Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2020.208324.1534
A. Karimi, M. Moradi, Asghar Gafourian
Background and objectives: Human adenoviruses cause a wide range of diseases, from self-limiting and mild infections to some life-threatening infections. Many studies have shown that components derived from medicinal plants have antiviral activity. Pistacia genus is rich in phenolic compounds and has antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant potential and antiviral effects of ethanol and crude extracts and different fractions of Pistacia atlantica Desf. leaves on adenovirus. Methods: Crude P. atlantica leaf extract was prepared by maceration with 80% ethanol. Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were prepared using liquid-liquid extraction method. Toxicity on HEp-2 cells and anti-adenoviral activity of the extract/fractions were evaluated by MTT colorimetric methods. The concentration that caused 50% viral inhibition (IC50) and 50 % cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) were evaluated using regression analysis. Selectivity index (SI), as a marker of antiviral activity, was calculated. To determine antioxidant activity the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used. Results: Ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity with IC50of 1.54±0.12 μg/mL in DPPH scavenging assay. Based on our results, IC50 of P. atlantica crude extract on adenovirus was 15.72 μg/mL, with SI of 8.09; n-butanol fraction showed the highest anti-adenoviral activity among the fractions with IC50of 16.38 µg/mL and SI of 26.5. Conclusion: The ethanol extract and n-butanol fraction of P. atlantica leaves showed inhibitory effects on adenovirus and could be a new promising anti-adenovirus agent.
{"title":"In Vitro Anti-adenovirus Activity and Antioxidant Potential of Pistacia atlantica Desf. Leaves","authors":"A. Karimi, M. Moradi, Asghar Gafourian","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2020.208324.1534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2020.208324.1534","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Human adenoviruses cause a wide range of diseases, from self-limiting and mild infections to some life-threatening infections. Many studies have shown that components derived from medicinal plants have antiviral activity. Pistacia genus is rich in phenolic compounds and has antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant potential and antiviral effects of ethanol and crude extracts and different fractions of Pistacia atlantica Desf. leaves on adenovirus. Methods: Crude P. atlantica leaf extract was prepared by maceration with 80% ethanol. Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were prepared using liquid-liquid extraction method. Toxicity on HEp-2 cells and anti-adenoviral activity of the extract/fractions were evaluated by MTT colorimetric methods. The concentration that caused 50% viral inhibition (IC50) and 50 % cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) were evaluated using regression analysis. Selectivity index (SI), as a marker of antiviral activity, was calculated. To determine antioxidant activity the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used. Results: Ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity with IC50of 1.54±0.12 μg/mL in DPPH scavenging assay. Based on our results, IC50 of P. atlantica crude extract on adenovirus was 15.72 μg/mL, with SI of 8.09; n-butanol fraction showed the highest anti-adenoviral activity among the fractions with IC50of 16.38 µg/mL and SI of 26.5. Conclusion: The ethanol extract and n-butanol fraction of P. atlantica leaves showed inhibitory effects on adenovirus and could be a new promising anti-adenovirus agent.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"7 1","pages":"53-60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44633909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2019.205478.1527
Sara Zakerin, H. Hajimehdipoor, S. Mortazavi, R. Choopani, S. Fahimi, M. Sabetkasaei, Fatemeh Tavakolifar
Herbal medicines play a significant role in global healthcare systems. In this investigation, “Monzej soda” syrup was prepared by decocting a mixture containing Lavandula angustifolia, Melissa officinalis, Echium amoenum, Cordia myxa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ziziphus jujuba, Foeniculum vulgare, Fumaria parviflora, Adiantum capillus-veneris and Alhagi spp. Manna. along with glycerin, sodium benzoate and potacium sorbate. Physicochemical characteristics of the syrup were examined. Moreover, an HPLC technique was designed for analysis of rosmarinic acid in the syrup using C18 column, isocratic H3PO4 0.085% as the mobile phase, flow rate of 1 ml/min in λmax 330 nm. The method was validated for selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD and LOQ. The herbal syrup was brown color with special taste and flavor. Density, pH, viscosity, dry residue, total phenolics, rosmarinic acid content were found 1.085 g/ml, 5.56, 5.35 cP, 15.22±0.43 %, 194 mg/100ml and 47.5 mg/100 ml, respectively. The syrup was stable during laboratory stability tests. The HPLC method was valid according to selectivity, linearity (72-110 µg/ml, r2: 0.9995), intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSD%˂2), accuracy (103.38-106.47%), LOD 1.6 µg/ml and LOQ 4.9 µg/ml. The syrup is a good candidate for pharmaceutical companies after pharmacological and clinical tests.
