Results in Optics最新文献

{"title":"The effect of structural defects on the optical and dielectric properties of Pby(ZrxTi1-x)O3 piezoelectric compounds prepared by hydrothermal-autoclave method","authors":"Mohammad Hossein Doust,&nbsp;Mohammad Mehdi Bagheri-Mohagheghi","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the Pb_y (Zr_1-xTi_x) O₃ piezoelectric compounds prepared by the hydrothermal- autoclave and the effect of calcination in thermal furnace and microwave furnace on optical and dielectric properties has been studied. The research was targeted for study on effect of varying the concentration of lead (Pb), zirconium (Zr), and titanium (Ti) on the structural, optical, and dielectric properties under different thermal condition. The concentration of compound was changed for Pb by y = 0.5, y = 1, and for Zr and Ti by x = 0.50, x = 0.55 and x = 0.6.</div><div>The Pby(Zr_1−xTi_x)O₃ (PZT) nanopowders were synthesized using a hydrothermal–autoclave method to investigate how Pb stoichiometry, Zr/Ti ratio, and post-annealing treatments influence structural evolution and optical behavior. Compositions with Pb-deficient (y = 0.5) and Pb-stoichiometric (y = 1) ratios and Zr/Ti contents of x  = 0.5–0.6 were prepared and subsequently treated by conventional furnace annealing (500–900°C) and microwave irradiation (900–1200 W). Phase formation, microstructure, and compositional trends were examined using XRD, FESEM, and EDX analyses, while optical and dielectric properties were evaluated by UV–Vis spectroscopy. The results show that both composition and thermal pathway strongly affect phase development, crystallite size, and microstructural features. Distinct optical responses were observed depending on the post-annealing route, with noticeable variations in absorption behavior, optical bandgap, and related optical constants. The extracted optical bandgap values span a wide range (≈1.8–4.6 eV), indicating a high degree of tunability. Urbach energy analysis reveals moderate band-tail broadening, suggesting that localized states associated with structural disorder contribute to the optical response. Pronounced differences in morphology and porosity were also observed, reflecting different densification and grain-growth mechanisms. In addition, the obtained results are directly compared with the authors’ previous study conducted on PZT materials with the same stoichiometric compositions synthesized via a sol–gel route, enabling a clear assessment of the role of the synthesis pathway on phase stability, microstructure, and optical behavior. These findings demonstrate that hydrothermal synthesis combined with tailored post-annealing provides an effective approach for adjusting the optical and microstructural characteristics of PZT nanopowders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101003"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147421619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and optimization of a high-efficiency uniform Si3N4 grating coupler using parameter sweeping and comprehensive performance analysis","authors":"Joyprokash Chakrabartty,&nbsp;Tasreek Ahmed,&nbsp;Biprangshu Paul Joy","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.100965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.100965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silicon (Si) grating couplers are widely used in photonic applications; however, they suffer from limitations such as high propagation losses and limited bandwidth. In contrast, silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) has attracted increasing interest due to its low optical losses, broader bandwidth, and compatibility with CMOS fabrication processes. These advantages make Si₃N₄ an attractive platform for developing compact, high-performance photonic integrated circuits, particularly for applications in telecommunications, sensing, and other advanced technologies. In this manuscript, we propose a novel grating coupler device architecture entirely based on Si₃N₄ materials. The design features a uniform grating, which simplifies fabrication by eliminating the need for apodization, and incorporates a bottom reflector to enhance coupling efficiency by reducing downward optical losses. A two-dimensional model of the coupler was developed, and detailed finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations were conducted. Through parametric sweeps, optimal values were determined for key parameters including grating period, etch depth, cladding thickness, incident angle, Si₃N₄ thickness, buried oxide layer thickness, source position, and fill factor. The optimized design achieved a coupling efficiency of 76.41 % (−1.1685 dB) at a wavelength of 1550 nm, with a 1 dB bandwidth of 60.31 nm and a 3 dB bandwidth of 95.83 nm. A comparative analysis between efficiencies provided by metal and perfect reflectors was also performed to assess real-world loss factors. The proposed structure exhibits a high tolerance to fabrication, maintaining consistent performance despite variations in its structural parameters. The proposed uniform grating design offers performances comparable to more complex alternatives while being easier