Resources Conservation and Recycling最新文献_第3页

Modelling material flows and cost-benefit of sorting PLA packaging waste in material recovery facilities under different market penetration scenarios 模拟物料回收设施在不同市场渗透情景下的物料流动及成本效益

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Resources Conservation and Recycling

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108811

Wang Li , Alexandra Schmuck , Louis Van Caelenberg , Virginie Decottignies , Hy Boui Chang , Adeline Dupas , Peter Ragaert , Shreyash Anil Gujar , Marcel C P van Eijk , Steven De Meester

Currently, bio-based and compostable plastic packaging is generally not sorted at material recovery facilities (MRFs) due to its limited market penetration. Instead, such bioplastics are criticised for contaminating other target streams, such as PET bottles at MRFs, yet there is limited evidence to support these claims. This work aims to fill this knowledge gap with a focus on polylactic acid (PLA) packaging waste, by applying a mathematical model to predict the material flow of PLA within MRFs and evaluates the economic viability of bioplastic sorting under different market penetration grades. Our model shows that under current market penetration, the predicted presence of PLA in the PET bottle stream is 7.8 ppm, which is below the suggested threshold concentration without degrading PET recycling (1000 ppm). This still holds true even under high market penetration conditions (200 ppm), assuming that the sorting sequence is adapted to accommodate variations in input waste composition at MRF. The sorting cost of PLA decreases from 906 EUR/t at current market penetration to 170 EUR/t when 1% of post-consumer PLA packaging material is reached at MRF input streams, with an expected break-even point at 2.4%. Moreover, the required PLA volume decreases with increasing near-infrared spectroscopy NIR sorting efficiency alongside the expansion of PLA packaging applications. Furthermore, labour cost, market demand for recovered PLA, and landfill/incineration gate fees are key parameters that substantially affect the cost model result. Overall, the findings from this work suggest that PLA present at MRFs pose no significant issue in current sorting practices, whereas investing in PLA sorting only makes economic sense under strong market growth scenarios of PLA, to achieve circular bioeconomy goals and recycled content targets.

目前，由于市场渗透率有限，生物基和可堆肥塑料包装通常不会在材料回收设施（mrf）进行分类。相反，这种生物塑料因污染其他目标流而受到批评，例如核磁共振成像中的PET瓶，然而支持这些说法的证据有限。这项工作旨在通过应用数学模型来预测聚乳酸（PLA）包装废弃物在mrf内的物料流动，并评估不同市场渗透等级下生物塑料分拣的经济可行性，从而填补这一知识空白。我们的模型显示，在目前的市场渗透率下，PET瓶流中PLA的预测存在率为7.8 ppm，低于不降解PET回收（1000 ppm）的建议阈值浓度。即使在高市场渗透条件下（200ppm），假设分类顺序适应MRF下输入废物成分的变化，这仍然成立。PLA的分类成本从目前市场渗透率的906欧元/吨下降到170欧元/吨，当MRF输入流达到1%的消费后PLA包装材料时，预期盈亏平衡点为2.4%。此外，随着近红外光谱近红外分选效率的提高以及PLA包装应用的扩大，所需的PLA体积也随之减少。此外，劳动力成本、回收PLA的市场需求和垃圾填埋/焚烧门费是影响成本模型结果的关键参数。总体而言，本研究的结果表明，mrf中存在的聚乳酸在当前的分类实践中不构成重大问题，而投资聚乳酸分类只有在聚乳酸强劲的市场增长情景下才具有经济意义，以实现循环生物经济目标和回收含量目标。

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引用次数: 0

Recycling lithium-ion-battery cathode oxides into master alloys for stainless steel via hydrogen reduction 通过氢还原将锂离子电池正极氧化物回收为不锈钢主合金

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Resources Conservation and Recycling