{"title":"A Validated HPLC Method for Quantitation of Rosmarinic Acid in a Polyherbal Syrup","authors":"Sara Zakerin, H. Hajimehdipoor, S. Mortazavi, R. Choopani, S. Fahimi, M. Sabetkasaei, Fatemeh Tavakolifar","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2019.205478.1527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2019.205478.1527","url":null,"abstract":"Herbal medicines play a significant role in global healthcare systems. In this investigation, “Monzej soda” syrup was prepared by decocting a mixture containing Lavandula angustifolia, Melissa officinalis, Echium amoenum, Cordia myxa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ziziphus jujuba, Foeniculum vulgare, Fumaria parviflora, Adiantum capillus-veneris and Alhagi spp. Manna. along with glycerin, sodium benzoate and potacium sorbate. Physicochemical characteristics of the syrup were examined. Moreover, an HPLC technique was designed for analysis of rosmarinic acid in the syrup using C18 column, isocratic H3PO4 0.085% as the mobile phase, flow rate of 1 ml/min in λmax 330 nm. The method was validated for selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD and LOQ. The herbal syrup was brown color with special taste and flavor. Density, pH, viscosity, dry residue, total phenolics, rosmarinic acid content were found 1.085 g/ml, 5.56, 5.35 cP, 15.22±0.43 %, 194 mg/100ml and 47.5 mg/100 ml, respectively. The syrup was stable during laboratory stability tests. The HPLC method was valid according to selectivity, linearity (72-110 µg/ml, r2: 0.9995), intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSD%˂2), accuracy (103.38-106.47%), LOD 1.6 µg/ml and LOQ 4.9 µg/ml. The syrup is a good candidate for pharmaceutical companies after pharmacological and clinical tests.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"7 1","pages":"5-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43210948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2019.196452.1516
A. Barzegar, M. A. Salim, P. Badr, A. Khosravi, S. Hemmati, H. Seradj, M. Iranshahi, A. Mohagheghzadeh
Asafoetida and sagapenum as valuable Iranian oleo-gum-resins from Ferula spp. (F. assa-foetida, F. persica, F. foetida and F. alliacea) have received interest during the history for producing valuable perfumes and common spices or as pharmaceutical agents. The aim of the present work was to characterize sources of asafoetida and sagapenum, according to botanical aspects, traditional and conventional medicine and phytochemical data. Available publications have been gathered from databases up to May 2019, and common Persian literatures were reviewed. We showed that sources for asafoetida and sagapenum should be differentiated botanically according to basal leaves, size of rays, fruits and petals. Furthermore, despite similarities, volatile sulfur components in F. assa-foetida are disulphides, in F. persica tri/tetra/pentasulphides, and in F. alliacea trisulphides. In the case of coumarins, conferol, conferone, farnesiferol A and B, samarcandin and samarcandin acetate are so far reported from F. assa-foetida and F. persica, and asacoumarin A from F. assa-foetida and F. foetida samples; while, persicaosides A-D have been reported only from F. persica. Moreover, farnesiferol C as the major coumarin in F. assa-foetida and mogoltavidin in F. persica would be new pharmacopeia markers. However, coumarins and essential oils similarities and differences among Ferula species should be more studied in a comparative research. Such studies would be essential for determining reliable sources and minimum requirements for standardizations of worldwide valuable wild growing medicinal and economical plants.
