Pub Date : 1991-09-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949109372831
S. Booth-Butterfield, M. Booth-Butterfield
This report develops an individual differences approach to the encoding of humor, provides a scale to measure it, and offers four empirical studies in support of the conceptualization. Results indicate that individual differences in the predisposition to enact humorous messages can be reliably measured via the Humor Orientation Scale. Variation in humorous orientation is related to the number of situations in which the person will or will not attempt humor, the number of different types of humor behavior encoded, the level of detail used to describe humorous episodes, and amount of planning prior to enactment of humor, a predispositon both stable and consistant across time.
{"title":"Individual differences in the communication of humorous messages","authors":"S. Booth-Butterfield, M. Booth-Butterfield","doi":"10.1080/10417949109372831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949109372831","url":null,"abstract":"This report develops an individual differences approach to the encoding of humor, provides a scale to measure it, and offers four empirical studies in support of the conceptualization. Results indicate that individual differences in the predisposition to enact humorous messages can be reliably measured via the Humor Orientation Scale. Variation in humorous orientation is related to the number of situations in which the person will or will not attempt humor, the number of different types of humor behavior encoded, the level of detail used to describe humorous episodes, and amount of planning prior to enactment of humor, a predispositon both stable and consistant across time.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"45 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122486205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-09-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949109372828
James M. Honeycutt
Patterns of nonverbal influence and information processing are examined in terms of assimilation and accommodation within the expectancy violations framework. Persons may assimilate observed behavior to fit with their preexisting knowledge structure about another or modify the knowledge structure to accommodate new information. Subjects were designated as perceivers or targets and engaged in a five‐minute interaction. Perceivers were led to believe that their interaction partner was either friendly or unfriendly or perceivers were given no information about the partner's level of friendliness. There was slight evidence of reciprocity as well as accommodation of preinteraction expectancies for unfriendly‐expectancy perceivers as revealed by post‐interaction ratings of target's attraction that were correlated with the unfriendly‐condition target's display of involvement behaviors.
{"title":"Role of nonverbal behaviors in modifying expectancies during initial encounters","authors":"James M. Honeycutt","doi":"10.1080/10417949109372828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949109372828","url":null,"abstract":"Patterns of nonverbal influence and information processing are examined in terms of assimilation and accommodation within the expectancy violations framework. Persons may assimilate observed behavior to fit with their preexisting knowledge structure about another or modify the knowledge structure to accommodate new information. Subjects were designated as perceivers or targets and engaged in a five‐minute interaction. Perceivers were led to believe that their interaction partner was either friendly or unfriendly or perceivers were given no information about the partner's level of friendliness. There was slight evidence of reciprocity as well as accommodation of preinteraction expectancies for unfriendly‐expectancy perceivers as revealed by post‐interaction ratings of target's attraction that were correlated with the unfriendly‐condition target's display of involvement behaviors.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124951159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-09-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949109372832
William L. Benoit
Two studies were conducted on two controversial topics to test the hypothesized mechanism of resistance. No support was found for the assumption that resistance occurs by increasing the audiences’ production of counterarguments to persuasive attacks. Furthermore, unlike McGuire's findings on cultural truism topics, refutation‐same defenses were not substantially better at creating resistance to immediate persuasive attack than supportive defenses. Finally, neither level of audience involvement in the topic nor the audience's prior attitude toward the topic were found to influence the effectiveness of type of defense.
{"title":"Two tests of the mechanism of inoculation theory","authors":"William L. Benoit","doi":"10.1080/10417949109372832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949109372832","url":null,"abstract":"Two studies were conducted on two controversial topics to test the hypothesized mechanism of resistance. No support was found for the assumption that resistance occurs by increasing the audiences’ production of counterarguments to persuasive attacks. Furthermore, unlike McGuire's findings on cultural truism topics, refutation‐same defenses were not substantially better at creating resistance to immediate persuasive attack than supportive defenses. Finally, neither level of audience involvement in the topic nor the audience's prior attitude toward the topic were found to influence the effectiveness of type of defense.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"54 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120989231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949109372824
D. Matsumoto
Research demonstrates that facial expressions of emotion are both universal and culturally‐specific, but our theoretical understanding of how cultures influence emotions has not advanced since Friesen's (1972) conception of cultural display rules. This article offers a theoretical framework by which to understand and predict how and why cultures influence the emotions. The model combines the cultural dimensions known as individualism and power distance with the social distinctions of ingroup‐out‐group and status. Major issues in future theoretical and empirical work are also discussed.