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108809

Na Gong, David C. Dunand

We present a sustainable pyrometallurgical strategy for recycling spent LiNi₀_.₆Co₀_.₂Mn₀_.₂O₂ (LNCMO) and LNCMO + 10% LiFePO₄ (LFP) through direct hydrogen reduction to Ni-Co-Mn(-Fe) master alloys for steelmaking. In LNCMO, Ni and Co oxides reduce concurrently at ∼480 °C, while Mn oxide reduces more gradually via a MnO intermediate before dissolving into the Ni-Co matrix to form a face-centered-cubic (FCC) Ni-Co-Mn alloy, with ∼2–4 wt.% of Mn lost by volatilization. Li₂O forms at ∼600 °C then volatilizes by 900 °C. With 10% LFP, decomposition begins at lower temperature (∼310 °C), and Fe enters the FCC alloy near 400 °C. Li₂O forms at ∼560 °C and either volatilizes or forms Li₃PO₄ inclusions. Metallography confirms a nearly fully reduced, interconnected FCC metallic network facilitating H₂/H₂O transport. Reduced Ni-Co-Mn(-Fe) is remelted with Fe and Fe-Cr to produce a Fe-(18–19)Cr-(8–9)Ni-3Co-(2–3)Mn alloy matching 304-grade stainless steel, with Co expected to enhance mechanical and corrosion resistance. This hydrogen-based route offers a scalable, low-CO₂ alternative to carbothermic recycling.

我们提出了一种可持续的火法冶炼策略，用于回收废弃的LiNi 0 .₆Co 0 .₂Mn 0。2 O₂（LNCMO）和LNCMO + 10% LiFePO₄（LFP）通过直接氢还原法制备Ni-Co-Mn（-Fe）中间合金。在LNCMO中，Ni和Co氧化物在~ 480°C时同时还原，而Mn氧化物在溶解到Ni-Co基体中形成面心立方（FCC） Ni-Co-Mn合金之前通过MnO中间体逐渐还原，挥发损失了~ 2-4 wt.%的Mn。Li₂O在~ 600℃形成，然后在900℃挥发。当LFP为10%时，分解在较低温度（~ 310°C）开始，Fe在400°C左右进入FCC合金。Li₂O在~ 560°C形成，要么挥发，要么形成Li₃PO₄包体。金相图证实了一个几乎完全还原的、相互连接的FCC金属网络，促进了H2/H2O的传输。还原的Ni-Co-Mn（-Fe）与Fe和Fe-Cr重熔，生产出与304级不锈钢匹配的Fe-(18-19)Cr-(8-9)Ni-3Co-(2-3)Mn合金，其中Co有望增强机械和耐腐蚀性。这种氢基路线为碳热回收提供了一种可扩展的低二氧化碳替代方案。

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引用次数: 0

Microwave-driven molecular activation enables efficient hydrogen recovery via low-carbon plastic recycling 微波驱动的分子活化通过低碳塑料回收实现高效的氢回收

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Resources Conservation and Recycling

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108810

Jinglin Li , Endian Hu , Kailun Chen , Li Lin , Jingwen Chang , Ke Liu , Yukun Zhao , Jianguo Jiang

Escalating plastic consumption and inadequate waste management intensify global environmental pressures. This study developed multivariate nanometallic catalysts without precious metals for real-world plastic waste conversion into hydrogen via microwave catalysis. The process achieved abundant gas yields and high-purity solid carbon nanotubes with negligible liquid byproducts. The hydrogen yields were 52.59 mmol/g, which significantly exceeding that of conventional pyrolysis, accompanied by 9-fold improved energy efficiency and a low carbon footprint of 0.046 kg CO₂-eq/kg plastic (GWP₁₀₀). The enhancement arises from multi-level reaction mechanism. At the molecular level, microwave-driven activation of methyl groups within polymer chains and preferential symmetric-bond alignment. This resulted in hydrogen radical generation and bond configuration evolution at atomic level. Concurrently, microwave-induced modulation of catalyst interplanar spacing mitigates lattice distortion and enhances ion transport at surface level. These synergistic effects showed the fundamental advantages of microwave, offering a sustainable route for plastic waste management coupled with clean energy production.

