Pub Date : 1994-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949409372949
J. Kuypers, M. J. Young, M. Launer
When the U.S.S. Vincennes shot down Iran Air 655 (Airbus) on 3 July 1988, the Reagan administration initially reacted in a reserved and perfunctory manner; however, within two weeks the discourse had assumed a more vituperative demeanor. These disparate rhetorical styles suggest the premise that the administration redefined the context from which it communicated to the world. This study analyzes administrative rhetoric of the United States government during the Airbus crisis, examining all written verbatim records produced by the administration within a thirty day period following the shootdown. By studying the interplay of text and context, as this relates to the concept of rhetorical situation, we demonstrate that the administration contextually reconstructed the entire incident, that George Bush's speech before the United Nations on 14 July 1988 was the culmination of this change, and that discourse following Bush's speech evinced rhetorical qualities characteristic of administrative discourse during t...
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Pub Date : 1994-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949409372947
J. Bliese
An entire millennium is missing in our study of the history of political speaking. Deliberative oratory was extensively practiced in the middle ages, but it has been ignored by scholars because we have long been taught that it did not exist. The conventional wisdom, that political oratory faded away with the end of the ancient world arid was dead throughout the entire middle ages, is simply not true. This article illustrates the role of public address in feudal government. Before making any important policy decision, feudal lords summoned their men and asked for their “counsel. “At these councils, oratory played an important role in the decision making process.
{"title":"Deliberative oratory in the middle ages: The missing millenium in the study of public address","authors":"J. Bliese","doi":"10.1080/10417949409372947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949409372947","url":null,"abstract":"An entire millennium is missing in our study of the history of political speaking. Deliberative oratory was extensively practiced in the middle ages, but it has been ignored by scholars because we have long been taught that it did not exist. The conventional wisdom, that political oratory faded away with the end of the ancient world arid was dead throughout the entire middle ages, is simply not true. This article illustrates the role of public address in feudal government. Before making any important policy decision, feudal lords summoned their men and asked for their “counsel. “At these councils, oratory played an important role in the decision making process.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122060088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949409372951
Michael Salvador
Previous research illustrates that a movement may express a moral challenge to the dominant social order, while paradoxically reinforcing the very ideology which maintains the movement's disenfranchised status. This study argues that to foster meaningful and lasting changes in the dominant social order, a non‐establishment group must overcome the boundaries of acceptable social conduct constraining its members. The National Consumers’ League reveals how movements may subvert such cultural boundaries through multiple layers of rhetorical construction. In an era when women held little access to institutionalized instruments of political authority, the League fashioned its own mechanism of influence by reformulating the status of consumers as social agents.
{"title":"The rhetorical subversion of cultural boundaries: The national consumers’ league","authors":"Michael Salvador","doi":"10.1080/10417949409372951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949409372951","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research illustrates that a movement may express a moral challenge to the dominant social order, while paradoxically reinforcing the very ideology which maintains the movement's disenfranchised status. This study argues that to foster meaningful and lasting changes in the dominant social order, a non‐establishment group must overcome the boundaries of acceptable social conduct constraining its members. The National Consumers’ League reveals how movements may subvert such cultural boundaries through multiple layers of rhetorical construction. In an era when women held little access to institutionalized instruments of political authority, the League fashioned its own mechanism of influence by reformulating the status of consumers as social agents.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116994344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949409372948
D. Gibson
This essay uses declassified FBI internal memoranda to study J. Edgar Hoover's rhetorical behavior. Specifically, it is possible to understand better the administrative and communicative tendencies of the Director through analysis of his hand‐written comments. The unvarnished, completely candid Hoover emerges from these “fourbaggers. “Hoover's scrawled messages fulfilled twelve basic functions: 1) demands for expedited action, 2) administrative orders, 3) approval of proposed FBI policies, 4) complaining, 5) “no comment” orders, 6) FBI policy proposals, 7) criticism of FBI errors, 8) disapproval of FBI policy proposals, 9) information requests, 10) complaints about criticism, 11) self‐protection, and 12) attacks on critics. Careful analysis of these rhetorical functions reveals four clusters, or groups of functions. These are: 1) self‐protection, 2) retaliation, 3) emotional catharsis, and 4) orders and requests. While these categories are not entirely discrete, and although we cannot precisely understand...
