Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100776
Hussam T. Khalaf, Rawaa A. Faris
The presence of dyes, medications, and a number of other contaminants in wastewater is crucial due to the negative effects on human health and the environment. This study investigates the effect of different wavelengths of laser and sunlight on the degradation process of Methylene blue dye in the presence of MWCNTs. Different exposure time of sunlight and laser light (30, 60, 120, 180, and 240) minutes were utilized to induced MB photodegradation. The results show that both the diode laser 632 nm and sunlight were more efficient in degrade the Methylene blue (MB) dye. Kinetic analysis shows that the degradation follows pseudo-second-order model. In these findings, when MB solution exposed to sunlight for 240 min, the maximum dye degradation rate was 71.5 % after adding 0.0 75 g of MB. When exposed to a diode laser with a wavelength of 632 nm for 240 min, the maximum degradation rate was 79.69 % and 80.91 %, respectively, with 0.125 g of MWCNTs, which can provide reference for practical application.
{"title":"Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using MWCNTs","authors":"Hussam T. Khalaf, Rawaa A. Faris","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The presence of dyes, medications, and a number of other contaminants in wastewater is crucial due to the negative effects on human health and the environment. This study investigates the effect of different wavelengths of laser and sunlight on the degradation process of Methylene blue dye in the presence of MWCNTs. Different exposure time of sunlight and laser light (30, 60, 120, 180, and 240) minutes were utilized to induced MB photodegradation. The results show that both the diode laser 632 nm and sunlight were more efficient in degrade the Methylene blue (MB) dye. Kinetic analysis shows that the degradation follows pseudo-second-order model. In these findings, when MB solution exposed to sunlight for 240 min, the maximum dye degradation rate was 71.5 % after adding 0.0 75 g of MB. When exposed to a diode laser with a wavelength of 632 nm for 240 min, the maximum degradation rate was 79.69 % and 80.91 %, respectively, with 0.125 g of MWCNTs, which can provide reference for practical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100776"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100784
Eliazar Elisha Audu , Akaa Agbaeze Eteng
Optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric medium that transmits electromagnetic waves at optical frequency range, guiding them through the fiber core via constructive phase-shifted total internal reflection. Wave propagation in optical fibers can be modeled and described using Maxwell’s equations. This paper employs the parametric Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method, commonly used in quantum mechanics, to solve the Helmholtz equation derived by combining Maxwell’s equations. The NU method is less computationally cumbersome than traditional techniques such as Bessel functions or finite element methods. We derive the equation that describes the characteristics of the propagating electromagnetic wave with refractive index as an unnormalized radial wave function. We show that NU energy equation can be used to obtain the exact phase propagation constant condition for wave propagation in optical fibre. Additionally, we investigate the effects of wavelength, core radius, refractive index, and azimuthal index on wave propagation. Our results show that the phase propagation constant decreases as the wavelength increases. The radial function is found to be proportional to the degree of the Laguerre polynomial and the azimuthal index. We also report the effects of the azimuthal index, core radius, and refractive index on the radial function.
{"title":"Electromagnetic modes in optical fiber waveguides using Nikifarov-Uvarov method","authors":"Eliazar Elisha Audu , Akaa Agbaeze Eteng","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric medium that transmits electromagnetic waves at optical frequency range, guiding them through the fiber core via constructive phase-shifted total internal reflection. Wave propagation in optical fibers can be modeled and described using Maxwell’s equations. This paper employs the parametric Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method, commonly used in quantum mechanics, to solve the Helmholtz equation derived by combining Maxwell’s equations. The NU method is less computationally cumbersome than traditional techniques such as Bessel functions or finite element methods. We derive the equation that describes the characteristics of the propagating electromagnetic wave with refractive index as an unnormalized radial wave function. We show that NU energy equation can be used to obtain the exact phase propagation constant condition for wave propagation in optical fibre. Additionally, we investigate the effects of wavelength, core radius, refractive index, and azimuthal index on wave propagation. Our results show that the phase propagation constant decreases as the wavelength increases. The radial function is found to be proportional to the degree of the Laguerre polynomial and the azimuthal index. We also report the effects of the azimuthal index, core radius, and refractive index on the radial function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100784"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100779
S.Yousefpour Sorkhabi, M. Rezvani, P.Rastgoo Oskoui
In this work, the structural, thermal, and optical properties of −x or y CuO (x = 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and y = 0, 1, 3, 4, 5) (mole ratio) glasses was studied. As the molar percentage of and CuO increased, the hardness of the samples decreased. The DTA curves showed that with the increase of and CuO percentage in the glass composition, the glass transition temperature also increased. Adding to 3 mol% decreased the direct and indirect band gaps to 1.906 and 1.887 eV, respectively. The Urbach energy of samples containing CuO increased to 0.550 eV by increasing its amount to 5 mol. Also, the Fermi energy of glasses containing and CuO decreased to 3.144 eV and 3.481 eV, respectively. The results showed that the synthesized samples act as band-pass filters in the visible region and band-stop filters in the ultraviolet region.