{"title":"Cultural influences on facial expressions of emotion","authors":"D. Matsumoto","doi":"10.1080/10417949109372824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949109372824","url":null,"abstract":"Research demonstrates that facial expressions of emotion are both universal and culturally‐specific, but our theoretical understanding of how cultures influence emotions has not advanced since Friesen's (1972) conception of cultural display rules. This article offers a theoretical framework by which to understand and predict how and why cultures influence the emotions. The model combines the cultural dimensions known as individualism and power distance with the social distinctions of ingroup‐out‐group and status. Major issues in future theoretical and empirical work are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124419982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949109372823
William C. Donaghy, J. Goldberg
Head movement surrounding simultaneous speech and smooth turn exchanges was analyzed in mixed‐gender and same‐gender dyads. Three head movement dimensions (sagittal, rotational and lateral) were coded, at half second intervals. Significant differences were found for both head movement mobility and complexity following simultaneous speech and smooth turn exchange. Contrary to previous research, however, no significant differences were found between female and male subjects or due to dyad gender composition. This study demonstrates that a combination of Time Series Notation and linguistic transcription offers new possibilities for the study of conversational behavior.
{"title":"Head movement and gender differences following the onset of simultaneous speech","authors":"William C. Donaghy, J. Goldberg","doi":"10.1080/10417949109372823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949109372823","url":null,"abstract":"Head movement surrounding simultaneous speech and smooth turn exchanges was analyzed in mixed‐gender and same‐gender dyads. Three head movement dimensions (sagittal, rotational and lateral) were coded, at half second intervals. Significant differences were found for both head movement mobility and complexity following simultaneous speech and smooth turn exchange. Contrary to previous research, however, no significant differences were found between female and male subjects or due to dyad gender composition. This study demonstrates that a combination of Time Series Notation and linguistic transcription offers new possibilities for the study of conversational behavior.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126281166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949109372821
Stanley E. Jones
An empirical test of the validity of Jourard's tacticle body‐accessibility measure was conducted. Results showed that although there was evidence that subjects were able to recall recent touching behavior, their recollections were tainted by their expectations about which touches should have occurred. Estimates of anticipated and recalled numbers of body parts contacted with significant others were consistently higher than actual contacts experienced. Problems of validity in questionnaire studies of nonverbal behavior and procedures and standards for the validation of such measures are discussed.
{"title":"Problems of validity in questionnaire studies of nonverbal behavior: Jourard's tactile body‐accessibility scale","authors":"Stanley E. Jones","doi":"10.1080/10417949109372821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949109372821","url":null,"abstract":"An empirical test of the validity of Jourard's tacticle body‐accessibility measure was conducted. Results showed that although there was evidence that subjects were able to recall recent touching behavior, their recollections were tainted by their expectations about which touches should have occurred. Estimates of anticipated and recalled numbers of body parts contacted with significant others were consistently higher than actual contacts experienced. Problems of validity in questionnaire studies of nonverbal behavior and procedures and standards for the validation of such measures are discussed.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114934092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949109372825
B. L. Poire
It has long been assumed that reactions to changes in nonverbal expressions of immediacy were inextricably linked to arousal. This manuscript examines that link within five theories: equilibrium (Argyle & Dean, 1965), arousal‐labeling (Patterson, 1976), nonverbal expectancy violations (Burgoon, 1978), discrepancy‐arousal (Cappella & Greene, 1982), and arousal‐valence (Andersen, 1984). Arousal is conceptually vague and operationally difficult. Theorists should (1) reconceptualize arousal as orientation and defensive reactions and (2) operationalize these reactions through physiological measures or nonverbal behaviors.
