M. Jahandideh","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2019.89466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2019.89466","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: The species of Cymbopogon are generally used as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-malarial, and anti-spasmodic agents, as well as in cold treatment.Due to the presence of piperitone in Cymbopogon schoenanthus, we were prompted to evaluate were prompted to assess the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of its essential Oil. Methods: The analgesic activity of C. schoenanthus (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) were examined using writhing, hot-plate, and formalin tests. The control and standard groups respectively received vehicle, morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.), and mefenamic acid (30 mg/kg). The anti-inflammatory effect of C. schoenanthus (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was then assessed by carrageenan method at time intervals of 30 min and 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Results: Cymbopogon schoenanthus essential oil was analyzed by GC-MASS and 31 constituents were identified which represented 86.8% of the oil. The major component of the essential oil was piperitone (62.0%). The administrated doses of C. schoenanthus essential oil could not decrease the number of writhes and hot-plate latency in the mice, compared to the control group. However, it exhibited an analgesic effect, especially in the chronic phase of formalin test. In carrageenan test, all administrated doses of C. schoenanthus essential oil significantly reduced the paw edema, compared to the control (p<0.05). The anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was comparable with that of mefenamic acid (30 mg/kg). Conclusion: The results suggest that C. schoenanthus essential oil possesses biologically active constituents that have significant activity against acute inflammation.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45709839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. A. Sardari, G. Mosleh, A. Azadi, A. Mohagheghzadeh, P. Badr
Damask rose or Rosa damascena Herrm. is one of the most widely-used medicinal herbs in Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM). Because of different types of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, glycosides, terpenes, and anthocyanins, R. damascena flowers have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Five traditional Rosa phytopharmaceuticals are “Golangebin”/ “Golqand” (the mixture of petals in honey/sugar), “Jollab”, rose oil, rose water, and rose syrup. In the current study, traditional information about these phytopharmaceuticals was extracted from three medieval manuscripts including “Al-Shamil fi al-Tibb” (13th century AD), “Qarabadin Salehi” (1766), and “Qarabadin Kabir” (1780). Articles on R. damascena petal were found by searching Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar till June 2018. They were mainly related to effectiveness on CNS and GI systems. Numerous studies have been performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of R. damascena extracts and essential oil, but little has been focused on these phytopharmaceuticals as complementary therapies for the mentioned effects. Comparing recent findings and traditional knowledge of these R. damascena phytopharmaceuticals shows a wide gap between these two viewpoints. Therefore, numerous opportunities are provided to evaluate traditional therapeutic notions about R. damascena phytopharmaceuticals leading to increase for their chances of application.
大马士革玫瑰或大马士革玫瑰。是伊朗传统医学中使用最广泛的草药之一。大马士革花含有不同类型的植物化学物质，如类黄酮、糖苷、萜烯和花青素，具有广泛的药理作用。五种传统的罗莎植物药是“Golangebin”/“Golqand”（花瓣在蜂蜜/糖中的混合物）、“Jollab”、玫瑰油、玫瑰水和玫瑰糖浆。在目前的研究中，有关这些植物药物的传统信息是从三份中世纪手稿中提取的，包括《Al-Shamil fi Al-Tibb》（公元13世纪）、《Qarabadin Salehi》（1766年）和《Qaraabadin Kabir》（1780年）。截至2018年6月，通过搜索Pubmed、Scopus和Google Scholar发现了关于R.damascena花瓣的文章。它们主要与对中枢神经系统和胃肠道系统的有效性有关。已经进行了许多研究来评估大马士革红提取物和精油的有效性和安全性，但很少关注这些植物药物作为上述效果的补充疗法。将这些大马士革红植物药物的最新发现与传统知识进行比较，可以发现这两种观点之间存在很大差距。因此，提供了许多机会来评估关于大马士革乳杆菌植物药物的传统治疗理念，从而增加了它们的应用机会。