{"title":"Effects of Fe2O3 and CuO on structural, thermal and optical properties of P2O5-ZnO-Na2O glass system","authors":"S.Yousefpour Sorkhabi, M. Rezvani, P.Rastgoo Oskoui","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, the structural, thermal, and optical properties of <span><math><mrow><mn>35</mn><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>5</mn></msub><mo>-</mo><mn>40</mn><mi>Z</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>O</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>25</mn><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>O</mi></mrow></math></span> −x <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>O</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn><mspace></mspace></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> or y CuO (x = 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and y = 0, 1, 3, 4, 5) (mole ratio) glasses was studied. As the molar percentage of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>O</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn><mspace></mspace></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and CuO increased, the hardness of the samples decreased. The DTA curves showed that with the increase of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>O</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn><mspace></mspace></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and CuO percentage in the glass composition, the glass transition temperature also increased. Adding <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>O</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn><mspace></mspace></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> to 3 mol% decreased the direct and indirect band gaps to 1.906 and 1.887 eV, respectively. The Urbach energy of samples containing CuO increased to 0.550 eV by increasing its amount to 5 mol. Also, the Fermi energy of glasses containing <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>O</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn><mspace></mspace></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and CuO decreased to 3.144 eV and 3.481 eV, respectively. The results showed that the synthesized samples act as band-pass filters in the visible region and band-stop filters in the ultraviolet region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100779"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100788
Guoyu Li , Fei Xie , Yan Li , Hongtao Li , Rui Liu , Ao Wang , Lili Liang
Precision measurement of microcurrents enhances microscopic understanding and provides accurate data for fields like research, healthcare, semiconductors, and sensors. A novel fiber-optic electrical current sensor, featuring a synchronized fusion and tapering process for integrating single-mode optical fibers with silicon microtube filled with carbon fibers, has been presented in this work. The composite waveguide structure composed of optical microfiber and silicon micro-tube forms a mode interferometer, which is with high temperature sensitivity of 8.06 nm/℃. As electrical current flows through the conductive material of carbon fiber, it generates a thermal effect, causing a temperature change around the waveguide structure and leading to a wavelength shift in the interferometer’s transmission spectrum. The magnitude of this wavelength shift directly indicates the current intensity, providing a highly sensitive approach to current sensing. Notably, our interferometer, with its compactness, remarkable sensitivity of 3625 nm/mA2, and broad measurement range spanning from 0 mA to 200 mA with a micro-current resolution of 0.002 mA, is positioned as a promising candidate for precise and reliable electrical current measurements in micro current flow detection.