to fabricate, making it a practical and efficient solution for Si₃N₄-based grating couplers in modern photonic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100965"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-bandwidth and low-loss thin-film lithium niobate trident edge coupler","authors":"Kun Cao,&nbsp;Shuxiang Deng,&nbsp;Yang Xu,&nbsp;Keran Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work reports a pioneering design of high-bandwidth, ultra-low-loss, and process-robust edge coupler optimized for 9-μm single-mode fibers. The architecture employs a bilayer waveguide structure comprising a silicon nitride top layer and a lithium niobate bottom layer. Through systematic geometric parameter optimization, the vertical mode matching efficiency is substantially enhanced, while a trident-shaped lithium niobate waveguide configuration is innovatively incorporated to fine-tune the lateral mode field distribution. Leveraging a two-stage inverse-tapered waveguide design, optical mode energy is efficiently transferred from the silica cladding to the lithium niobate ridge waveguide. Simulation results demonstrate that at 1550 nm, the coupler achieves an edge mode overlap loss of 0.05 dB and a TE-mode coupling loss of 0.16 dB per facet. Compared with current state-of-the-art processes, the achieved coupling efficiency exhibits exceptional performance benchmarks. Notably, it maintains exceptional transmission stability across a broad 300-nm(1400 nm-1700 nm) spectral bandwidth (Coupling loss &lt; 0.3 dB/facet). In alignment tolerance characterization, vertical/lateral offsets of ± 2 μm result in insertion losses of 0.67 dB and 0.79 dB, respectively, underscoring its superior process robustness and engineering viability. Compared to current state-of-the-art designs, this work represents a notable advancement in reconciling process robustness with low-loss performance. This design provides a viable option for broadband optical communication devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100952"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal treatment effect on the performance of fused polymer optical fiber coupler device","authors":"Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman ,&nbsp;Seri Mastura Mustaza ,&nbsp;Iszan Hana Kaharudin ,&nbsp;Hadiguna Safnal ,&nbsp;I-Shyan Hwang","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.100999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.100999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Polymer optical fiber (POF) coupler has become the dominant technology in small world communication network. In this paper, a weakly fused (WF) and a highly fused (HF) star coupler based on fusing and combining a group of POFs are successfully designed and experimentally investigated.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>The sleeve removed group of POFs are fused together using a Bunsen burner with a yellow flame. Range of temperature were applied directly to the fused tapered region and an LED fiber source with a 650 nm wavelength is launched into the fiber input, while the optical power deviation is measured at each output port. The new fusion technique 3 × 3 couplers were developed. The coupling ratio (CR) and return optical power (ROP) and its effect to the temperature variation of 20 ⁰C to 125 ⁰C were also investigated. The result shows the excess loss, EL₀ for the WF and the HF coupler at 20 °C is ∼ 2 dB and ∼ 8 dB, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This paper aims to examine the feasibility of both methods of 3 × 3 POF couplers as thermal optical switches and also to determine whether the thermal treatment is needed to improve the performance and able to shift the device specification (if possible).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Finally, the results reveal the thermal treatment (approximately 10 °C above room temperature) could improve the device performance by reducing the reflected power and contribute to minor shifting to the coupling ratio. Thus, the specification of the device can be adjusted according to the requirement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100999"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147421616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface ionization of diamond by femtosecond laser pulses: A comparative study of analytical models","authors":"Zukhriddin Ruziev ,&nbsp;Usman Sapaev ,&nbsp;Husan Eshkuvatov ,&nbsp;Rakhmatillo Karimov ,&nbsp;Islom Egamberdiev ,&nbsp;Madumar Musurmonov ,&nbsp;Bekzod Rahmatov ,&nbsp;Azamat Japakov ,&nbsp;Shavkat Karshiboev ,&nbsp;Khurshida Begmurodova ,&nbsp;Rakhmat Turniyazov","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a theoretical study of femtosecond-laser–induced ionization processes on diamond surfaces based on three analytical models: the multiphoton (MP) ionization model, the Ammosov–Delone–Krainov (ADK) tunneling model, and the Ivanov–Yudin (IY) model. The models were employed to analyze the dependence of plasma density on laser intensity, frequency ratio, and temporal evolution. The results reveal that the MP model is effective at low intensities and high frequencies, the ADK model is more accurate under strong-field conditions, and the IY model captures nonadiabatic and time-dependent effects, serving as an intermediate bridge between the two. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of laser–matter interactions requires a hybrid use of analytical models or their integration with advanced computational techniques, and the findings provide valuable insights for applications in micro- and nanoprocessing technologies, optical and quantum device fabrication, and biomedical sensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100942"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-efficiency polarization switching in phase-change-material films at normal incidence","authors":"Kris Bulmer,&nbsp;Jean-François Bisson,&nbsp;Alain Haché","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.100962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.100962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase-change materials (PCMs) enable the modification of the polarization of reflected light over nanometer-scale distances. For an isotropic and homogeneous film deposited on planar substrates, this is only possible at oblique angles of incidence, and the greatest modulation occurs near the pseudo-Brewster angle, but at low reflectance. This tradeoff between polarization modulation and output intensity is a limiting factor for applications. In this paper, we explain why stronger polarization switching also tends to occur at low reflectance. We also show that for properly designed structures, switching between maximally separated, i.e. orthogonal, polarization states can occur with low losses. Finally, we compare the polarization switching capabilities of two different PCM materials on corrugated substrates at normal incidence and show that this simple design can achieve orthogonal polarization switching at high reflectance. For example, in the case of GST on a gold-coated grating at a wavelength λ of 1457 nm, near orthogonal switching is possible with a reflectance of around 50 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100962"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WDM-enabled photonic edge computing with low cost and high performance","authors":"Jie Peng,&nbsp;Bingdong Qin,&nbsp;Yu Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.100975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.100975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photonic computing enables high bandwidth, low latency and energy efficient processing. This work proposes a photonic edge computing architecture that leverages wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) to distribute cloud-managed neural network weights through existing optical line terminal (OLT) apparatus, facilitating lightweight deployment and real-time photonic inference. System-level simulations demonstrate that a single optical interference unit suffices to construct the inference module, improving scalability and reducing hardware cost. In the MNIST image classification task, the architecture achieves a recognition accuracy of 98.23%, with single-sample accuracy consistently above 96.6%, validating its efficiency and application potential in future photonic neural computation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100975"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon quantum dots synthesized by monochromatic light driven method toward controlling optical and nonlinear optical properties","authors":"Shaghayegh Khalilzadeh ,&nbsp;Ehsan Koushki ,&nbsp;Mohammad-Reza Zamani-Meymian","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized using pyrolysis method and monochromatic LED light sources were used to control the chemical reaction during the synthetic time. Four monochromatic LEDs with different wavelengths (violet, blue, green and red) were used in these synthetic routes. CQDs were characterized using different methods such as visible-ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV–Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM). According to different optical properties of the synthesized CQDs, third order nonlinear absorption coefficients of CQDs have been measured using the open aperture Z-scan technique. Experiments with close aperture Z-scan setup led only to dense patterns of diffraction rings. There was a perfect correlation between the data of all experiments where indicates the effect of monochromatic light radiation on the synthesis process is mainly on the loading of surface agents of the CQDs. With the increase in the wavelength of the irradiated light, it has been witnessed the decrease of surface agents as surface agents, the decrease of hydrodynamic diameter, increase of absorption in the visible region, increase of luminescence and its red shift, the granularity of the particles in the TEM images and increase of the nonlinear properties of the resulting nanocolloids. The present study can be a new window towards control and engineering in the synthesis of CQDs with the help of only a monochromatic light source.