{"title":"Traditional and Recent Evidence on Five Phytopharmaceuticals from Rosa damascena Herrm.","authors":"F. A. Sardari, G. Mosleh, A. Azadi, A. Mohagheghzadeh, P. Badr","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2019.89469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2019.89469","url":null,"abstract":"Damask rose or Rosa damascena Herrm. is one of the most widely-used medicinal herbs in Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM). Because of different types of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, glycosides, terpenes, and anthocyanins, R. damascena flowers have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Five traditional Rosa phytopharmaceuticals are “Golangebin”/ “Golqand” (the mixture of petals in honey/sugar), “Jollab”, rose oil, rose water, and rose syrup. In the current study, traditional information about these phytopharmaceuticals was extracted from three medieval manuscripts including “Al-Shamil fi al-Tibb” (13th century AD), “Qarabadin Salehi” (1766), and “Qarabadin Kabir” (1780). Articles on R. damascena petal were found by searching Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar till June 2018. They were mainly related to effectiveness on CNS and GI systems. Numerous studies have been performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of R. damascena extracts and essential oil, but little has been focused on these phytopharmaceuticals as complementary therapies for the mentioned effects. Comparing recent findings and traditional knowledge of these R. damascena phytopharmaceuticals shows a wide gap between these two viewpoints. Therefore, numerous opportunities are provided to evaluate traditional therapeutic notions about R. damascena phytopharmaceuticals leading to increase for their chances of application.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44066427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetes mellitus has many complications; one of the most important ones is diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the world and evidences of the role of honey in treatment of DFU, we decided to review the effect of honey on DFU. We searched the keywords of “honey”, “diabetic foot ulcer”, “treatment”, “diabetes mellitus”, “wound dressing” and “wound healing” in indexing systems of PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Science between 2007 to 1 Jun 2017, in English and Persian languages. Out of 120 articles published, 20 articles met the inclusion criteria, including one in vivo study, four in vitro studies and 15 human studies. The results showed the efficacy of honey as a wound healing agent in some types of wounds. Mechanisms of healing methods included hyper osmosis, stimulating cytokine production, producing transforming growth factor-β1 and etc. In some articles, honey was used in combination with other medications like Commiphora molmol, Nigella sativa and povidone iodine. Honey showed minor side effects, in some studies, like mild burning or minor sensation. Despite these complications, the treatment was not stopped and in some cases the disorder was resolved by changing the combination ingredients. Although, the reviewed studies showed healing effect for honey in DFU, more studies are needed to confirm the efficacy.
糖尿病有许多并发症;其中最重要的是糖尿病足溃疡(DFU)。鉴于世界范围内糖尿病患病率的增加以及蜂蜜在DFU治疗中的作用的证据，我们决定回顾蜂蜜对DFU的影响。我们检索了2007年至2017年6月1日PubMed、Scopus和ISI Web of Science检索系统中英文和波斯语的关键词“蜂蜜”、“糖尿病足溃疡”、“治疗”、“糖尿病”、“伤口敷料”和“伤口愈合”。在发表的120篇文章中，有20篇文章符合纳入标准，包括1篇体内研究，4篇体外研究和15篇人体研究。结果表明，蜂蜜对某些类型的伤口具有愈合作用。愈合机制包括超渗透、刺激细胞因子产生、产生转化生长因子-β1等。在一些文章中，蜂蜜与其他药物如樟脑、黑草和聚维酮碘一起使用。在一些研究中，蜂蜜显示出轻微的副作用，比如轻微的灼烧感或轻微的感觉。尽管有这些并发症，治疗并没有停止，在某些情况下，通过改变组合成分，疾病得到了解决。虽然，所回顾的研究表明蜂蜜对DFU有愈合作用，但需要更多的研究来证实其功效。
{"title":"A Brief Review about the Effect of Honey on Diabetic Foot Ulcer; from In Vitro Studies to Clinical Trials","authors":"Fahimeh Khosravi, A. Zargaran","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2019.89470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2019.89470","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus has many complications; one of the most important ones is diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the world and evidences of the role of honey in treatment of DFU, we decided to review the effect of honey on DFU. We searched the keywords of “honey”, “diabetic foot ulcer”, “treatment”, “diabetes mellitus”, “wound dressing” and “wound healing” in indexing systems of PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Science between 2007 to 1 Jun 2017, in English and Persian languages. Out of 120 articles published, 20 articles met the inclusion criteria, including one in vivo study, four in vitro studies and 15 human studies. The results showed the efficacy of honey as a wound healing agent in some types of wounds. Mechanisms of healing methods included hyper osmosis, stimulating cytokine production, producing transforming growth factor-β1 and etc. In some articles, honey was used in combination with other medications like Commiphora molmol, Nigella sativa and povidone iodine. Honey showed minor side effects, in some studies, like mild burning or minor sensation. Despite these complications, the treatment was not stopped and in some cases the disorder was resolved by changing the combination ingredients. Although, the reviewed studies showed healing effect for honey in DFU, more studies are needed to confirm the efficacy.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41652090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Khodaei, Y. Amanzadeh, M. Faramarzi, M. Pirali-Hamedani, H. Adhami