{"title":"Persian Asafoetida vs. Sagapenum: Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"A. Barzegar, M. A. Salim, P. Badr, A. Khosravi, S. Hemmati, H. Seradj, M. Iranshahi, A. Mohagheghzadeh","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2019.196452.1516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2019.196452.1516","url":null,"abstract":"Asafoetida and sagapenum as valuable Iranian oleo-gum-resins from Ferula spp. (F. assa-foetida, F. persica, F. foetida and F. alliacea) have received interest during the history for producing valuable perfumes and common spices or as pharmaceutical agents. The aim of the present work was to characterize sources of asafoetida and sagapenum, according to botanical aspects, traditional and conventional medicine and phytochemical data. Available publications have been gathered from databases up to May 2019, and common Persian literatures were reviewed. We showed that sources for asafoetida and sagapenum should be differentiated botanically according to basal leaves, size of rays, fruits and petals. Furthermore, despite similarities, volatile sulfur components in F. assa-foetida are disulphides, in F. persica tri/tetra/pentasulphides, and in F. alliacea trisulphides. In the case of coumarins, conferol, conferone, farnesiferol A and B, samarcandin and samarcandin acetate are so far reported from F. assa-foetida and F. persica, and asacoumarin A from F. assa-foetida and F. foetida samples; while, persicaosides A-D have been reported only from F. persica. Moreover, farnesiferol C as the major coumarin in F. assa-foetida and mogoltavidin in F. persica would be new pharmacopeia markers. However, coumarins and essential oils similarities and differences among Ferula species should be more studied in a comparative research. Such studies would be essential for determining reliable sources and minimum requirements for standardizations of worldwide valuable wild growing medicinal and economical plants.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"7 1","pages":"71-80"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42386947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2020.207706.1533
M. Alvandi, D. Dastan, S. S. Asl, A. Nili-Ahmadabadi
Background and objectives: Acetaminophen (APAP) is a common analgesic medicine whose overdose leads to severe hepatic dysfunction. Due to the known antioxidant properties of Alliumspecies, the present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Allium saralicum plant on APAP induced liver toxicity. Methods: The hydro-alcoholic extract of A. saralicum was prepared by maceration and ultrasonic methods. Forty-two rats in seven groups were treated by gavage as follows: groups 1 and 2 received normal saline, groups 3 received 400 mg/kg of A. saralicum hydro-alcoholic extract, and the groups 4-7 were treated with 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of A. saralicum extract, respectively. After two consecutive weeks, the therapeutic groups, as well as the positive control (APAP) group, were administered a single dose of APAP (2 g/kg). After 48 hours, the animals were anesthetized, and blood and liver samples were collected for histological and biochemical examinations.Results: Our findings indicated that APAP caused a significant rise in ALT (p<0.001), AST (p<0.001), ALP (p<0.001) and LDH (p<0.001) serum levels, total and direct bilirubin (p<0.001), hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO; p<0.001) and nitric oxide (NO; p<0.001). In addition, APAP let to the decreasing of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC; p< 0.001), total thiol molecules (TTM; p<0.001), and structural changes in the hepatic tissue. Following administration ofA. saralicum extract, a remarkable improvement was observed in the functional and oxidative stress indices of liver tissue alongside histopathologic alterations. Conclusion: Our results showed that A. saralicum extractsignificantly improved APAP-induced hepatic failure through inhibition of oxidative/nitrosative stress.