{"title":"J. Edgar Hoover's four‐baggers: An analysis of rhetorical functions","authors":"D. Gibson","doi":"10.1080/10417949409372948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949409372948","url":null,"abstract":"This essay uses declassified FBI internal memoranda to study J. Edgar Hoover's rhetorical behavior. Specifically, it is possible to understand better the administrative and communicative tendencies of the Director through analysis of his hand‐written comments. The unvarnished, completely candid Hoover emerges from these “fourbaggers. “Hoover's scrawled messages fulfilled twelve basic functions: 1) demands for expedited action, 2) administrative orders, 3) approval of proposed FBI policies, 4) complaining, 5) “no comment” orders, 6) FBI policy proposals, 7) criticism of FBI errors, 8) disapproval of FBI policy proposals, 9) information requests, 10) complaints about criticism, 11) self‐protection, and 12) attacks on critics. Careful analysis of these rhetorical functions reveals four clusters, or groups of functions. These are: 1) self‐protection, 2) retaliation, 3) emotional catharsis, and 4) orders and requests. While these categories are not entirely discrete, and although we cannot precisely understand...","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121098438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949409372952
Benjamin Voth
This essay explores Alfred E. Smith's 1928 apologetic address delivered in response to arguments that a Catholic should not be president. This analysis indicates that Smith's speech failed for three reasons: 1) a lack of audience identification, 2) a failure to create an apologetic interface with the charges made, and 3) an over reliance on kategoria as an apologetic means. Smith's failure is useful to further understanding of John F. Kennedy's success in 1960 on the same issue.
{"title":"The Smith ‘heat’: Alfred E. Smith and the “catholic” issue","authors":"Benjamin Voth","doi":"10.1080/10417949409372952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949409372952","url":null,"abstract":"This essay explores Alfred E. Smith's 1928 apologetic address delivered in response to arguments that a Catholic should not be president. This analysis indicates that Smith's speech failed for three reasons: 1) a lack of audience identification, 2) a failure to create an apologetic interface with the charges made, and 3) an over reliance on kategoria as an apologetic means. Smith's failure is useful to further understanding of John F. Kennedy's success in 1960 on the same issue.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"3 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117005073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949409372953
William L. Benoit
Bitzer's conception of the rhetorical situation is the most prominent current account of the genesis of rhetorical action. While criticism of Bitzer's theory has appeared, widespread use of situational language in rhetorical theory and criticism suggests that these criticisms have yet to be assimilated into our understanding of rhetoric. This essay rejects that viewpoint for adopting an unsatisfying epistemological perspective and neglecting the importance of purpose and agent in the genesis of rhetorical action. Vatz's antithetical account, while adopting a plausible epistemology, is also reductionist. An alternate, Burkean, conception of the genesis of rhetorical action is proposed. Four of Burke's pentadic ratios embody the claim that purpose, scene, agent, and agency are each necessary but not separately sufficient to provide a complete account of the genesis of rhetorical action. By employing Brockriede's notion of perspectivism to this account of rhetorical invention, it obtains all advantages inher...
{"title":"The genesis of rhetorical action","authors":"William L. Benoit","doi":"10.1080/10417949409372953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949409372953","url":null,"abstract":"Bitzer's conception of the rhetorical situation is the most prominent current account of the genesis of rhetorical action. While criticism of Bitzer's theory has appeared, widespread use of situational language in rhetorical theory and criticism suggests that these criticisms have yet to be assimilated into our understanding of rhetoric. This essay rejects that viewpoint for adopting an unsatisfying epistemological perspective and neglecting the importance of purpose and agent in the genesis of rhetorical action. Vatz's antithetical account, while adopting a plausible epistemology, is also reductionist. An alternate, Burkean, conception of the genesis of rhetorical action is proposed. Four of Burke's pentadic ratios embody the claim that purpose, scene, agent, and agency are each necessary but not separately sufficient to provide a complete account of the genesis of rhetorical action. By employing Brockriede's notion of perspectivism to this account of rhetorical invention, it obtains all advantages inher...","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114158360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-09-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949409372943
J. Gow
Attempts to locate music video's affective power primarily in either its aural or visual images have lead critical theorists to overlook the synergistic relationship between both types of imagery in the media form. By analyzing the original and alternate versions of three popular video clips this paper provides a sense of the manner in which the music and visuals in music video interact to influence the dispositions of television viewers. The analysis reveals that rather than merely illustrating or amplifying musical themes, visual images can highlight particular feelings and emotions within the spacious universe of affective possibilities surrounding a song.