Background and objectives: Dracocephalum species are mentioned in Iranian traditional medicine for enhancement of cognitive performance. In the present study, the acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory and butyryl cholinesterase inhibitory activities as well as the anti-oxidant and anti-tyrosinase effects of three Iranian Dracocephalum species (D. kotschyi, D. multicaule, D. polychaetum was analyzed). Methods: The extractions were performed stepwise with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate (EtOAC), methanol (MeOH) and water. AChE and BChE inhibitory properties were measured by a microplate assay. Total phenolic content of all extracts were also evaluated and anti-oxidant activities of the extracts were assessed using DPPH, FRAP assays. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was measured using the modified dopachrome method with L-DOPA as the substrate. Results: The results showed that the EtOAc extract of D. multicaule and MeOH extract of D. kotschyi were the most active anti-oxidant and anti-tyrosinase extracts which showed the highest amounts of phenolic compounds. Dracocephalum multicaule demonstrated the most considerable activity in AChE inhibition and D. polychaetum the highest activity in BChE inhibition. The aqueous extract of D. multicaule inhibited both AChE and BChE. Conclusion: Dracocephalum multicaule can be suggested as a proper natural candidate for improvement of cognitive disorders.
背景和目的:在伊朗传统医学中提到了龙头属植物，以增强认知能力。本研究分析了3种伊朗龙头草(D. kotschyi, D. multicaule, D. polychaetum)的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性和丁酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性，以及抗氧化和抗酪氨酸酶作用。方法:采用正己烷、氯仿、乙酸乙酯(EtOAC)、甲醇(MeOH)和水进行分步提取。用微孔板法测定AChE和BChE的抑制性能。采用DPPH、FRAP测定各提取物的总酚含量和抗氧化活性。以左旋多巴为底物，采用改良多巴色法测定酪氨酸酶抑制活性。结果:结果表明，多孔竹叶乙酸乙酯提取物和多孔竹叶甲醇提取物的抗氧化活性和抗酪氨酸酶活性最高，酚类化合物含量最高。对乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的抑制作用最强，对BChE的抑制作用最强。水提物对AChE和BChE均有抑制作用。结论:龙脑可作为改善认知障碍的天然候选药物。
{"title":"Cholinesterase Inhibitory, Anti-oxidant and Anti-tyrosinase Activities of Three Iranian Species of Dracocephalum","authors":"M. Khodaei, Y. Amanzadeh, M. Faramarzi, M. Pirali-Hamedani, H. Adhami","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2019.89457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2019.89457","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Dracocephalum species are mentioned in Iranian traditional medicine for enhancement of cognitive performance. In the present study, the acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory and butyryl cholinesterase inhibitory activities as well as the anti-oxidant and anti-tyrosinase effects of three Iranian Dracocephalum species (D. kotschyi, D. multicaule, D. polychaetum was analyzed). Methods: The extractions were performed stepwise with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate (EtOAC), methanol (MeOH) and water. AChE and BChE inhibitory properties were measured by a microplate assay. Total phenolic content of all extracts were also evaluated and anti-oxidant activities of the extracts were assessed using DPPH, FRAP assays. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was measured using the modified dopachrome method with L-DOPA as the substrate. Results: The results showed that the EtOAc extract of D. multicaule and MeOH extract of D. kotschyi were the most active anti-oxidant and anti-tyrosinase extracts which showed the highest amounts of phenolic compounds. Dracocephalum multicaule demonstrated the most considerable activity in AChE inhibition and D. polychaetum the highest activity in BChE inhibition. The aqueous extract of D. multicaule inhibited both AChE and BChE. Conclusion: Dracocephalum multicaule can be suggested as a proper natural candidate for improvement of cognitive disorders.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41966707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ranjbar, A. Vahidi, M. Rezvani, V. Ramezani, M. Boroumand, Y. Jahani