{"title":"The Role of Allium saralicum Extract on Prevention of Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatic Failure: an Experimental Study","authors":"M. Alvandi, D. Dastan, S. S. Asl, A. Nili-Ahmadabadi","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2020.207706.1533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2020.207706.1533","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Acetaminophen (APAP) is a common analgesic medicine whose overdose leads to severe hepatic dysfunction. Due to the known antioxidant properties of Alliumspecies, the present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Allium saralicum plant on APAP induced liver toxicity. Methods: The hydro-alcoholic extract of A. saralicum was prepared by maceration and ultrasonic methods. Forty-two rats in seven groups were treated by gavage as follows: groups 1 and 2 received normal saline, groups 3 received 400 mg/kg of A. saralicum hydro-alcoholic extract, and the groups 4-7 were treated with 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of A. saralicum extract, respectively. After two consecutive weeks, the therapeutic groups, as well as the positive control (APAP) group, were administered a single dose of APAP (2 g/kg). After 48 hours, the animals were anesthetized, and blood and liver samples were collected for histological and biochemical examinations.Results: Our findings indicated that APAP caused a significant rise in ALT (p<0.001), AST (p<0.001), ALP (p<0.001) and LDH (p<0.001) serum levels, total and direct bilirubin (p<0.001), hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO; p<0.001) and nitric oxide (NO; p<0.001). In addition, APAP let to the decreasing of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC; p< 0.001), total thiol molecules (TTM; p<0.001), and structural changes in the hepatic tissue. Following administration ofA. saralicum extract, a remarkable improvement was observed in the functional and oxidative stress indices of liver tissue alongside histopathologic alterations. Conclusion: Our results showed that A. saralicum extractsignificantly improved APAP-induced hepatic failure through inhibition of oxidative/nitrosative stress.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"7 1","pages":"43-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48581659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2020.203451.1522
Z. Ghiravani, Mohammadmehdi Hassanzadeh-Taheri, Mahsa Hassanzadeh-Taheri, Mehran Hosseini
Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a well-known member of the Juglandaceae family and its kernel is widely consumed around the world for both unique nutritional characteristics and health-related benefits. Even though several studies investigated the composition and biological activities of different parts of the walnut tree, the internal septum of the walnut kernel is less evaluated. In the last two decades, some studies investigated phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of the walnut septum. Their results showed a wide range of biological properties along with safety of walnut septum constituents convincing us to shift our view to walnut septum as a useless by-product to a natural herbal material with valuable properties. The purpose of this review was to summarize the currently available investigations on chemical composition and biological activities of the walnut septum. Several phytochemical studies showed that the walnut septum is a rich source of secondary metabolites like polyphenols are which estimated to be responsible for its high antioxidant property. Further experimental studies confirmed many biological activities of this by-product such as radical scavenging, food preservative, antibacterial, antitumor, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and hepatorenal protective properties.
{"title":"Internal Septum of Walnut Kernel: a Neglected Functional Food","authors":"Z. Ghiravani, Mohammadmehdi Hassanzadeh-Taheri, Mahsa Hassanzadeh-Taheri, Mehran Hosseini","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2020.203451.1522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2020.203451.1522","url":null,"abstract":"Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a well-known member of the Juglandaceae family and its kernel is widely consumed around the world for both unique nutritional characteristics and health-related benefits. Even though several studies investigated the composition and biological activities of different parts of the walnut tree, the internal septum of the walnut kernel is less evaluated. In the last two decades, some studies investigated phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of the walnut septum. Their results showed a wide range of biological properties along with safety of walnut septum constituents convincing us to shift our view to walnut septum as a useless by-product to a natural herbal material with valuable properties. The purpose of this review was to summarize the currently available investigations on chemical composition and biological activities of the walnut septum. Several phytochemical studies showed that the walnut septum is a rich source of secondary metabolites like polyphenols are which estimated to be responsible for its high antioxidant property. Further experimental studies confirmed many biological activities of this by-product such as radical scavenging, food preservative, antibacterial, antitumor, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and hepatorenal protective properties.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"7 1","pages":"81-92"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41352758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2020.216084.1550
Hamid Reza Monsef Esfhahani, K. Amirshahrokhi, Hoda Babaei Boroujeni, A. Dehpour, Mansour Miran
Background and objectives: Anxiety is a chronic and common disorder worldwide and impairs the quality of life of affected people. Herbal medicines have long been used to treat CNS related disorders. Salvia species are important medicinal plants that have shown various pharmacologic activities including CNS effects. Salvia hypoleuca is an annual and herbaceous plant which is endemic to Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of the hydro-alcoholic, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract of S. hypoleuca in mice. Methods: n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and hydroalcholic extracts were prepared from aerial parts of Salvia hypoleuca. Anxiolytic activity of the extracts was evaluated using open field and hole-board tests. The mice were randomly divided into different groups and were treated with normal saline, diazepam, and the extracts of S. hypoleuca (500 mg/kg, ip). Results: The results of open field and hole-board tests showed that treatment of mice with the hydro-alcoholic and methanol extracts of S. hypoleuca(500 mg/kg, ip) produced a significant anxiolytic effect as compared to the normal control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the hydro-alcoholic and methanol extracts of aerial parts of S. hypoleuca have anti-anxiety activity. The isolation and identification of the active compounds of the effective extracts are suggested.