不断增加的塑料消费和不适当的废物管理加剧了全球环境压力。本研究开发了不含贵金属的多元纳米金属催化剂，用于现实世界中塑料垃圾的微波催化制氢。该工艺获得了丰富的气体产量和高纯度的固体碳纳米管，而液体副产物可以忽略不计。氢气产率为52.59 mmol/g，显著超过常规热解，能源效率提高9倍，碳足迹低至0.046 kg CO₂-eq/kg塑料（GWP₁₀）。这种增强是由多层反应机制引起的。在分子水平上，微波驱动的聚合物链中的甲基活化和优先的对称键排列。这导致了氢自由基的产生和键构型在原子水平上的演化。同时，微波诱导的催化剂面间距调制减轻了晶格畸变，增强了离子在表面水平的输运。这些协同效应显示了微波的根本优势，为塑料废物管理和清洁能源生产提供了一条可持续的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Applying semi-supervised learning algorithms in real-environment solid waste classification 半监督学习算法在现实环境固体废物分类中的应用

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Resources Conservation and Recycling

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108806

Dong–Ying Lan , Pin–Jing He , Hui–Huang Zou , Rong–Rong Kan , Yi Wang , Fan Lü , Hua Zhang

To improve intelligent solid waste identification, this study developed semi-supervised learning (SSL) models utilizing pseudo-labeling and consistency regularization techniques. Based on 10,261 image patches covering multiple categories of recyclable solid waste, we evaluated four SSL models (FixMatch, FlexMatch, FreeMatch, and SoftMatch models) across varying labeled data ratio (10%–90%) against a supervised learning (SL) baseline. Results demonstrated that the classification accuracy for the test dataset significantly improved (p < 0.05) as the proportion of labeled data increased in the training dataset, rising from 0.843 ± 0.012 to 0.954 ± 0.004. In the external validation, SSL models exhibited notably stronger robustness and generalizability compared to the SL model which achieved an accuracy of only 0.653 ± 0.122. The FixMatch model, in particular, attained an accuracy of 0.810 ± 0.013. These findings underscore the potential of SSL-based approaches in solid waste recycling systems.

为了提高智能固体废物识别，本研究利用伪标签和一致性正则化技术开发了半监督学习（SSL）模型。基于覆盖多种可回收固体废物类别的10,261个图像补丁，我们根据监督学习（SL）基线，在不同的标记数据比率（10%-90%）下评估了四种SSL模型（FixMatch, FlexMatch， FreeMatch和SoftMatch模型）。结果表明，随着标记数据在训练数据集中所占比例的增加，测试数据集的分类准确率显著提高（p < 0.05），从0.843±0.012提高到0.954±0.004。在外部验证中，SSL模型的鲁棒性和泛化性明显强于SL模型，后者的准确率仅为0.653±0.122。特别是FixMatch模型，达到了0.810±0.013的精度。这些发现强调了基于ssl的方法在固体废物回收系统中的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Wasting the Risk, or Risking the Waste? Understanding the trends of critical raw material loss into waste streams during copper and aluminium processing 浪费风险，还是浪费风险？了解铜和铝加工过程中关键原材料流入废物流的趋势

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Resources Conservation and Recycling

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108803

Ella Lausberg , Joël Brugger , Rahul Ram , John R. Owen , Deanna Kemp , Micheal S. Moats , Jonathan Hamisi , Vanessa N.L. Wong

Many critical raw materials (CRM) necessary in the transition to carbon-neutral energy reside in the waste streams of mining projects, as they are by-products and often not recovered alongside the primary metal. This work aims to document (i) the loss and potential recovery of by-product metals during the host commodity processing and (ii) the consequences of non-recovery, via a multi-scale risk–reward analysis. The information on the deportment of by-product metals through processing circuits is crucial for treating them as a resource, without which they risk near-permanent loss when treated as ‘waste’. We review the deportment of tellurium and selenium as by-products of copper processing; and gallium, scandium and rare earth elements in aluminium processing, as these CRMs are representative of different geological settings, mining methods, processing circuits, and waste types. We classify the scale of the effects of their non-recovery using three risk categories: comprehensive differentiation covers individual risks (environmental, social, governance and economic); complex differentiation covers the interactions of compounding factors that alter the magnitude and timeframe of their impact; and ecological/systems diffraction comprises systematic, long-term effects that disproportionally affect vulnerable communities and locations globally. We offer a new perspective on by-product elements that rely on the production chain of primary commodities but are rarely recovered economically because of the lack of refinery infrastructure and technologies. We suggest that incentives to promote waste management strategies that preserve CRM resources for concurrent recovery or future reprocessing could substantially mitigate supply risks, while reducing social and environmental risk and impact.