Background and objectivesPain is an unpleasant feeling which affects the quality of life and relieving from pain is an important goal in many treatment protocols. Apium graveolens L. (celery) has been considered as sedative, analgesic, carminative, antispasmodic and diuretic in Iranian traditional medicine. The aim of present study was to evaluate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of celery root in mice.MethodRepeated maceration was employed as extraction method. Hot plate and acetic acid writhing test were conducted to assess analgesic effect of celery root. The extract was also evaluated for anti-inflammatory probable effect by formalin induced ear edema and xylene induced paw edema tests.ResultsTotal flavonoid content determined by aluminum chloride colorimetric method was 0.0625 mg quercetin/g extract. No significant difference was observed between the positive control group which received morphine and test group in hot plate test and the most effective dose of celery root extract was 200 mg/kg, while the frequency of writhings was significantly different in all test groups in comparison with control group (p value< 0.05), the extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly suppressed inflammation in formalin induced edema assay, 60 and 120 min after injection. The results of xylene test also demonstrated notable antiedematogenic effect in applying 200 and 400 mg/kg of extract.ConclusionCelery root has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects which might be related to the flavonoids and resins present in the species.
{"title":"Evaluation of Anti-Nociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Apium graveolens L. Roots Extract in Mice","authors":"A. Ranjbar, A. Vahidi, M. Rezvani, V. Ramezani, M. Boroumand, Y. Jahani","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2019.89467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2019.89467","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectivesPain is an unpleasant feeling which affects the quality of life and relieving from pain is an important goal in many treatment protocols. Apium graveolens L. (celery) has been considered as sedative, analgesic, carminative, antispasmodic and diuretic in Iranian traditional medicine. The aim of present study was to evaluate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of celery root in mice.MethodRepeated maceration was employed as extraction method. Hot plate and acetic acid writhing test were conducted to assess analgesic effect of celery root. The extract was also evaluated for anti-inflammatory probable effect by formalin induced ear edema and xylene induced paw edema tests.ResultsTotal flavonoid content determined by aluminum chloride colorimetric method was 0.0625 mg quercetin/g extract. No significant difference was observed between the positive control group which received morphine and test group in hot plate test and the most effective dose of celery root extract was 200 mg/kg, while the frequency of writhings was significantly different in all test groups in comparison with control group (p value< 0.05), the extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly suppressed inflammation in formalin induced edema assay, 60 and 120 min after injection. The results of xylene test also demonstrated notable antiedematogenic effect in applying 200 and 400 mg/kg of extract.ConclusionCelery root has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects which might be related to the flavonoids and resins present in the species.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45705973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-22DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2020.219943.1557
M. Heidari, Z. Razzaghi, M. Rostami-Nejad, Sina Rezaei-Tavirani, S. Safari, M. Rezaei-Tavirani
Background and objectives: Positive role of saffron in human health promotion has been investigated in widespread researches. Anticancer property, neuroprotection, protection of cardiovascular system and several positive properties are reported for saffron customers. The aim of this study was assessment of saffron weakness against light damage in rat retina. Methods: Gene profiles of control samples (C group) and light damage (L) groups were extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and compared with similar samples in the presence of saffron. The unprotected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were evaluated via network analysis and pathway investigation. The critical genes which were not protected by saffron were identified and discussed. Results: Numbers of 67 DEGs were investigated via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, pathway assessment, and action map investigation. Findings indicated that STAT1, JUN, FOS, and STAT3 were the crucial genes that were not protected by saffron against light damage in rat retina. Conclusion: It may be necessary that consumption of saffron require a suitable protocol to avoid from possible disadvantages; however, saffron is well known for its benefits in human nutrition.
