Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108779
Meiqi Yang , Hongxu Chen , Kaijie Yang , Zhiyong Jason Ren
Global lithium demand is rising rapidly, but the environmental performance of industrial-scale extraction remains poorly understood. The costs, freshwater requirements, chemical inputs, and energy use of multistage evaporation ponds and direct lithium extraction (DLE) are rarely assessed under real operating conditions, and DLE is seldom examined as a complete industrial process. Here, we present a comprehensive data-driven assessment of industrial lithium brine projects worldwide, applying hierarchical clustering, correlation analysis, and Bayesian statistics to compare evaporation ponds and DLE. Our results show that brine chemistry plays a decisive role in process feasibility and environmental burdens. High-quality brines enable evaporation ponds with lower water and energy use but limited recovery, while low-quality brines require DLE, which achieves higher recovery at much higher resource costs. By linking impurity ratios, recovery efficiency, and chemical demand, this work establishes a systematic framework connecting brine quality to environmental impacts, providing guidance for sustainable lithium production.
{"title":"Data-driven environmental and operational assessment of industrial lithium brine extraction","authors":"Meiqi Yang , Hongxu Chen , Kaijie Yang , Zhiyong Jason Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global lithium demand is rising rapidly, but the environmental performance of industrial-scale extraction remains poorly understood. The costs, freshwater requirements, chemical inputs, and energy use of multistage evaporation ponds and direct lithium extraction (DLE) are rarely assessed under real operating conditions, and DLE is seldom examined as a complete industrial process. Here, we present a comprehensive data-driven assessment of industrial lithium brine projects worldwide, applying hierarchical clustering, correlation analysis, and Bayesian statistics to compare evaporation ponds and DLE. Our results show that brine chemistry plays a decisive role in process feasibility and environmental burdens. High-quality brines enable evaporation ponds with lower water and energy use but limited recovery, while low-quality brines require DLE, which achieves higher recovery at much higher resource costs. By linking impurity ratios, recovery efficiency, and chemical demand, this work establishes a systematic framework connecting brine quality to environmental impacts, providing guidance for sustainable lithium production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108779"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108771
Suju Fan , Jianming Chen , John H. Xin , Xungai Wang
Colored textile waste has been a concern due to the complexity of textile recycling and environmental issues in waste landfills. This study creatively repurposed dyed silk waste for versatile applications in fabric dyeing, water cleaning, and cotton printing. First, dyed silk waste was reclaimed into colored silk fibroin (CSF) for wool dyeing at 75 °C and pH 2.5, achieving 76% dye reuse. After further recycling the dye effluent, over 63% silk fibroin (SF) was recovered, and the remaining water was suitable for reuse in CSF dyeing. Second, the recycled SF could be pulverized into powders as adsorbents, featuring a maximum adsorption capacity of 82.79 mg/g for acid dyes. Finally, wastewater-adsorbed SF was used as pigments for cotton printing with good washing and crocking fastness. In this work, a waste recycling strategy is proposed to promote the resource conservation and waste valorization by producing new colored fabrics and lowering dye contamination.
{"title":"Recycling colored silk fibroin from silk waste for versatile applications in dyeing, adsorbing and printing","authors":"Suju Fan , Jianming Chen , John H. Xin , Xungai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Colored textile waste has been a concern due to the complexity of textile recycling and environmental issues in waste landfills. This study creatively repurposed dyed silk waste for versatile applications in fabric dyeing, water cleaning, and cotton printing. First, dyed silk waste was reclaimed into colored silk fibroin (CSF) for wool dyeing at 75 °C and pH 2.5, achieving 76% dye reuse. After further recycling the dye effluent, over 63% silk fibroin (SF) was recovered, and the remaining water was suitable for reuse in CSF dyeing. Second, the recycled SF could be pulverized into powders as adsorbents, featuring a maximum adsorption capacity of 82.79 mg/g for acid dyes. Finally, wastewater-adsorbed SF was used as pigments for cotton printing with good washing and crocking fastness. In this work, a waste recycling strategy is proposed to promote the resource conservation and waste valorization by producing new colored fabrics and lowering dye contamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108771"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108770
Imane Belyamani , Layla Gripon , Laurent Cauret
The removal of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene derived from e-waste was investigated using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). A Taguchi experimental design evaluated the effects of solvent type, particle size, and solvent-to-polymer ratio on extraction performance. Optimal conditions (diethyl ether, <500 µm particles, 1:10 ratio) enabled 98.5 % BFR removal, thus reducing persistent organic pollutants content below regulatory limits. Ethanol, while more environmentally favorable, achieved lower removal efficiencies. Structural and thermal analyses confirmed the integrity of the polymer and supported effective debromination, with increased glass transition temperatures and reduced thermal degradation. Life cycle assessment identified solvent use, drying, and micronization as the most environmentally impactful stages. Incineration showed the lowest impacts, within a system boundary excluding metal recovery, outperforming UAE combined with mechanical recycling. Despite its drawbacks, incineration remains the most sustainable option for high-BFR plastics under current conditions, highlighting the need for a realistic evaluation of circular strategies.