{"title":"Anti-Anxiety Effect of Salvia hypoleuca","authors":"Hamid Reza Monsef Esfhahani, K. Amirshahrokhi, Hoda Babaei Boroujeni, A. Dehpour, Mansour Miran","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2020.216084.1550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2020.216084.1550","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Anxiety is a chronic and common disorder worldwide and impairs the quality of life of affected people. Herbal medicines have long been used to treat CNS related disorders. Salvia species are important medicinal plants that have shown various pharmacologic activities including CNS effects. Salvia hypoleuca is an annual and herbaceous plant which is endemic to Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of the hydro-alcoholic, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract of S. hypoleuca in mice. Methods: n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and hydroalcholic extracts were prepared from aerial parts of Salvia hypoleuca. Anxiolytic activity of the extracts was evaluated using open field and hole-board tests. The mice were randomly divided into different groups and were treated with normal saline, diazepam, and the extracts of S. hypoleuca (500 mg/kg, ip). Results: The results of open field and hole-board tests showed that treatment of mice with the hydro-alcoholic and methanol extracts of S. hypoleuca(500 mg/kg, ip) produced a significant anxiolytic effect as compared to the normal control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the hydro-alcoholic and methanol extracts of aerial parts of S. hypoleuca have anti-anxiety activity. The isolation and identification of the active compounds of the effective extracts are suggested.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46902331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2020.219620.1555
N. Ahmadi, M. Razzaghi, M. Hamzeloo-Moghadam, M. Rostami-Nejad, M. Rezaei-Tavirani, M. Heidari, S. Safari, M. Rezaei-Tavirani
Background and objectives: Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae) commonly known as saffron, is a popular spice which is used for its pleasant aroma and favored color. Regarding the previous reports about the neuroprotective behavior of saffron or its constituents, in the present work, the neuroprotective property of saffron in rat retina was investigated against light damage in a system biology study. Methods: Retina gene profiles of 4 groups (each group including 3 samples) of rats (control; C light damage; L, Saffron; S, and saffron-light damage; SL) which are included in GSE22818 were extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from C-L groups analysis which are not included in S-SL comparison were screened by pathway analysis to find the critical protected genes against light damage by saffron. Results: Numbers of 46 gene were protected by saffron versus light damage significantly. The findings revealed that Casp3, Myd88, Birc3, Tnfrsf1a, Myc, Nfkb2, Fgf2 were the important protected genes by saffron against light damage. “MAPK signaling pathway” and “apoptosis” were highlighted as important related pathways for 46 DEGs. Conclusion: Saffron protects a part of light damage which is controlled mostly by Casp3, Myd88, Birc3, Tnfrsf1a, Myc, Nfkb2, Fgf2. It seems other parts of damage should be studied in more details to find a complete prospective of molecular mechanism of light damage effect on retina.