向碳中性能源过渡所需的许多关键原材料（CRM）存在于采矿项目的废物流中，因为它们是副产品，通常不能与原金属一起回收。这项工作旨在通过多尺度风险-回报分析，记录(i)在东道国商品加工过程中副产品金属的损失和潜在回收，以及（ii）不回收的后果。通过加工电路处理副产物金属的信息对于将其作为一种资源至关重要，否则当它们被视为“废物”时，它们将面临近乎永久的损失。综述了铜加工副产物碲和硒的研究进展；铝加工中的镓、钪和稀土元素，因为这些crm代表了不同的地质环境、采矿方法、加工电路和废物类型。我们使用三种风险类别对其无法恢复的影响规模进行分类：综合区分涵盖个体风险（环境、社会、治理和经济）；复杂差异包括改变其影响的大小和时间范围的复合因素的相互作用；生态/系统衍射包括对全球脆弱社区和地区造成不成比例影响的系统性长期影响。我们对依赖初级商品生产链的副产品元素提供了新的视角，但由于缺乏炼油基础设施和技术，这些副产品很少能经济地回收。我们建议，鼓励促进废物管理策略，以保留CRM资源用于并发回收或未来再处理，可以大大减轻供应风险，同时减少社会和环境风险和影响。

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引用次数: 0

Lifetime effects on wood waste generation and the cascading potential of waste wood from Finnish houses 对木材废料产生的终身影响以及芬兰房屋中废弃木材的级联潜力

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Resources Conservation and Recycling

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108804

Bahareh Nasiri, Mark Hughes

The study integrates an inflow-driven dynamic material flow model to estimate both the quantity and quality of wood outflows using lifetime distributions. It also assesses the cascading potential of wood under two scenarios: one with cascading and one without. The model builds upon the dynamic-stock-model Python package, which the authors further developed to incorporate material quality. As input, the model uses the gross floor area of houses built in Finland between 1966 and 2020.

The findings underscore the crucial role of decay functions and the selection of their variables, highlighting the need for continued research to refine these aspects. The scenarios and lifetime effects reveal that wood cascading has a greater effect on reducing total wood outflows than merely extending the lifetime of buildings. Furthermore, the cascade scenario (30 % reuse and 70 % recycling) shows a great potential for cascading in the wood sector, highlighting its effectiveness in minimizing wood waste compared to the non-cascading scenario.

该研究集成了一个流入驱动的动态物质流模型，利用寿命分布来估计木材流出的数量和质量。它还评估了两种情况下木材的级联潜力：一种是有级联的，另一种是没有级联的。该模型建立在动态库存模型Python包的基础上，作者进一步开发了该包以纳入材料质量。作为输入，该模型使用了芬兰在1966年至2020年间建造的房屋的总建筑面积。这些发现强调了衰变函数的关键作用及其变量的选择，强调了继续研究以完善这些方面的必要性。这些情景和寿命效应表明，木材级联对减少木材总流出量的影响比仅仅延长建筑物的寿命更大。此外，级联方案（30%再利用和70%回收）显示了木材部门级联的巨大潜力，与非级联方案相比，突出了其在最大限度地减少木材浪费方面的有效性。

引用次数: 0

Urban mining of REEs from wastewater treatment plant ash: Process optimization of inorganic acid leaching 城市从污水处理厂灰中开采稀土：无机酸浸工艺优化

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Resources Conservation and Recycling

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108799

A. Bringas, R. Ibañez, Ma.-F. San-Román

This study investigates the leaching of rare earth elements (REEs) from a novel secondary source, incineration ash of urban wastewater treatment plants. Hydrochloric, nitric, and sulfuric acid were selected as leaching agents. The optimal leaching conditions were determined from Central Composite Design (CCD), evaluating acid concentration, temperature, liquid-to-solid ratio, and H₂O₂ concentration. The findings suggest that HCl and HNO₃ achieved almost complete leaching of REEs, concentrations in the leachate ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 mg L⁻¹. Sulfuric acid showed lower efficiency. The optimal conditions for HCl and HNO₃ included a temperature of 85 °C, acid concentrations of 3.1 M and 5.1 M respectively, and liquid-to-solid ratio 6.0 mL g⁻¹. Under these conditions, leaching yields reached up to 100% for target REEs Nd, Pr, Gd, Tb, and Dy. As demonstrated, the potential of UWWTP ash as REEs secondary source, is highlighted, contributing to sustainable urban mining practices.