{"title":"Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of brominated flame retardants from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) derived from e-waste: Efficiency and life cycle assessment","authors":"Imane Belyamani , Layla Gripon , Laurent Cauret","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The removal of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene derived from e-waste was investigated using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). A Taguchi experimental design evaluated the effects of solvent type, particle size, and solvent-to-polymer ratio on extraction performance. Optimal conditions (diethyl ether, <500 µm particles, 1:10 ratio) enabled 98.5 % BFR removal, thus reducing persistent organic pollutants content below regulatory limits. Ethanol, while more environmentally favorable, achieved lower removal efficiencies. Structural and thermal analyses confirmed the integrity of the polymer and supported effective debromination, with increased glass transition temperatures and reduced thermal degradation. Life cycle assessment identified solvent use, drying, and micronization as the most environmentally impactful stages. Incineration showed the lowest impacts, within a system boundary excluding metal recovery, outperforming UAE combined with mechanical recycling. Despite its drawbacks, incineration remains the most sustainable option for high-BFR plastics under current conditions, highlighting the need for a realistic evaluation of circular strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108770"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108762
Qingshen Kong , Yi Xiao , Haonan Yang , Huan Huang
Coal-burning heating in China has long contributed to severe air pollution and high energy consumption. China launched the Northern Clean Heating Policy (CHPP) in 2017 to promote a shift to clean energy for heating. Using a multi-period DID model with panel data from 2014 to 2022, this study assesses the impact of CHPP on carbon emission intensity (CEI) and sulfur dioxide emission intensity (SEI). Results show that CHPP significantly reduces CEI and SEI. Four mediating variables, including total and average levels of government environmental attention and clean energy consumption, play key roles in the effectiveness of the policy. The effect is more notable in cities with higher temperatures, lower resource dependence, lower energy consumption, classification in the second pilot wave, key governance regions, and dispersed spatial layouts. As a sustainable development strategy, CHPP promotes green development through clean heating, providing valuable practical references for global environmental protection and the sustainable energy transition.
{"title":"Clean heating, cleaner cities: The effect of northern winter clean heating policy on carbon emission reduction and pollution reduction in China","authors":"Qingshen Kong , Yi Xiao , Haonan Yang , Huan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coal-burning heating in China has long contributed to severe air pollution and high energy consumption. China launched the Northern Clean Heating Policy (CHPP) in 2017 to promote a shift to clean energy for heating. Using a multi-period DID model with panel data from 2014 to 2022, this study assesses the impact of CHPP on carbon emission intensity (CEI) and sulfur dioxide emission intensity (SEI). Results show that CHPP significantly reduces CEI and SEI. Four mediating variables, including total and average levels of government environmental attention and clean energy consumption, play key roles in the effectiveness of the policy. The effect is more notable in cities with higher temperatures, lower resource dependence, lower energy consumption, classification in the second pilot wave, key governance regions, and dispersed spatial layouts. As a sustainable development strategy, CHPP promotes green development through clean heating, providing valuable practical references for global environmental protection and the sustainable energy transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108762"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-31DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108765
Wenli Qiang , Jiayi Liu , Xing Ma , Khizar Abbas , Lifei Feng , Gang Liu
Global food and nutrition production has undergone significant changes over the past few decades. Yet the inequality of nutrition and its sources on various scales remains poorly understood. By analyzing detailed production and nutrition coefficient data for 80 food categories across 182 countries and regions from 1986 to 2020, we reveal varying trends in inequality across each food category. The inequality in oil crops, vegetables, stimulants, pulses, and sugars has increased, whereas inequality in fruits, livestock, and aquatic products has decreased over time. The primary source of global food production inequality in 1986 was the difference between income groups. However, by 2020, the focus had shifted to internal inequality within income groups. Cereals had contributed most to inequalities in energy, protein, mineral, and vitamin production, while oil crops were the main driver of fat inequality. Our results suggest that it is essential to implement nutrition-oriented food production strategies and trade policies to effectively improve global food security.