{"title":"Mood and meaning in music video: The dynamics of audiovisual synergy","authors":"J. Gow","doi":"10.1080/10417949409372943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949409372943","url":null,"abstract":"Attempts to locate music video's affective power primarily in either its aural or visual images have lead critical theorists to overlook the synergistic relationship between both types of imagery in the media form. By analyzing the original and alternate versions of three popular video clips this paper provides a sense of the manner in which the music and visuals in music video interact to influence the dispositions of television viewers. The analysis reveals that rather than merely illustrating or amplifying musical themes, visual images can highlight particular feelings and emotions within the spacious universe of affective possibilities surrounding a song.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126726298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-09-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949409372942
Janet R. Meyer
This study asks whether the effort made to perform facework in requests can be predicted by the perceptual dimensions of influence situations identified in past research and/or by the speaker's liking for the hearer. Subjects recalled requests they had made and indicated their concerns with protecting negative face needs, positive face needs, and their own identity needs. A stepwise regression showed intimacy, speaker dominance, rights and resistance to be inversely related to negative facework, while personal benefits and liking for the hearer were both positive predictors. Speakers’ concerns over their identity were positively related to personal benefits and negatively related to resistance. Subjects made a greater effort to address the hearer's positive face needs only if they liked the hearer more.
{"title":"Effect of situational features on the likelihood of addressing face needs in requests","authors":"Janet R. Meyer","doi":"10.1080/10417949409372942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949409372942","url":null,"abstract":"This study asks whether the effort made to perform facework in requests can be predicted by the perceptual dimensions of influence situations identified in past research and/or by the speaker's liking for the hearer. Subjects recalled requests they had made and indicated their concerns with protecting negative face needs, positive face needs, and their own identity needs. A stepwise regression showed intimacy, speaker dominance, rights and resistance to be inversely related to negative facework, while personal benefits and liking for the hearer were both positive predictors. Speakers’ concerns over their identity were positively related to personal benefits and negatively related to resistance. Subjects made a greater effort to address the hearer's positive face needs only if they liked the hearer more.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132346360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-09-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949409372939
S. Perkins
Recent political events involving women in power foreground the continued struggle for an appropriate intersection of socio‐political role identity and gender identity. The relationship between this struggle and feminist ideologies is demonstrated in two feminist plays about the 16th century feminist, Queen Christina of Sweden. The two playwrights, Pam Gems and Ruth Wolff, assume divergent ideological orientations in their portrayals of Christina, but both provide little hope for women seeking to nest their gender and socio‐political identities.
{"title":"The dilemma of identity: Theatrical portrayals of a 16th century feminist","authors":"S. Perkins","doi":"10.1080/10417949409372939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949409372939","url":null,"abstract":"Recent political events involving women in power foreground the continued struggle for an appropriate intersection of socio‐political role identity and gender identity. The relationship between this struggle and feminist ideologies is demonstrated in two feminist plays about the 16th century feminist, Queen Christina of Sweden. The two playwrights, Pam Gems and Ruth Wolff, assume divergent ideological orientations in their portrayals of Christina, but both provide little hope for women seeking to nest their gender and socio‐political identities.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125483554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-09-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949409372937
John G. Hammerback
Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera relied heavily on rhetorical discourse while forming Spain's pre‐civil‐war version of a fascist movement. To give insight into Jose Antonio's persuasive prow'ess and perhaps into the rhetorical and consequent political power of fascism wherever it takes hold, this study attempts to demonstrate that the fascist ideology invited and constrained his choice of the rhetorical elements that formed his message: his themes and arguments, his second persona, and his first persona. The dynamic interplay of these elements represents a formula for fascist persuasion which made him an effective spokesman to audiences who would enact the fascist agenda.
{"title":"José Antonio's rhetoric of fascism","authors":"John G. Hammerback","doi":"10.1080/10417949409372937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949409372937","url":null,"abstract":"Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera relied heavily on rhetorical discourse while forming Spain's pre‐civil‐war version of a fascist movement. To give insight into Jose Antonio's persuasive prow'ess and perhaps into the rhetorical and consequent political power of fascism wherever it takes hold, this study attempts to demonstrate that the fascist ideology invited and constrained his choice of the rhetorical elements that formed his message: his themes and arguments, his second persona, and his first persona. The dynamic interplay of these elements represents a formula for fascist persuasion which made him an effective spokesman to audiences who would enact the fascist agenda.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123819708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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