{"title":"Assessment of Saffron Neuroprotective Properties in Rat Retina versus Light Damage","authors":"N. Ahmadi, M. Razzaghi, M. Hamzeloo-Moghadam, M. Rostami-Nejad, M. Rezaei-Tavirani, M. Heidari, S. Safari, M. Rezaei-Tavirani","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2020.219620.1555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2020.219620.1555","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae) commonly known as saffron, is a popular spice which is used for its pleasant aroma and favored color. Regarding the previous reports about the neuroprotective behavior of saffron or its constituents, in the present work, the neuroprotective property of saffron in rat retina was investigated against light damage in a system biology study. Methods: Retina gene profiles of 4 groups (each group including 3 samples) of rats (control; C light damage; L, Saffron; S, and saffron-light damage; SL) which are included in GSE22818 were extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from C-L groups analysis which are not included in S-SL comparison were screened by pathway analysis to find the critical protected genes against light damage by saffron. Results: Numbers of 46 gene were protected by saffron versus light damage significantly. The findings revealed that Casp3, Myd88, Birc3, Tnfrsf1a, Myc, Nfkb2, Fgf2 were the important protected genes by saffron against light damage. “MAPK signaling pathway” and “apoptosis” were highlighted as important related pathways for 46 DEGs. Conclusion: Saffron protects a part of light damage which is controlled mostly by Casp3, Myd88, Birc3, Tnfrsf1a, Myc, Nfkb2, Fgf2. It seems other parts of damage should be studied in more details to find a complete prospective of molecular mechanism of light damage effect on retina.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"7 1","pages":"33-42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44416493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2020.210354.1537
Sheyda Ahmadi Koulaei, A. Hadjiakhoondi, M. Delnavazi, Z. Tofighi, Y. Ajani, F. Kiashi, N. Yasa
Background and objectives: Antibiotics resistance and unpleasant side effects of AChE inhibitors have led to an increased interest in herbs as potential sources. Ferula aucheri (Syn: Dorema aucheri) an indigenous species of Ferula (Apiaceae) grows in Iran and is used as food and medicinal plant. The present study was aimed to identify the oil composition and evaluate antimicrobial and AChE inhibitory activity of flowering tops, fruits and roots. Methods: The chemical composition of the oils was recognized by GC and GC‐MS. The antimicrobial effects were assessed on 12 microorganisms by disc diffusion and micro-well dilution methods and AChE inhibitory potentials by a modified version of Ellman's method. Results: Sixty five compounds were identified from different organs and the notable characteristics have been high amounts of sesquiterpenes. Germacrene B (14.96%) and β-caryophyllene (12.87%) were distinguished as major components of flowering tops. Cis-dihydroagarofuran (9.02%) and δ-cadinene (8.28%) were identified as the remarkable constituents of fruit. δ-cadinene (18.25%) and gurjunene (12.62%) were detected from the roots by high content. All volatile oils exhibited lower MICs on Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella dysenteriae,and Salmonella paratyphi-A serotype compared with gentamicin. Root and fruit oils were more effective than gentamicin against Escherichia coli and flowering tops oils proved lower MICs versus Staphylococcus aureus. Fruits and root oils showed weak potency for inhibiting AChE with IC50 values 554.05±4.65 and 239.69±3.5 μg/mL, respectively and flowering tops exhibited moderate activity (179.06±4.3 μg/mL). Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that F. aucheri essential oils possessed antimicrobial activities with inhibition properties toward AchE.