{"title":"The changing trend of global food and nutrition production inequality","authors":"Wenli Qiang , Jiayi Liu , Xing Ma , Khizar Abbas , Lifei Feng , Gang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global food and nutrition production has undergone significant changes over the past few decades. Yet the inequality of nutrition and its sources on various scales remains poorly understood. By analyzing detailed production and nutrition coefficient data for 80 food categories across 182 countries and regions from 1986 to 2020, we reveal varying trends in inequality across each food category. The inequality in oil crops, vegetables, stimulants, pulses, and sugars has increased, whereas inequality in fruits, livestock, and aquatic products has decreased over time. The primary source of global food production inequality in 1986 was the difference between income groups. However, by 2020, the focus had shifted to internal inequality within income groups. Cereals had contributed most to inequalities in energy, protein, mineral, and vitamin production, while oil crops were the main driver of fat inequality. Our results suggest that it is essential to implement nutrition-oriented food production strategies and trade policies to effectively improve global food security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108765"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108766
Ayesha Tasawar , Daniel Dotto Munchen , Alexander Birich , Rungsima Yeetsorn , Walter Sebastian Scheld , Waritnan Wanchan , Benjamin Butz , Bernd Friedrich
As millions of LFP batteries reach their end of life, the challenge of selectively extracting lithium from industrial blackmass, loaded with impurities, has become a focal point for sustainable innovation in battery recycling. However, industrial-scale LFP recycling remains technically challenging due to the complex composition of real battery waste, including high graphite content, binders, and metallic inclusions that undermine conventional leaching processes. In this research study, a selective, green hydrometallurgical approach tailored for impurity-rich LFP blackmass is presented. Using only trace (“hint of acid”) amounts of formic acid with hydrogen peroxide and two-step leaching, achieving ∼94.5% lithium extraction in the two-step formic acid route, whereas the trace sulfuric acid + H₂O₂ condition delivers the highest selectivity, reaching >95% lithium recovery with negligible iron co-leaching, and producing lithium carbonate as an end product (confirmed by XRD and SEM) without the environmental burden of aggressive reagents or high-temperature treatment. Key to this process is careful control of solution pH and oxidation conditions, allowing a scalable, cost‑effective route to close the loop on LFP materials, and proving that the high‑yield lithium recovery and environmental responsibility can be achieved in the same process.
{"title":"Efficient lithium recovery from industrial lithium iron phosphate (LFP) blackmass using formic acid-enabled hydrometallurgy","authors":"Ayesha Tasawar , Daniel Dotto Munchen , Alexander Birich , Rungsima Yeetsorn , Walter Sebastian Scheld , Waritnan Wanchan , Benjamin Butz , Bernd Friedrich","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As millions of LFP batteries reach their end of life, the challenge of selectively extracting lithium from industrial blackmass, loaded with impurities, has become a focal point for sustainable innovation in battery recycling. However, industrial-scale LFP recycling remains technically challenging due to the complex composition of real battery waste, including high graphite content, binders, and metallic inclusions that undermine conventional leaching processes. In this research study, a selective, green hydrometallurgical approach tailored for impurity-rich LFP blackmass is presented. Using only trace (“hint of acid”) amounts of formic acid with hydrogen peroxide and two-step leaching, achieving ∼94.5% lithium extraction in the two-step formic acid route, whereas the trace sulfuric acid + H₂O₂ condition delivers the highest selectivity, reaching >95% lithium recovery with negligible iron co-leaching, and producing lithium carbonate as an end product (confirmed by XRD and SEM) without the environmental burden of aggressive reagents or high-temperature treatment. Key to this process is careful control of solution pH and oxidation conditions, allowing a scalable, cost‑effective route to close the loop on LFP materials, and proving that the high‑yield lithium recovery and environmental responsibility can be achieved in the same process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108766"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108767
Maria P.Garcia Tovar , Maria A.Villarreal Blanco , Oliva M. Primera-Pedrozo , Macy K. Christianson , Chih-Feng Wang , Pavel Valencia Acuña , John H. Miller , Luis de la Torre , Samuel P.Hernández Rivera
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), and Polystyrene (PS) account for most plastic use worldwide, with production nearing 380 million tons annually. A considerable portion enters municipal solid waste and landfills, creating long-term environmental concerns. Scaling recycling operations requires automated sorting technologies, with spectroscopy and machine learning offering promising solutions. In this study, a six-class convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed for plastic identification using vibrational spectroscopies. Raman Scattering (RS) spectra collected from recycling samples enabled accurate chemical differentiation while assessing the influence of visible features such as color. A CNN trained on RS data achieved 100 % classification accuracy. To strengthen field applicability, Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was incorporated, achieving 95% accuracy with a similar CNN model. These findings demonstrate the potential of integrating spectroscopy with deep learning for reliable plastic classification, advancing development of scalable, field-ready recycling technologies.