本文研究了稀土元素（ree）从城市污水处理厂的焚烧灰这一新的二次来源中浸出。选择盐酸、硝酸和硫酸作为浸出剂。通过中心复合设计（CCD），综合考虑酸浓度、温度、液固比和H₂O₂浓度，确定了最佳浸出条件。研究结果表明，HCl和HNO₃几乎完全浸出了稀土元素，浸出液中的浓度在0.5到5.0 mg L - 1之间。硫酸的效率较低。配制HCl和HNO₃的最佳条件为：温度85℃，酸浓度分别为3.1 M和5.1 M，液固比为6.0 mL g⁻¹。在这些条件下，目标稀土Nd、Pr、Gd、Tb和Dy的浸出率高达100%。如上所示，UWWTP灰作为稀土二次源的潜力被强调，有助于可持续的城市采矿实践。

引用次数: 0

A statistical assessment of the EU packaging waste directive (2004 Amendment) on plastic packaging recycling in the EU 关于欧盟塑料包装回收的欧盟包装废弃物指令（2004年修正案）的统计评估

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Resources Conservation and Recycling

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108805

Paul Mullane , Sara Bottausci , Cornelis Peter Baldé , Colin Fitzpatrick , Eoin Martino Grua

Plastic packaging waste (PPW) presents a major sustainability challenge across the European Union (EU). The 2004 amendment to the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (2004/12/EC) introduced the first PPW recycling targets, yet little empirical evidence evaluates its real-world implications. This study addresses the research question: Was the implementation of Directive 2004/12/EC associated with statistically significant changes in PPW recycling rates across EU member states? Interrupted time series and a volume trend analysis were applied to PPW recycling rates in 13 EU countries with data spanning 1999–2022. Significant positive associated effects were detected in the Netherlands, Germany and Spain. Significant negative associated effects were detected in Belgium, France, Austria and Ireland. These findings suggest that policy-associated changes likely reflect differences in national implementation conditions. The results provide an empirical evidence base for future EU policy by identifying where additional support or strengthened governance mechanisms may be needed.

塑料包装废弃物（PPW）在整个欧盟（EU）提出了一个重大的可持续性挑战。2004年修订的欧盟包装和包装废弃物指令（2004/12/EC）引入了第一个PPW回收目标，但很少有经验证据评估其现实世界的影响。本研究解决了研究问题：指令2004/12/EC的实施是否与欧盟成员国PPW回收率的统计显着变化有关？对13个欧盟国家1999-2022年的PPW回收率进行了中断时间序列和数量趋势分析。在荷兰、德国和西班牙发现了显著的积极相关效应。在比利时、法国、奥地利和爱尔兰发现了显著的负面相关影响。这些发现表明，与政策相关的变化可能反映了各国实施条件的差异。通过确定哪些地方可能需要额外的支持或加强治理机制，研究结果为欧盟未来的政策提供了经验证据基础。

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引用次数: 0

Coupling life cycle assessment with social media-based matrices for multidimensional sustainability assessment of site remediation 将生命周期评估与基于社会媒体的矩阵相结合，用于场地修复的多维可持续性评估

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Resources Conservation and Recycling

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108789

Meng Xiao , Hongzhen Zhang , Xianglan Li , Chunlong Zhang , Meijie Zhu , Jingqi Dong , Hao Meng , Peng Liu , Jingfei Deng , Huijian Shi , Xingliang Lu