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100956"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of silver mirror coatings on glass substrates by vacuum evaporation","authors":"Bui Dinh Bao ,&nbsp;Phan Nguyen Nhue ,&nbsp;Duong Chi Dung ,&nbsp;Vo Quang Sang ,&nbsp;Nguyen Minh Hue ,&nbsp;Mai Thi Kieu Trang ,&nbsp;Nguyễn Văn Ba","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.100963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.100963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silver (Ag) mirror coatings on glass substrates are widely used in optics due to their high reflectance and low polarization of reflected light. However, poor adhesion between Ag and glass, together with limited oxidation resistance, significantly reduces coating durability and service life. This work focuses on optimizing the structure of silver mirrors through the selection of suitable adhesion-promoting and protective layers. Chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), and nickel (Ni) were investigated as adhesion layers, given their compatibility with both BK7 glass substrates and silver films. Thin-film structures were designed and simulated using OptiLayer software and fabricated by high-vacuum thermal evaporation (base pressure &lt;5 × 10⁻⁶ mbar, deposition rate ∼1,0 Å/s for Ag) in a Univex 400 system (Leybold, Germany). The optimized configuration, determined through simulation and subsequent experimental validation, was Ti (5 nm)/Ag (150 nm)/SiO₂ (125 nm), which achieved reflectance above 95 % across the visible to near-infrared range (450–900 nm). Adhesion was evaluated according to ASTM <span><span>D3359</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> and MIL-C-48479A standards, confirming strong film-substrate bonding. Experimental results were in good agreement with simulations, demonstrating the effectiveness of the multilayer design strategy for high-performance silver mirror coatings. To ensure measurement reliability, three identical samples were fabricated and characterized, and all reported reflectance values represent averaged results across this sample set.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100963"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon quantum dots derived from sugarcane bagasse as a functional layer in SPR sensors for interleukin detection","authors":"Tarisa Febilia Lestari ,&nbsp;Fadhillah Choirunnisa ,&nbsp;Wiwis Sasmitaninghidayah ,&nbsp;Nandang Mufti ,&nbsp;Wildan Panji Tresna ,&nbsp;Rachmat Triandi Tjahjanto ,&nbsp;Dionysius J.D.H. Santjojo ,&nbsp;Masruroh","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.100977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.100977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on utilizing an environmentally friendly and sustainable carbon precursor: sugarcane bagasse, to synthesize Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) as an active SPR sensor layer. The CQDs were synthesized via a hydrothermal method. The CQDs were then uniformly deposited onto a gold (Au) substrate on the optical fiber using the Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis technique. Optical and morphological characterizations showed that the resulting CQDs, with a particle size of approximately 4 nm, produced a photoluminescence emission peak in the blue-green range, with a red shift that depended on the excitation wavelength and bagasse mass. UV–Vis spectra analyzed using the Tauc plot method showed an increase in the band gap from <span><math><mrow><mn>3.28</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>3.55</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> with increasing bagasse mass. The gap increase indicates an increase in the refractive index due to changes in the electronic structure, thereby strengthening the interaction between the evanescent waves and the analyte. The performance testing of the SPR sensor with a CQDs layer was carried out with the human interleukin −17 isolate (IL-17) biomolecule, and showed an increase in sensor sensitivity up to <span><math><mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>105.07</mn></mrow><mspace></mspace><mo>±</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>0.055</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>n</mi><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>R</mi><mi>I</mi><mi>U</mi></mrow></math></span>, with a figure of merit (FOM) value of <span><math><mrow><mn>13.507</mn><mspace></mspace><mo>±</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>0.120</mn><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>RIU</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and a limit of detection (LOD) reaching <span><math><mrow><mn>0.074</mn><mspace></mspace><mo>±</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>0.002</mn><mi>R</mi><mi>I</mi><mi>U</mi></mrow></math></span>. The resonance shift and significant decrease in transmittance prove the role of CQDs in increasing sensor sensitivity. These results demonstrate the novelty of using biomass waste-based CQDs as the active layer of an SPR sensor, which not only improves performance but also supports sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100977"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}