{"title":"Identification of common types of plastics by vibrational spectroscopic techniques","authors":"Maria P.Garcia Tovar , Maria A.Villarreal Blanco , Oliva M. Primera-Pedrozo , Macy K. Christianson , Chih-Feng Wang , Pavel Valencia Acuña , John H. Miller , Luis de la Torre , Samuel P.Hernández Rivera","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), and Polystyrene (PS) account for most plastic use worldwide, with production nearing 380 million tons annually. A considerable portion enters municipal solid waste and landfills, creating long-term environmental concerns. Scaling recycling operations requires automated sorting technologies, with spectroscopy and machine learning offering promising solutions. In this study, a six-class convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed for plastic identification using vibrational spectroscopies. Raman Scattering (RS) spectra collected from recycling samples enabled accurate chemical differentiation while assessing the influence of visible features such as color. A CNN trained on RS data achieved 100 % classification accuracy. To strengthen field applicability, Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was incorporated, achieving 95% accuracy with a similar CNN model. These findings demonstrate the potential of integrating spectroscopy with deep learning for reliable plastic classification, advancing development of scalable, field-ready recycling technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108767"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108768
Chao Wang , Kangyu Tan , Ming K. Lim , Pezhman Ghadimi
The accelerating global energy transition has created unprecedented demand for critical minerals essential for batteries and clean energy technologies. While existing research has examined individual metal trade networks, the core scientific question of how these minerals jointly evolve as an integrated “energy transition web” remains unanswered. This study addresses this gap by constructing a multi-layer aggregated trade network for lithium-cobalt-nickel spanning 2010–2024. It uses complex network and quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) regression to identify mechanisms shaping network dynamics and their implications for supply-chain resilience. The results show that the network has transformed from sparse to a dense “small-world” structure, dominated by an intensifying Asian core. Traditional drivers such as economic scale have weakened, whereas environmental and strategic factors have emerged as primary drivers. These findings demonstrate that the global critical-mineral system is evolving into more interconnected yet more politically segmented energy-transition web, highlighting emerging vulnerabilities and informing future resource-security strategies.