背景与目的:藏红花在促进人体健康方面的积极作用已被广泛研究。据报道，藏红花具有抗癌、神经保护、心血管系统保护和一些积极的特性。本研究的目的是评估藏红花对大鼠视网膜光损伤的抵抗力。方法:从Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)中提取对照组(C组)和光损伤组(L组)的基因图谱，并在藏红花存在的情况下与同类样品进行比较。通过网络分析和通路研究对未保护的差异表达基因(DEGs)进行评价。对不受藏红花保护的关键基因进行了鉴定和讨论。结果:通过蛋白相互作用(PPI)网络分析、通路评估和行动图调查，研究了67个deg的数量。结果表明，STAT1、JUN、FOS和STAT3是藏红花不保护大鼠视网膜免受光损伤的关键基因。结论:有必要制定合适的藏红花食用方案，以避免可能出现的不利影响;然而，藏红花以其对人体营养的益处而闻名。
{"title":"Weak Anti-inflammatory and Anti-cancer Properties of Saffron","authors":"M. Heidari, Z. Razzaghi, M. Rostami-Nejad, Sina Rezaei-Tavirani, S. Safari, M. Rezaei-Tavirani","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2020.219943.1557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2020.219943.1557","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Positive role of saffron in human health promotion has been investigated in widespread researches. Anticancer property, neuroprotection, protection of cardiovascular system and several positive properties are reported for saffron customers. The aim of this study was assessment of saffron weakness against light damage in rat retina. Methods: Gene profiles of control samples (C group) and light damage (L) groups were extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and compared with similar samples in the presence of saffron. The unprotected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were evaluated via network analysis and pathway investigation. The critical genes which were not protected by saffron were identified and discussed. Results: Numbers of 67 DEGs were investigated via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, pathway assessment, and action map investigation. Findings indicated that STAT1, JUN, FOS, and STAT3 were the crucial genes that were not protected by saffron against light damage in rat retina. Conclusion: It may be necessary that consumption of saffron require a suitable protocol to avoid from possible disadvantages; however, saffron is well known for its benefits in human nutrition.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41805426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-22DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2020.213216.1542
Omid Changiz, Abbasali Eskandarain, Masoud Sadeghi-Dinani, S. Soleimanifard
Background and objectives: Leishmaniasis is caused by the genus of Leishmania and is one of the important health problems worldwide. Serious side effects, the lack of effective vaccines and the emergence of drug resistance are the major weak points of leishmaniasis treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate leishmanicidal effects of Allium giganteum saponin rich fraction, natural compounds with history of antimicrobial properties, on promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of L. major and macrophages cell line J774. Methods: The chloroform-methanol (9:1) extract of the flowers was fractionated by MPLC using an RP-18 column. The saponin-rich fraction was detected by TLC and H-NMR analyses and evaluated for leishmanicidal activity on L. major and macrophages cell line J774 using MTT assay at 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. Results: At concentrations of 75, 100 and 150 μg/mL, over the time of 24 to 72 h, a significant decrease in the live parasite's rate was observed (p <0.05). At 200 μg/mL concentration, all parasites were killed and maximum leishmanicidal effect was observed. The IC50s for promastigotes and axenic amastigotes were 90.01 ± 13.42 μg/mL and 29.76±17.91 μg/mL, respectively; the value for the J774 macrophage cell line was 33.17±4 μg/mL. Conclusion: The results of this study showed the significant leishmanicidal effect of saponin rich fraction from Allium giganteum on promastigote and axenic amastigote of L. major and macrophage cell line in vitro. Complementary in vivo studies for evaluating the effects of the fraction on leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice is recommended.