{"title":"A compact and Ultra-sensitive microfiber based interferometer sensor for precise electrical current detection","authors":"Guoyu Li , Fei Xie , Yan Li , Hongtao Li , Rui Liu , Ao Wang , Lili Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precision measurement of microcurrents enhances microscopic understanding and provides accurate data for fields like research, healthcare, semiconductors, and sensors. A novel fiber-optic electrical current sensor, featuring a synchronized fusion and tapering process for integrating single-mode optical fibers with silicon microtube filled with carbon fibers, has been presented in this work. The composite waveguide structure composed of optical microfiber and silicon micro-tube forms a mode interferometer, which is with high temperature sensitivity of 8.06 nm/℃. As electrical current flows through the conductive material of carbon fiber, it generates a thermal effect, causing a temperature change around the waveguide structure and leading to a wavelength shift in the interferometer’s transmission spectrum. The magnitude of this wavelength shift directly indicates the current intensity, providing a highly sensitive approach to current sensing. Notably, our interferometer, with its compactness, remarkable sensitivity of 3625 nm/mA<sup>2</sup>, and broad measurement range spanning from 0 mA to 200 mA with a micro-current resolution of 0.002 mA, is positioned as a promising candidate for precise and reliable electrical current measurements in micro current flow detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100788"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2024.100771
Ami Hitomi , Toru Katsumata , Hiroaki Aizawa
Fluorescence-enhanced photodiode (FE-PD) combining Si photodiode (Si-PD) and heavily Cr-doped rubies with Cr concentrations of 1.5–3.0 mol% was found to be sensitive to ultraviolet C-ray (UVC) light measurement. The output signal intensity from FE-PD using heavily Cr-doped rubies increases linearly in proportion to the UVC light intensity from UVC LEDs. The UVC light sensitivity of FE-PD using heavily Cr-doped rubies varies depending on the Cr concentration. The broad PL peak close to the near-infrared region at approximately λ = 774 nm observed in heavily Cr-doped rubies facilitates the UVC light sensitivity of FE-PD. This result suggests that FE-PD enhanced by heavily Cr-doped ruby is a useful UVC sensor.
{"title":"Ultraviolet C-ray sensor application of heavily Cr-doped ruby","authors":"Ami Hitomi , Toru Katsumata , Hiroaki Aizawa","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2024.100771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2024.100771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluorescence-enhanced photodiode (FE-PD) combining Si photodiode (Si-PD) and heavily Cr-doped rubies with Cr concentrations of 1.5–3.0 mol% was found to be sensitive to ultraviolet C-ray (UVC) light measurement. The output signal intensity from FE-PD using heavily Cr-doped rubies increases linearly in proportion to the UVC light intensity from UVC LEDs. The UVC light sensitivity of FE-PD using heavily Cr-doped rubies varies depending on the Cr concentration. The broad PL peak close to the near-infrared region at approximately λ = 774 nm observed in heavily Cr-doped rubies facilitates the UVC light sensitivity of FE-PD. This result suggests that FE-PD enhanced by heavily Cr-doped ruby is a useful UVC sensor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100771"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2024.100759
Augustine A. McAsule , Ngutor S. Akiiga , Joshua S. Ikwe , Newton F. Gesa , Michael O. Awoji , Victor W. Zhiya , Peverga R. Jubu , Terwase M. Aper , Jonathan T. Ikyumbur , Terver Daniel
{"title":"Retraction notice to “Optoelectronic properties of copper-fused Zn(1 − x)SCux grown nanofilms for solar cell devices” [Results Opt. 13 (2023) 100505]","authors":"Augustine A. McAsule , Ngutor S. Akiiga , Joshua S. Ikwe , Newton F. Gesa , Michael O. Awoji , Victor W. Zhiya , Peverga R. Jubu , Terwase M. Aper , Jonathan T. Ikyumbur , Terver Daniel","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2024.100759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2024.100759","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100759"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100781
Rispandi , Cheng-Shane Chu , Sri Nugroho , Muhammad Imam Ammarullah
This study presents the design and development of an innovative optical dual gas sensor tailored for biomedical applications, enabling the simultaneous detection of nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen (O2), critical biomarkers in physiological monitoring. The sensor leverages electrospun fibers embedded with CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs) and platinum(II) meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin (PtTFPP), offering a novel approach to enhancing gas-sensing capabilities. Electrospinning produces highly porous, uniform cellulose acetate fibers under optimized conditions (5 mL/hour flow rate, 17 kV supply voltage, 15 cm working distance), creating a biocompatible matrix that enhances sensor stability and responsiveness. The sensor is excited by a UV LED light source at 380 nm, with fluorescence intensities measured via spectrometry. It demonstrates excellent sensitivity, with maximum sensitivities of 4.2 for nitric oxide and 7.6 for oxygen, and rapid response/recovery times of 90 s/119 s for nitric oxide and 61 s/66 s for oxygen, respectively. These findings highlight the sensor’s potential for high-sensitivity, selective, and fast-response gas detection, making it a promising tool for real-time monitoring of respiratory gases and other biomedical applications.