{"title":"Weaving the energy transition web: Structural dynamics and drivers of the global lithium-cobalt-nickel trade network","authors":"Chao Wang , Kangyu Tan , Ming K. Lim , Pezhman Ghadimi","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accelerating global energy transition has created unprecedented demand for critical minerals essential for batteries and clean energy technologies. While existing research has examined individual metal trade networks, the core scientific question of how these minerals jointly evolve as an integrated “energy transition web” remains unanswered. This study addresses this gap by constructing a multi-layer aggregated trade network for lithium-cobalt-nickel spanning 2010–2024. It uses complex network and quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) regression to identify mechanisms shaping network dynamics and their implications for supply-chain resilience. The results show that the network has transformed from sparse to a dense “small-world” structure, dominated by an intensifying Asian core. Traditional drivers such as economic scale have weakened, whereas environmental and strategic factors have emerged as primary drivers. These findings demonstrate that the global critical-mineral system is evolving into more interconnected yet more politically segmented energy-transition web, highlighting emerging vulnerabilities and informing future resource-security strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108768"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
End-of-life (EoL) management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) presents significant environmental and safety challenges. We estimated Japan’s EoL portable LIB generation and assessed the effectiveness of its collection systems. A survey of 33 electrical and electronic equipment categories found that 82 % of them contained LIBs, with many incorporating built-in batteries, leading to disposal in inappropriate waste streams. In 2020, approximately 8160 tonnes of EoL LIBs were generated, with six key categories—smartphones, laptops, tablets, cordless vacuum cleaners, power banks, and motor-assisted bicycles. Although Japan’s official collection schemes cover 77 % of EoL generation, only 14 % is actually collected. Possible paths for the rest 86 % include disposal in municipal solid waste, export with secondhand products, and untracked collections from businesses. Even considering these, however, the destination of nearly 40 % of EoL LIBs remains unknown, highlighting the need to identify remaining flows to enhance collection frameworks that ensure sustainable resource management and safe disposal.
{"title":"End-of-life portable lithium-ion batteries in Japan: Generation, collection system effectiveness, and unidentified flows","authors":"Masahiro Oguchi , Atsushi Terazono , Kazuo Hasunuma","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>End-of-life (EoL) management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) presents significant environmental and safety challenges. We estimated Japan’s EoL portable LIB generation and assessed the effectiveness of its collection systems. A survey of 33 electrical and electronic equipment categories found that 82 % of them contained LIBs, with many incorporating built-in batteries, leading to disposal in inappropriate waste streams. In 2020, approximately 8160 tonnes of EoL LIBs were generated, with six key categories—smartphones, laptops, tablets, cordless vacuum cleaners, power banks, and motor-assisted bicycles. Although Japan’s official collection schemes cover 77 % of EoL generation, only 14 % is actually collected. Possible paths for the rest 86 % include disposal in municipal solid waste, export with secondhand products, and untracked collections from businesses. Even considering these, however, the destination of nearly 40 % of EoL LIBs remains unknown, highlighting the need to identify remaining flows to enhance collection frameworks that ensure sustainable resource management and safe disposal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108754"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108761
Olivier Karl Anton Heldwein , Fridolin Krausmann , Johann Fellner
Neodymium is a critical raw material essential for electric vehicle (EV) motors and wind turbines in a decarbonized energy system. This study applies stock-driven, dynamic material flow analysis to investigate stock-flow development of Nd in light-duty EVs and wind turbines under the IEA’s Net-Zero-Emissions Scenario across five world regions and explores recycling potentials to meet regional demand. It shows that China keeps exporting as primary production exceeds domestic demand and could leverage refining capacity for recycling. In Europe, secondary supply temporarily surpasses demand as stocks decrease, while India’s circularity potential is hampered by continuous stock-growth. In the US, planned primary production and recycling could cover demand by the 2040s. Globally, secondary supply could meet >60 % of Nd-demand in light-duty EVs and wind in 2050, with mining decreasing from its 2035 peak to current levels. Fast mining expansion and the subsequent shift to secondary production require strategic planning and political support.
{"title":"Regional dynamics of Nd stocks, flows, and required industrial capacities: insights from EV and wind turbine material flows","authors":"Olivier Karl Anton Heldwein , Fridolin Krausmann , Johann Fellner","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neodymium is a critical raw material essential for electric vehicle (EV) motors and wind turbines in a decarbonized energy system. This study applies stock-driven, dynamic material flow analysis to investigate stock-flow development of Nd in light-duty EVs and wind turbines under the IEA’s Net-Zero-Emissions Scenario across five world regions and explores recycling potentials to meet regional demand. It shows that China keeps exporting as primary production exceeds domestic demand and could leverage refining capacity for recycling. In Europe, secondary supply temporarily surpasses demand as stocks decrease, while India’s circularity potential is hampered by continuous stock-growth. In the US, planned primary production and recycling could cover demand by the 2040s. Globally, secondary supply could meet >60 % of Nd-demand in light-duty EVs and wind in 2050, with mining decreasing from its 2035 peak to current levels. Fast mining expansion and the subsequent shift to secondary production require strategic planning and political support.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108761"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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