{"title":"Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Ferula aucheri Essential Oil","authors":"Sheyda Ahmadi Koulaei, A. Hadjiakhoondi, M. Delnavazi, Z. Tofighi, Y. Ajani, F. Kiashi, N. Yasa","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2020.210354.1537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2020.210354.1537","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Antibiotics resistance and unpleasant side effects of AChE inhibitors have led to an increased interest in herbs as potential sources. Ferula aucheri (Syn: Dorema aucheri) an indigenous species of Ferula (Apiaceae) grows in Iran and is used as food and medicinal plant. The present study was aimed to identify the oil composition and evaluate antimicrobial and AChE inhibitory activity of flowering tops, fruits and roots. Methods: The chemical composition of the oils was recognized by GC and GC‐MS. The antimicrobial effects were assessed on 12 microorganisms by disc diffusion and micro-well dilution methods and AChE inhibitory potentials by a modified version of Ellman's method. Results: Sixty five compounds were identified from different organs and the notable characteristics have been high amounts of sesquiterpenes. Germacrene B (14.96%) and β-caryophyllene (12.87%) were distinguished as major components of flowering tops. Cis-dihydroagarofuran (9.02%) and δ-cadinene (8.28%) were identified as the remarkable constituents of fruit. δ-cadinene (18.25%) and gurjunene (12.62%) were detected from the roots by high content. All volatile oils exhibited lower MICs on Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella dysenteriae,and Salmonella paratyphi-A serotype compared with gentamicin. Root and fruit oils were more effective than gentamicin against Escherichia coli and flowering tops oils proved lower MICs versus Staphylococcus aureus. Fruits and root oils showed weak potency for inhibiting AChE with IC50 values 554.05±4.65 and 239.69±3.5 μg/mL, respectively and flowering tops exhibited moderate activity (179.06±4.3 μg/mL). Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that F. aucheri essential oils possessed antimicrobial activities with inhibition properties toward AchE.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"7 1","pages":"21-31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43828777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2019.192139.1510
M. Shahnazi, A. Azadmehr, H. Aghaei, R. Hajiaghaee, M. Oladnabidozin, R. Norian, M. Saraei, M. Alipour
Background and objectives: Ziziphora tenuior is considered as an appropriate protoscolicidal agent yet the mechanism of such effect is not known so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the apoptotic effect of Z. tenuior extract on protoscolices of hydatid cyst. Methods: Protoscolices were collected aseptically and the Bradford test was employed to determine the number required for the experiments. Various concentrations of Z. tenuior extract (5, 50, and 100 mg/mL) was incubated with hydatid cyst protoscolices at 37 oC and 5% Co2 for 4 h. The apoptotic effect of Z. tenuior extract on hydatid cyst protoscolices and the evaluation of caspases 3, 8, and 9 activities were ditermined using ELISA-based commercial diagnostic kits. Results: In the present study, 50 and 100 mg/mL of Z. tenuior extract produced apoptosis in the protoscolices of hydatid cyst significantly (p<0.05). Also, the activity of caspase 3 at 50 and 100 mg/mL significantly increased by 29.99% and 36.01%, respectively (p<0.05). Similarly, caspase 9 also demonstrated a significant increased activity up to 15.23%, and 45.31% at the same concentrations used for caspase 3, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings in this study indicated that, Z. tenuior extract can induce apoptotic cell death on hydatid cyst protoscolices by increasing the activity of caspases 3 and 9 via the internal apoptotic pathway.
{"title":"Hydatid Cyst Killing Mechanism of Ziziphora tenuior by Inducing Apoptosis via Mitochondrial Intrinsic Pathway","authors":"M. Shahnazi, A. Azadmehr, H. Aghaei, R. Hajiaghaee, M. Oladnabidozin, R. Norian, M. Saraei, M. Alipour","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2019.192139.1510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2019.192139.1510","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Ziziphora tenuior is considered as an appropriate protoscolicidal agent yet the mechanism of such effect is not known so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the apoptotic effect of Z. tenuior extract on protoscolices of hydatid cyst. Methods: Protoscolices were collected aseptically and the Bradford test was employed to determine the number required for the experiments. Various concentrations of Z. tenuior extract (5, 50, and 100 mg/mL) was incubated with hydatid cyst protoscolices at 37 oC and 5% Co2 for 4 h. The apoptotic effect of Z. tenuior extract on hydatid cyst protoscolices and the evaluation of caspases 3, 8, and 9 activities were ditermined using ELISA-based commercial diagnostic kits. Results: In the present study, 50 and 100 mg/mL of Z. tenuior extract produced apoptosis in the protoscolices of hydatid cyst significantly (p<0.05). Also, the activity of caspase 3 at 50 and 100 mg/mL significantly increased by 29.99% and 36.01%, respectively (p<0.05). Similarly, caspase 9 also demonstrated a significant increased activity up to 15.23%, and 45.31% at the same concentrations used for caspase 3, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings in this study indicated that, Z. tenuior extract can induce apoptotic cell death on hydatid cyst protoscolices by increasing the activity of caspases 3 and 9 via the internal apoptotic pathway.