{"title":"Leishmanicidal Effects of Allium giganteum Saponin-Rich Fraction on Leishmania major","authors":"Omid Changiz, Abbasali Eskandarain, Masoud Sadeghi-Dinani, S. Soleimanifard","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2020.213216.1542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2020.213216.1542","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Leishmaniasis is caused by the genus of Leishmania and is one of the important health problems worldwide. Serious side effects, the lack of effective vaccines and the emergence of drug resistance are the major weak points of leishmaniasis treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate leishmanicidal effects of Allium giganteum saponin rich fraction, natural compounds with history of antimicrobial properties, on promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of L. major and macrophages cell line J774. Methods: The chloroform-methanol (9:1) extract of the flowers was fractionated by MPLC using an RP-18 column. The saponin-rich fraction was detected by TLC and H-NMR analyses and evaluated for leishmanicidal activity on L. major and macrophages cell line J774 using MTT assay at 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. Results: At concentrations of 75, 100 and 150 μg/mL, over the time of 24 to 72 h, a significant decrease in the live parasite's rate was observed (p <0.05). At 200 μg/mL concentration, all parasites were killed and maximum leishmanicidal effect was observed. The IC50s for promastigotes and axenic amastigotes were 90.01 ± 13.42 μg/mL and 29.76±17.91 μg/mL, respectively; the value for the J774 macrophage cell line was 33.17±4 μg/mL. Conclusion: The results of this study showed the significant leishmanicidal effect of saponin rich fraction from Allium giganteum on promastigote and axenic amastigote of L. major and macrophage cell line in vitro. Complementary in vivo studies for evaluating the effects of the fraction on leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice is recommended.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48807538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and objectivesArctium lappa belonging to the Compositae (Asteraceae) family has been used as a medicinal and nutritional supplement in the world. The fruits, leaves and roots of the plant are well-known for their pharmaceutical effects. Toxicity of the fruit’s extract in female rats was investigated in the present study.MethodsTo assess the toxicity profile of Arctium lappa fruit extract (ALFE), it was administered to rats by gavage in acute and repeated models. The animals were divided into two groups: control and test groups. In the acute toxicity model, 1000 and 5000 mg/kg ALFE were administered to the animals. Toxic symptoms, body weight, death and abnormal behaviors were observed for 14 days. In the repeated toxicity model, ALFE (300 mg/kg) was daily administered for 4 weeks. Biochemical and histopathological changes were assessed and compared with the control group. Statistical significance was determined by one-way analyses of variance, followed by the Tukey test using GraphPad Prism 6.ResultsNo mortality was noticed in the acute test; therefore, the oral LD50 value determined in the female rats was greater than 5000 mg/kg. In the repeated test, the animals received ALFE (300 mg/kg) and no mortality was observed. The hematology and serum chemistry parameters showed no statistically significant changes. The histopathological studies revealed evidences of microscopic lesions in two main organs lungs and small intestine.ConclusionThe results indicated that the oral acute toxicity of ALFE in the rats was of a low order with LD50 being more than 5000 mg/kg. Moreover, they revealed slight tissue damage to several organs when sub-chronically administered at a dose of 300 mg/kg.
{"title":"Safety Assessment of Arctium lappa L. Fruit Extract in Female Wistar Rats: Acute and Repeated Oral Toxicity Studies","authors":"M. Yaghoubi, Z. Mousavi, T. Rastegar, G. Amin","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2019.84317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2019.84317","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectivesArctium lappa belonging to the Compositae (Asteraceae) family has been used as a medicinal and nutritional supplement in the world. The fruits, leaves and roots of the plant are well-known for their pharmaceutical effects. Toxicity of the fruit’s extract in female rats was investigated in the present study.MethodsTo assess the toxicity profile of Arctium lappa fruit extract (ALFE), it was administered to rats by gavage in acute and repeated models. The animals were divided into two groups: control and test groups. In the acute toxicity model, 1000 and 5000 mg/kg ALFE were administered to the animals. Toxic symptoms, body weight, death and abnormal behaviors were observed for 14 days. In the repeated toxicity model, ALFE (300 mg/kg) was daily administered for 4 weeks. Biochemical and histopathological changes were assessed and compared with the control group. Statistical significance was determined by one-way analyses of variance, followed by the Tukey test using GraphPad Prism 6.ResultsNo mortality was noticed in the acute test; therefore, the oral LD50 value determined in the female rats was greater than 5000 mg/kg. In the repeated test, the animals received ALFE (300 mg/kg) and no mortality was observed. The hematology and serum chemistry parameters showed no statistically significant changes. The histopathological studies revealed evidences of microscopic lesions in two main organs lungs and small intestine.ConclusionThe results indicated that the oral acute toxicity of ALFE in the rats was of a low order with LD50 being more than 5000 mg/kg. Moreover, they revealed slight tissue damage to several organs when sub-chronically administered at a dose of 300 mg/kg.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48953328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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