{"title":"Optical dual gas sensor for biomedical monitoring of NO and O2 based on electrospun fibers containing CsPbBr3 QDs and PtTFPP","authors":"Rispandi , Cheng-Shane Chu , Sri Nugroho , Muhammad Imam Ammarullah","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the design and development of an innovative optical dual gas sensor tailored for biomedical applications, enabling the simultaneous detection of nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>), critical biomarkers in physiological monitoring. The sensor leverages electrospun fibers embedded with CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> quantum dots (QDs) and platinum(II) <em>meso</em>-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin (PtTFPP), offering a novel approach to enhancing gas-sensing capabilities. Electrospinning produces highly porous, uniform cellulose acetate fibers under optimized conditions (5 mL/hour flow rate, 17 kV supply voltage, 15 cm working distance), creating a biocompatible matrix that enhances sensor stability and responsiveness. The sensor is excited by a UV LED light source at 380 nm, with fluorescence intensities measured via spectrometry. It demonstrates excellent sensitivity, with maximum sensitivities of 4.2 for nitric oxide and 7.6 for oxygen, and rapid response/recovery times of 90 s/119 s for nitric oxide and 61 s/66 s for oxygen, respectively. These findings highlight the sensor’s potential for high-sensitivity, selective, and fast-response gas detection, making it a promising tool for real-time monitoring of respiratory gases and other biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100781"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100778
H.R. Baghani , M. Goli , E. Koushki , M. Robatjazi
In this study, lithium fluoride doped with magnesium and titanium (LiF:Mg,Ti) powders were synthesized chemically and where used as thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) applications. In order to improve thermoluminescence (TL) properties of powders, different percentages of titanium were used in the structures. Different methods were used to characterization of the synthesized powders, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, SEM, FTIR and UV–Visible spectroscopy. Band gap energy of the powders was obtained about 5.4–5.7 eV. It was observed that by increasing the amount of titanium up to a certain amount, the number of electron traps and as a result, the intensity of TL light increases. With the further increase of titanium dopant, the radiation intensity decreases, which can be due to the saturation and destruction of the structure of traps by creating excess traps. Results of this study can be important in the engineering and design of TLDs with higher TL efficiency.
{"title":"Impact of titanium dopant concentration on structure, optical band gap and thermoluminescence (TL) properties of LiF:Mg,Ti","authors":"H.R. Baghani , M. Goli , E. Koushki , M. Robatjazi","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, lithium fluoride doped with magnesium and titanium (LiF:Mg,Ti) powders were synthesized chemically and where used as thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) applications. In order to improve thermoluminescence (TL) properties of powders, different percentages of titanium were used in the structures. Different methods were used to characterization of the synthesized powders, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, SEM, FTIR and UV–Visible spectroscopy. Band gap energy of the powders was obtained about 5.4–5.7 eV. It was observed that by increasing the amount of titanium up to a certain amount, the number of electron traps and as a result, the intensity of TL light increases. With the further increase of titanium dopant, the radiation intensity decreases, which can be due to the saturation and destruction of the structure of traps by creating excess traps. Results of this study can be important in the engineering and design of TLDs with higher TL efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100778"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100775
Samuel Nlend, Sune Von Solms, Johann Meyer
This paper explores the provision of an all-in-one IR-spectroscopy platform for nanoplastics as well as less than 10 m microplastics size, aiming to surpass the current limit of . For such a multilevel spectroscopy, we propose an optical chopper configuration that produces multilevel modulation of laser source, and an induced anti-Stokes shift technique that adds energy in a sample assumed to contain microplastics, their degraded form, and their possible retention. We control reduction of the source energy flux using a splitter, and a linear edges’ chopper, whose windows alternate between empty and filled with a transmitting but high absorbance nanotube material spaces, while controlling the sample emission using an induced Anti-Stokes shift. This yields two methods: vibrational/rotational and electronic transitions. The first method provides us with the absorbance against energy of a sample assumed to contain compounds made of CC, CH, CO, CN, xH. The second method defines the set of lower bandpass of the assumed diffraction grating entry from the wavelengths emitted, from where the bandpass are derived. The new geometrical chopper’s configuration, and its transmitted signals for a flux distribution are given. The IR source energy and the induced hot-band, both suitable for the multilevel bandpass for the detection of nano/micro-plastics and their retained nanoparticles spectroscopy are discussed. We obtain bandpass by scaling down the wavelengths which vary only when both energy sources vary for any allowed atomic energy level, and we characterize the absorbance of nanoparticles components in near-IR region.