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"7 1","pages":"17-22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68212440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22127/RJP.2019.204629.1526
E. Bekoe, Kirk Dodoo, Cindy Kitcher, A. Gordon, S. Frimpong-Manso, Gladys Schwinger
Background and objectives: The bark of Alstonia boonei, known as stool wood, is sold in large quantities on the Ghanaian market. It is used for the treatment of numerous ailments including snake bites, worm infestation, malaria and rheumatic pains. For safety reasons, it is necessary to control the raw materials by setting simple but relevant parameters to ensure identity, purity and quality which have been the aim of the present study to authenticate the plant materials. Methods: The macroscopic, microscopic, physico-chemical, phytochemical, UV-visible, fluorescence, HPLC and elemental characteristics were evaluated. Mutagenicity was also investigated with the Ames test. Results: The leaf characteristics can be employed to preliminary confirm the identity of the plant.The greyish-green outer bark and inner cream bark is rough, short and splintery with a bitter taste.The powdered stem bark showed microscopic prismatic calcium oxalate crystals, scalariform xylem vessels and lignified brachysclereids. Phytochemicals present were alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and terpenes. The bark fluoresced reddish-brown in 50 %v/v H2SO4 under UV light of λ 254 nm and contained traces of Cd, Fe, Zn and As, which were within recommended limits. HPLC fingerprint showed peaks at 254 nm, and UV analysis in various solvents showed spectral shifts on ionization. A. boonei demonstrated mutagenicity in Ames test. Conclusion: The characteristic macroscopic, microscopic, physico-chemical and chemical parameters evaluated for the plant sample can be used in rapid identification, authentication and establishment of the quality of raw materials. This will improve the quality and hence efficacy. The mutagenicity suggests the need for further safety evaluation.
{"title":"Pharmacognostic Characteristics and Mutagenic Studies of Alstonia boonei De Wild","authors":"E. Bekoe, Kirk Dodoo, Cindy Kitcher, A. Gordon, S. Frimpong-Manso, Gladys Schwinger","doi":"10.22127/RJP.2019.204629.1526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22127/RJP.2019.204629.1526","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: The bark of Alstonia boonei, known as stool wood, is sold in large quantities on the Ghanaian market. It is used for the treatment of numerous ailments including snake bites, worm infestation, malaria and rheumatic pains. For safety reasons, it is necessary to control the raw materials by setting simple but relevant parameters to ensure identity, purity and quality which have been the aim of the present study to authenticate the plant materials. Methods: The macroscopic, microscopic, physico-chemical, phytochemical, UV-visible, fluorescence, HPLC and elemental characteristics were evaluated. Mutagenicity was also investigated with the Ames test. Results: The leaf characteristics can be employed to preliminary confirm the identity of the plant.The greyish-green outer bark and inner cream bark is rough, short and splintery with a bitter taste.The powdered stem bark showed microscopic prismatic calcium oxalate crystals, scalariform xylem vessels and lignified brachysclereids. Phytochemicals present were alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and terpenes. The bark fluoresced reddish-brown in 50 %v/v H2SO4 under UV light of λ 254 nm and contained traces of Cd, Fe, Zn and As, which were within recommended limits. HPLC fingerprint showed peaks at 254 nm, and UV analysis in various solvents showed spectral shifts on ionization. A. boonei demonstrated mutagenicity in Ames test. Conclusion: The characteristic macroscopic, microscopic, physico-chemical and chemical parameters evaluated for the plant sample can be used in rapid identification, authentication and establishment of the quality of raw materials. This will improve the quality and hence efficacy. The mutagenicity suggests the need for further safety evaluation.","PeriodicalId":21088,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"7 1","pages":"7-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68212523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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