Current sustainability assessments for contaminated site remediation lack unified frameworks integrating multidimensional impacts and public input, alongside data-supported weighting methods. We developed a methodology coupling life cycle assessment (LCA) with sustainability matrices, using social media big data to derive public perception-based weights. Environmental, social, and economic dimensions were weighted at 73.7%, 19.2%, and 7.1%, respectively, with critical indicators of soil (15.9%), business and local economy (4.7%) and indirect/external costs (4.6%) in each dimension. Applied to a site with metals and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) contamination, environmental impacts dominated sustainability scores despite offsetting social/economic gains. In situ remediation using chemical oxidation and immobilization (net -306) demonstrated significantly lower net impact than ex situ excavation with cement kiln co-disposal (net -355), proving more sustainable. This novel sustainability assessment methodology is transferrable to other contaminated sites for improved efficiency and reduced costs during the decision-making and implementation of green and sustainable remediation (GSR).

目前污染场地修复的可持续性评估缺乏整合多维影响和公众投入的统一框架，以及数据支持的加权方法。我们开发了一种将生命周期评估（LCA）与可持续性矩阵相结合的方法，利用社交媒体大数据得出基于公众感知的权重。环境、社会和经济维度的权重分别为73.7%、19.2%和7.1%，土壤（15.9%）、商业和地方经济（4.7%）和间接/外部成本（4.6%）是每个维度的关键指标。应用于金属和总石油烃（TPH）污染的场地，尽管抵消了社会/经济收益，但环境影响主导了可持续性得分。使用化学氧化和固定化的原位修复（净值-306）比水泥窑共同处置的非原位开挖（净值-355）的净影响要低得多，证明更具可持续性。这种新颖的可持续性评估方法可转移到其他污染场地，在绿色和可持续修复（GSR）的决策和实施过程中提高效率和降低成本。

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引用次数: 0

Environmental intensities of consumption reveal synergy between welfare and environmental policies beyond income effect 消费的环境强度揭示了福利与环境政策之间超越收入效应的协同效应

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Resources Conservation and Recycling

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108791

Juudit Ottelin, Julia Sborz, Meng Jiang, Konstantin Stadler

The efficiency of public versus private sectors has interested policymakers and researchers for decades. Management research has highlighted that private ownership can improve the efficiency of production. However, regarding environmental efficiency, the public sector often outperforms the private sector. Furthermore, the so-called synergy hypothesis suggests that countries with a strong public sector might be better positioned to address environmental problems than other countries, because of their already existing governance related to welfare. Yet, empirical evidence so far has mostly suggested otherwise. Here, we contribute to these debates by 1) providing an analysis of the consumption-based environmental intensities of government versus household consumption and 2) testing the synergy hypothesis using the environmental intensities as the measure of environmental performance. Our results show that government consumption has lower carbon, material, and land use intensities compared to household consumption – particularly in services, and in most countries, also in energy. Yet, in several countries, households have lower intensities for tangible goods and food, potentially pointing to shortcomings in public procurement policies. We also find support for the synergy hypothesis: countries with higher public social expenditure (% of GDP) tend to have lower environmental intensities, even when controlling for final demand per capita.

几十年来，政策制定者和研究人员一直对公共部门与私营部门的效率感兴趣。管理学研究强调，私有制可以提高生产效率。然而，在环境效率方面，公共部门的表现往往优于私营部门。此外，所谓的协同作用假说认为，拥有强大公共部门的国家可能比其他国家更有能力解决环境问题，因为它们已经存在与福利有关的治理。然而，迄今为止的经验证据大多表明情况并非如此。在这里，我们通过以下方式为这些争论做出贡献：1)对基于消费的政府与家庭消费的环境强度进行分析；2)使用环境强度作为环境绩效的衡量标准来检验协同效应假设。我们的研究结果表明，与家庭消费相比，政府消费的碳、材料和土地使用强度更低——尤其是在服务业，在大多数国家，能源消费也是如此。然而，在一些国家，家庭对有形商品和食品的需求强度较低，这可能表明公共采购政策存在缺陷。我们还发现了对协同假说的支持：公共社会支出（占GDP的百分比）较高的国家往往具有较低的环境强度，即使在控制人均最终需求的情况下也是如此。

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引用次数: 0