{"title":"Orientation and defensive reactions as alternatives to arousal in theories of nonverbal reactions to changes in immediacy","authors":"B. L. Poire","doi":"10.1080/10417949109372825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949109372825","url":null,"abstract":"It has long been assumed that reactions to changes in nonverbal expressions of immediacy were inextricably linked to arousal. This manuscript examines that link within five theories: equilibrium (Argyle & Dean, 1965), arousal‐labeling (Patterson, 1976), nonverbal expectancy violations (Burgoon, 1978), discrepancy‐arousal (Cappella & Greene, 1982), and arousal‐valence (Andersen, 1984). Arousal is conceptually vague and operationally difficult. Theorists should (1) reconceptualize arousal as orientation and defensive reactions and (2) operationalize these reactions through physiological measures or nonverbal behaviors.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127051895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949109372826
D. O’Hair, Joyce Allman, L. Gibson
The nonverbal effects of aging are Idrgely unexamined in the communication and gerontological disciplines. As a result, a number of assumptions and suppositions are required to interpret the available literature. Briefly exmained are developmental approaches to nonverbal communication, and the biological and gerontological theories relevant to the study of nonverbal communication. A functional approach to aging effects in nonverbal communication is developed to integrate the results of research on nonverbal aspects of aging.
{"title":"Nonverbal communication and aging","authors":"D. O’Hair, Joyce Allman, L. Gibson","doi":"10.1080/10417949109372826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949109372826","url":null,"abstract":"The nonverbal effects of aging are Idrgely unexamined in the communication and gerontological disciplines. As a result, a number of assumptions and suppositions are required to interpret the available literature. Briefly exmained are developmental approaches to nonverbal communication, and the biological and gerontological theories relevant to the study of nonverbal communication. A functional approach to aging effects in nonverbal communication is developed to integrate the results of research on nonverbal aspects of aging.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"364 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131680624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-12-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949009372811
T. Levine, Lawrence R. Wheeless
This investigation examined participants’ responses to an apparently comprehensive list of compliance‐gaining tactics across two situations. Individuals’ consistency in strategic selections across two situations and their use and nonuse patterns were assessed by use of a questionnaire using an experimental, recall method. Cross‐situational variation was produced by manipulating the intimacy level of the compliance‐target assigned in each of two situations. The results demonstrated that situational variation is associated with significant, nontrivial cross‐situational differences in tactic selections, and that individuals tend to consistently use more positive than negative tactics.
{"title":"Cross‐situational consistency and use/nonuse tendencies in compliance‐gaining tactic selection","authors":"T. Levine, Lawrence R. Wheeless","doi":"10.1080/10417949009372811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949009372811","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation examined participants’ responses to an apparently comprehensive list of compliance‐gaining tactics across two situations. Individuals’ consistency in strategic selections across two situations and their use and nonuse patterns were assessed by use of a questionnaire using an experimental, recall method. Cross‐situational variation was produced by manipulating the intimacy level of the compliance‐target assigned in each of two situations. The results demonstrated that situational variation is associated with significant, nontrivial cross‐situational differences in tactic selections, and that individuals tend to consistently use more positive than negative tactics.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130321829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-12-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949009372817
J. Mccroskey, V. Richmond
The general tendency to approach or avoid communication has been recognized as an important individual difference among people in a single culture for several decades. Recent research in Australia, Micronesia, Puerto Rico, Sweden, and the United States suggests large differences exist in such tendencies between people in different cultures as well as within a given culture. This research suggests such “individual” tendencies may be developed to very different degrees in dissimilar cultures. The view is taken that an understanding of the cultural impact on individual differences should be a vital component in the study of intercultural communication. Examples are drawn from research on general willingness to communicate, introversion, communication apprehension, and self‐perceived communication competence in several countries around the world.
{"title":"Willingness to communicate: Differing cultural perspectives","authors":"J. Mccroskey, V. Richmond","doi":"10.1080/10417949009372817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949009372817","url":null,"abstract":"The general tendency to approach or avoid communication has been recognized as an important individual difference among people in a single culture for several decades. Recent research in Australia, Micronesia, Puerto Rico, Sweden, and the United States suggests large differences exist in such tendencies between people in different cultures as well as within a given culture. This research suggests such “individual” tendencies may be developed to very different degrees in dissimilar cultures. The view is taken that an understanding of the cultural impact on individual differences should be a vital component in the study of intercultural communication. Examples are drawn from research on general willingness to communicate, introversion, communication apprehension, and self‐perceived communication competence in several countries around the world.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131854578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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