{"title":"Characterization of a multilevel micro/nano-plastics Infrared Spectroscopy using optical chopper modulation and induced anti-stokes shift techniques","authors":"Samuel Nlend, Sune Von Solms, Johann Meyer","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the provision of an all-in-one IR-spectroscopy platform for nanoplastics as well as less than 10<span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> m microplastics size, aiming to surpass the current limit of <span><math><mrow><mn>20</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>. For such a multilevel spectroscopy, we propose an optical chopper configuration that produces multilevel modulation of laser source, and an induced anti-Stokes shift technique that adds energy in a sample assumed to contain microplastics, their degraded form, and their possible retention. We control reduction of the source energy flux using a splitter, and a linear edges’ chopper, whose windows alternate between empty and filled with a transmitting but high absorbance nanotube material spaces, while controlling the sample emission using an induced Anti-Stokes shift. This yields two methods: vibrational/rotational and electronic transitions. The first method provides us with the absorbance against energy of a sample assumed to contain compounds made of CC, CH, CO, CN, xH. The second method defines the set of lower bandpass of the assumed diffraction grating entry from the wavelengths emitted, from where the bandpass are derived. The new geometrical chopper’s configuration, and its transmitted signals for a flux distribution are given. The IR source energy and the induced hot-band, both suitable for the multilevel bandpass for the detection of nano/micro-plastics and their retained nanoparticles spectroscopy are discussed. We obtain bandpass by scaling down the wavelengths which vary only when both energy sources vary for any allowed atomic energy level, and we characterize the absorbance of nanoparticles components in near-IR region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100775"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100777
Sh. Al-Hawat, S. Al-Sheikh Salo
A previous computational program written in FORTRAN was modified to characterize a homemade helical transversely excited (TE) CO2 laser with a long output pulse.
The power and intensity of the laser output pulse, the laser levels population and population inversion between two effective vibrational levels (0001) and (1000) of the laser, in addition to the temperatures of these levels and laser gain factor and the excitation rates and laser pulse energy were calculated for pressure varied between 45 and 85 mbar and voltage between 9 and 12 kV with a mixture ratio of CO2:N2:He = 1:1:3.
A comparison between the measured and calculated energy and power of the laser output pulse was carried out, and gave a good agreement between them. Among the results, the maximum power reached 198 W, with pulse duration of 80 µs, and pulse energy of 15.48 mJ corresponding to pressure 85 mbar and voltage of 10 kV.
{"title":"Numerical modeling of a helical TE CO2 laser with a long output pulse","authors":"Sh. Al-Hawat, S. Al-Sheikh Salo","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A previous computational program written in FORTRAN was modified to characterize a homemade helical transversely excited (TE) CO<sub>2</sub> laser with a long output pulse.</div><div>The power and intensity of the laser output pulse, the laser levels population and population inversion between two effective vibrational levels (00<sup>0</sup>1) and (10<sup>0</sup>0) of the laser, in addition to the temperatures of these levels and laser gain factor and the excitation rates and laser pulse energy were calculated for pressure varied between 45 and 85 mbar and voltage between 9 and 12 kV with a mixture ratio of CO<sub>2</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>:He = 1:1:3.</div><div>A comparison between the measured and calculated energy and power of the laser output pulse was carried out, and gave a good agreement between them. Among the results, the maximum power reached 198 W, with pulse duration of 80 µs, and pulse energy of 15.48 mJ corresponding to pressure 85 mbar and voltage of 10 kV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100777"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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